^>. 


a^ 


^. 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


A 


//    >#<. 


1.0 


I.I 


1.25 


'  *■'  IIIIIM 


1.4 


1.6 


Va 


m. 


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/>i 


S 


Photographic 

Sciences 
Corporation 


33  WEtr  MAIN  STREET 

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^^ 


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Technical  and  Bibliographic  Notes/Notes  techniques  et  bibliographiques 


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y 


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26X 


SOX 


24X 


28X 


32X 


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TINUED "),  or  the  symbol  V  (meaning  "END  "). 
whichever  applies. 


Un  des  symboles  suivants  apparaitra  sur  la 
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symbols  V  signifie  "FIN". 


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method: 


Les  cartes,  planches,  tableaux,  etc.,  peuvent  dtre 
film^s  d  des  taux  de  reduction  diffdrents. 
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et  de  haut  en  bas,  en  prenant  le  nombre 
d'images  ndcessaire.  Les  diagrammes  suivants 
illustrent  la  mdthoda. 


1 

2 

3 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

CIIIIKOOT   I'ASS. 


THE  CHICAGO  REOORffi 

BOOK  FOR 

GOLD  SEEKERS. 


pvotudclv  1llu£(tvate^. 


• .   t  I  f 


•  .•   ...'■>:..*.' 


•  '   f««i'  «■• 


NliW  VOHK,  N.  Y. 

WESTERN  W.  WILSON, 

l!iV7. 


f 


COI'YKIOHT,   1J<97, 
HY 

TiiK  CiiicAOO   Rkcoko  Co. 


,1 1  ,  • •  >        • 


•  •  •    •    t  • 


»       •    ■  »  J 


•  • ,•  •  •  •  ,•, 

•  •  ,    »   <  f        • 
,   I      • •  •  .  ," 

•  •    •  '  •  •  t.. 

t  •  «  •     A  • 


•    a  >   • 

I  •  •  •        • 


•      •.    l'. 


•  -•  :    ■- "  •- 


.•      •     .».       •«-••. 


•      •»     «•     •• 

I  *   «         •   »      «  a 


PREFACE. 


An  unknown  nunilxT  of  men  have  dccitlcd  to  sock  for- 
tune in  the  Klondike  country.  At  this  moment,  thou- 
sands of  them  have  their  eyes  fixed  on  the  gold  placer 
mines  in  the  Yukon  district.  There  exists  a  widespread, 
insistent  demand  for  information  which  will  enable  the 
prospective  gold-seekers  to  arrange  their  gold-seeking 
plans  in  detail.  That  information  will  be  found  between 
the  covers  of  this  book. 

THR  CllICAr.O  RECORD  has  undertaken  to  as- 
semble all  the  facts,  figures,  and  knowledge  obtainable 
about  the  gold-bearing  lands  in  Alaska  and  the  I'ritish 
Yukon  district.  It  has  drawn  upon  its  immense  resources 
to  the  fullest  extent,  and  has  spared  neither  pains  nor 
money  to  gather  the  sorely  needed  information  which 
thousands  of  men  are  demanding. 

In  "Klondike:  The  Chicago  Record's  Book  for  Gold- 
Seekers,"  every  known  practical  and  contemplated  route 
to  all  the  gold  fields  in  the  north  is  fully,  comprehensively 
and  minutely  described,  w  ith  maps  and  tables  of  distances 
which  are  absolutely  reliable.  Everything  which  a  gold- 
seeker  should  know  that  can  be  placed  in  type  is  con- 
tained in  this  book.  THE  CHICAGO  RECORD  is 
particularly  well-ecjuipped  for  gathering  this  large 
amount  of  information.     It  was  the  first  newspaper  in 


'b'^OCb 


vl 


PREFACE. 


the  I'nitcd  States  to  send  a  staff  correspondent  to  the 
Pfold  fields,  and  his  letter  descrihinjj  the  jjrcat  Klondike 
"strike"  was  the  first  annoinicenient  iti  this  country  of  the 
discovery. 

Tt  has  been  publishing  the  most  reliable  news  of  the 
jTold  fields  under  the  arctic  circle  for  two  years.  It  had 
in  hand  a  larj^e  amount  of  information,  and  what  it  need- 
ed to  make  this  book  complete  came  over  the  wires. 

Many  of  the  illustrations  in  this  book  are  c(jpied  from 
photographs  taken  by  a  staff  correspondent  of  THE 
CHICAGO  RECORD,  and  will  be  found  in  no  other 
book. 

The  gold-scekcr  may  take  this  book  with  him  as  a 
guide.  It  also  can  be  placed  in  the  home  library,  for  its 
pages  have  a  distinct  educational  value. 


TABLE  OF  CONTENTS. 


ClIAITKU 

I- 

ClIAI'TKU 

11- 

ClIAI'TKK 

III 

ClIAI'TKU 

IV- 

ClIAriKK 

V- 

ClIAI'TKU 

VI- 

ClIAI'TKU 

VII- 

ClIAI'TKU 

VIII- 

ClIAI'TKU 

IX- 

ClIAI'TKU 

X- 

ClIAI'TKU 

XI 

ClIAI'TKU 

XII 

ClIAI'TKU 

XIII- 

ClIAI'TKU 

XIV 

ClIAI'TKU 

XV 

I'lIAI'TKU 

XVI 

ClIAI'TKU 

XVII 

ClIAI'TKU 

XVIII 

ClIAI'TKU 

XIX- 

ClIAI'TKU 

XX 

ClIAI'TKU 

XXI 

ClIAI'TKU 

XXII 

(.  1IA"TKU 

XXIII 

ClIAI'TKU 

XXIV 

-WlIKUK   TIIK   CiOl.I)    Is    FoiNU,      -      •      - 
-lldW    TO    (iKT     H)    TIIK    Kl.U.NDIKK.  -       -       - 
-TlIK   (iol.D-SKKKKIlH   OlTKIT,        -      -       - 
-TlIK    ViKO.N    A.M)    ITH    JJUA.NrllK.H.         -      - 
-tAI'ITAL    UkVCIUKI)    IIV    ( iol.I»-SKKKKUS. 

-Hints  kou  I'uosi'kctous  ami  Mi.vkus. 
-I'nitkd  Statks  Mixi.Nti  Laws.      -    - 

-CANAIHAN    Ml.MXti    I^AWS. 

-RUIIXKSS   OK    TIIK    I'LACKK    MIXKS. 

-Pan  Vai.iks  ok  I'avix*;  Claims.     -     - 

Dv.NOKIiS    Ol     TIIK    ClIILKOOT    1'AsS, 
-TlIK    ■•  I!A<  K     DooU"    IJol  TK,       -      -      -      - 

-A    VlKiiN     DKI.U  A(  V. 

-InTKU.NATIO.NAI.  ItnlNUAUV  DiSI'lTK, 
-COI.IJ  Wl.NTKliS  A.S1>  .SlIoUT  Si  MMKUS. 
-I'UOKKHSOU  Sn  ItKS  Uki'out,  -  -  - 
-M.VII,    SkUVK  K    IN    TIIK    Ki.uMHKK.      -       - 

LiiK  IN  Dawson  Citt. 

-Olill.VlKS  UkI-oKTON  TIIK   ^1   KoN    Dlslll 
-(iol.l)    UlSTOUV    OK    .\l,ASKA.    -       -       -       - 
-TlIK    lIlIISONS    15AV    CoMl'.\N\.        -       -       - 
-Kl.l    (iAtiKS    Vl  KON    .FolK.NKV.     -       -      - 
-TlIK    MiXKUS    TllKUMOMKTKtt.    -      -       -      - 
-TlIK    WoUI.U.S    (ioM)    rUOUUCT,     -      -      - 


l(    I. 


I'UKl) 

•,'() 

4J 

.Mi 
SI 
'.»4 

-  IIU 
1 33 

■      140 
159 

-  1«58 
170 

-  n»7 

-  -»U 

-';.'4 

-  -•;»;» 

252 

-  -.'.v.* 

■.  I  I 

2U4 
305 
325 

338 


viii  TAULK  OF  CONTENTS. 

I'age 

CiiAi'TKU         XXV— A  MoDKi,  Indian  Town. itr.T 

Chai'Tkk  XXVI— Oamk  in  tiik  Ki.oNDiKK  ('<u  nthv.       -     -  :W7 

CnAi'TKK  XXVll—l)o«H.  Indians  ANi»  Ukinki-kii.      -     -     -  H77 

("iiAi'TKit    XXVIIl—HisToUY  OK  Alaska, :tl».") 

C'llAI'TKU  XXIX— QlKKIl  SciiKMKS  AND  Odd  I'mUKfTS.        -  Jilt 

CnAi'TKK  XXX— Canada's  Vikon  I'di.kv. 4:{;j 

ClIAI'TKK  XXXI— KnKW  VlKDN   DiSTKICT  VkAKS  A(.(t.         -  444 

ClIAl'TKK  XXXII    -S«».MK  IIISTOKICAI,  <i<»I,D  ('l{A/.i:s.        -      -       -  4:>r> 

ClIAI'TKK  XXXIII— (J(H.I)  IN   AmKKICAN   DKHKKTH.      -      -      -       -  4(U> 

ClIAI'TKK  XXXIV^— WOMKN  IN  TIIK  Kl.ONDIKK  ColNTia  .      -      -  48(> 

ClIAI'TKK        XXXV— NkLH  S«)KKNHKN"»  DiAKY. 5(M» 

ClIAI'TKK  XXXVl— I'KKI'AHINO  FOK  TIIK  Si'KINCi  RlSll.         -      -  514 

ClIAI'TKK  XXXVII— Solid  Ukinks  and  IIakd  Food,      -    -    -  533 


MAPS  AND  ILLUSTRATIONS. 


.MAI'S. 


K'l.ONDlKK  (iol.I)  I'iKI.I) 

'Am,  Watkk"  UoiTK 

•<)VK»LAM>'  ]{urrK 
TAKdll  KlVKU  RdlTK 
StIKKK.N  KivkK  UoiTK 
YlKON  KlVKKANDIls  HmA.VCIIKS 

•Hack  Dook"  Koi  iks 

Coi'I'KK  KlVKU  Cdl.l)  FlKM) 


Page 


li 

'J'.' 

.  'S.i 

:.'(i 

.  '- 1 

:t() 

M 

iKi 

,  til 

•«•. 

isi 

- 

:.'34 

ILLUSTHATIoXs. 

CiiiLKoor  I'ASM.     Fn,iitlsi)h'r 

MlI.KS  Ca.VVO.N  Kai'Ios  .... 

WHAHF  AT  SkATTI.K  -  -  -  . 

SlAHTlXO  AT  HkAI)  WaTKHS 

■JlXKAU 

Skction  ok  a  Ki.ondjkk  I'l.Ai  kic  .Mini; 

MiXKUS  I'A.N,  CkADLK.   Lc.NCi  ToM   AM.   I'l   M|. 
WoUK  AT  NkmIT  ..... 

NoUTIIWKST  MdlNTKI)  Poi.K  K 

l*i.AtKi{(J„i,i>  Claim.  Mir.i.i:i;s  Cukkk 
Halt  i.\  CiiiLKooT  1'as.s    -        .        .        .        . 
Ciijc'I.kCity     --.... 

ViKW  AtUOSH  TIIK  YlKO.V  -  .  .  . 

S.NOW  StoK.M  in-  TIIK  Moi  NTAINH 

Smici.no  ..... 

StKA.MKK'AkcTIC,-  YUKO.N   UlVKK        - 


r.o 

70 
U3 

Its 

JO,S 
13(1 

Ha 

150 
172 
]'.»4 
'MH 
TM) 
L'4t, 
-'•J8 


iMAl'S  AND  ILLI'STUATIONS. 


S(KNK«)N   Foinv   Mll.KritKIK 

Dou  TuAi.v 

Dawhox  Citv  -        .        .        - 

Mii.KH  Canvo.v        -        -        .        . 
Lakk  Hknnktt 

FoUTY  MlI.K  CllKKK    ANK  'l"(t\\  N 

TiiK  VuiHT  Pan  -        -        .        . 

I'mwi'KcroiiH  SruiKiNci  a  Nkw  ('ui:i;k 

Al.AHKA  STKA.MKH  "KXCKISIolt ■■ 
A.N  Al.AHKA  (il,A(  IKIC 

Four  CrnAiiv 

Stka.mhoat  ON  Tin;  Vi  Ki».\    - 

Unai.ahka 

Saw  Mii.i,  ON  TIIK  YiKtix 

TllKAKVVKI.I-  <!i>l.l>  Mll.l.s 

Sitka  

Sitka  Hakiiou    -       -       -        -       - 

A  CAC'IIK  on  TIIK  VrKON 
I'ACK  HoUSKH  to  TIIK  I'AHS 
MIH8IUN  ON  TIIK    VrK(»N   UlVKIt 


Pag.' 

.urn 
:<li> 
:<:»4 

:ni4 
:»7:.' 

IIHI 

mi 

4:.'H 
440 

4:>;j 

4<)0 
47t) 
4Mrt 
4!il> 
.lO.'J 

:.ifi 


w  owitit: 


•J. 

X 

X 


KLONDIKE. 


THE  CHICAGO  RECORDS   BOOK 


FOI; 


GOLD-SEEKERS. 


CIIAITER    i. 

WHERE  THE  GOLD  IS  FOUND. 

WE  Klonilikt.'  placrr  iiiiiR's  are  located 
in  tho  Xorthwc'st  territory  of  l'»riti>li 
America,  just  east  of  the  Alaskan 
border  line,  and  ahuut  _',_'()( )  miles 
from  the  mouth  of  the  \  uknn  ri\er. 
The  Klondike  is  a  stream  which  en- 
ters the  Yukon  about  two  miles  from 
Dawson  City,  which  is  about  170 
miles  from  Circle  Lit\.  The  Klon- 
dike is  about  140  miles  in  lenjL;th,  running  in  a  Winterly 
dire(tit>n.  ami  the  t^old-bearin},^"  creek>.  wlure  the  richot 
deposits  have  been  fomul,  rmi  into  the  Klondike  from  a 
souiherly  direction. 

Two  and  a  half  miles  nj)  the  Klondike,  from  its  contin- 
ence with  the  \'ukoiu river,  is  iJonauza  creek,  which  has 
several  small  tributaries.  Twelve  miles  from  where  the 
jjonanza  creek  enters  the   Klondike,  ami   rumiing  ap- 


f 


%  "M 

its 


14 


THE    CHICAGO    RECORDS 


proxiiiiatfly  parallel  with  the  Yukon,  is  El  Dorado  creek, 
which  is  from  twelve  to  fifteen  miles  in  length.  Aljout 
seven  miles  further  up  Honanza  creek  is  Gold  Bottom 
creek,  and  several  miles  beyond  is  Adams  creek,  and 
still  nearer  the  source  of  Bonanza  creek  are  smaller 
streams,  all  gold  bearing.  Some  twelve  miles  up  the 
Klondike  is  Bear  creek,  with  its  tributaries;  twelve  miles 
beyond  Hunker  creek  empties  into  the  Klondike,  and 
about  the  same  distance  from  there,  up  the  Klondike,  is 
Too  Much  Gold  creek.  The  richest  finds  have  been  made 
principally  on  the  Bonanza  and  El  Dorado,  but  rich 
strikes  have  been  reported  on  all  the  creeks  named. 

Prospectors  have  found  rich  deposits  on  Indian  river, 
which  empties  into  the  Yukon  about  fifty  miles  below 
the  Klondike.  Indian  river  runs  in  a  southwesterly  di- 
rection, and  running  out  of  Indian  creek  is  Quartz  creek, 
a  well-explored  stream  about  fifty  miles  from  the  con- 
fluence of  Indian  creek  and  the  Yukon.  About  six  miles 
from  the  mouth  of  Quartz  creek,  extending  in  a  north- 
erly direction  to  the  range  of  hills  which  sei)arates  the 
delta  of  Indian  creek  from  that  of  the  Klondike,  is  h'irst 
Left  Hand  fork:  eight  miles  beyond  is  Kcttleson  fork. 
From  the  op])Osite  side  and  running  in  an  opposite  direc- 
tion out  of  Quartz  creek,  and  about  five  miles  from  its 
mouth,  is  IMiil  creek.  l'>om  the  latest  reports  these 
creeks  are  being  prospected  extensively,  and  good  fimls 
have  been  made. 

All  of  these  rivers  and  creeks  contain  gold,  and  it  is  be- 
lieved that  over  500  claims  will  be  located  in  Indian  creek 
alone.  Further  south  yet  lies  the  head  of  several 
branches  of  Stewart  river,  on  which  some  prospecting 
has  been  done  and  good  indications. found,  but  the  want 
of  provisions  prevented  development.  Gold  has  been 
found  in  several  of  the  streams  joining  Pelly  river,  and 


BOOK     FOR   GOLD-SEEKERS. 


IB 


also  all  alonp^  the  IIootaliiKiua.  In  the  line  of  these  finds 
farther  south  is  the  Cassiar  g;oU\  field  in  British  Colum- 
bia; so  the  presumption  is  that  in  the  territory  .ilon.i: 
the  easterly  watershed  of  the  Yukon  is  a  ji^old- 
hearin^  belt  of  indefinite  width,  and  upward  of  three 
hundred  miles  Ions',  exclusive  of  the  liritish  Columbia 
part  of  it.  On  the  westerly  side  of  the  Yukon  prospeet- 
injj^  has  been  done  on  a  creek  a  short  distance  above 
Selkirk  with  a  fair  amount  of  success,  and  on  a  larc^e 
creek  some  thirty  or  forty  miles  below  Selkirk  fair  pros- 
pects have  been  found.  I'ut.  as  before  remarked,  the 
difificultN-  of  gettinp^  supplies  here  prevents  any  exten- 
sive or  extended  prosjx'cting. 

The  gold  streak  is  anywhere  from  eipjht  to  thirty  feet 
from  surface  and  is  reached  by  sinking  a  shaft  from  two 
to  three  feet  wide  and  six  feet  long  down  to  the  pay 
streak  and  then  drifting  under  ground  along  the  pay 
streak.  Sinking  this  shaft  and  working  the  pay  streak 
is  made  difticult  from  the  fact  that  from  the  surface  to 
the  deepest  depth  that  has  yet  been  reached  the  ground 
is  always  frozen,  and  a  process  of  firing,  in  order  to  thaw- 
out  the  ground,  is  employed.  A  brush  and  wood  fire  is 
built  in  the  bottom  of  the  shaft,  which,  burning  all  niglit, 
thaws  out  the  ground  from  eight  to  fourteen  inches.  The 
gravel  is  shoveled  out  during  the  day  and  the  operation 
repeated  until  the  required  depth  is  reached.  The  aver- 
age progress  in  the  shaft  is  from  eight  to  fourteen  inches 
per  day.  When  the  pay  streak  is  reached  the  miners  drift 
under  the  ground,  which  does  not  have  to  be  sui)porled 
by  tirnbers  on  account  of  its  being  frozen.  The  fire  in 
thawing  out  the  pay  streak  generates  a  noxious  gas, 
which,  after  the  fire  has  burned  out,  nnist  be  expelled 
before  work  can  be  done.  This  is  accomplished  by  the 
use  of  bellows,  fans  and  other  devices.    A  machine,  liow- 


A 
t 

t. 


IG 


THE   CHICAGO    RECORD'S 


h 


ever,  is  heinc^  maniifacturod  in  Seattle  that  is  expected 
to  expel  these  gases  speedily. 

The  process  of  "placer"  mining'  in  Alaska  is  abont  as 
follows:  After  clearing  all  the  coarse  gravel  and  stone 
ofif  a  patch  of  ground,  the  miner  lifts  a  little  of  the  finer 
gravel  or  sand  in  his  pan,  which  is  a  broad,  shallovv 
dish,  made  of  strong  sheet  iron  or  cop])er;  he  then  puts 
in  water  enough  to  fill  the  pan,  and  gives  a  few  ra|)id 
whirls  and  shakes;  this  tends  to  bring  the  gold  to  the 
bottom,  on  account  of  its  greater  specific  gravity. 

The  dish  is  then  shaken  and  held  in  such  a  way  that 
the  gravel  and  sand  are  gradually  washed  out,  care  being 
taken  as  the  process  nears  completion  to  avoid  letting 
out  the  finer  and  heavier  parts  that  have  settled  to  the 
bottom.  Finally  all  that  is  left  in  the  pan  is  whatever 
gold  may  have  been  in  the  dish  and  some  black  sand, 
which  almost  invariably  accompanies  it. 

This  black  sand  is  nothing  but  pulverized  magnetic 
iron  ore.  Should  the  gold  thus  found  be  fine,  the  con- 
tents of  the  i)an  arc  thrown  into  a  barrel  containing  water 
and  a  pound  or  two  of  mercury.  As  soon  as  the  gold 
comes  in  contact  with  the  mercury  it  combines  with  it 
and  forms  an  amalgam. 

The  process  is  continued  until  enough  amalgam  has 
been  formed  to  pay  for  "roasting"  or  "firing."  It  is 
then  squeezed  through  a  buckskin  bag,  all  the  mercury 
that  comes  through  the  bag  being  put  back  into  the  bar- 
rel to  serve  again,  and  what  remains  in  the  bag  is  placed 
in  a  retort,  if  the  miner  has  one,  or.  if  not,  on  a  shovel, 
and  heated  until  nearly  all  the  mercury  is  vaporized. 
The  gold  then  remains  in  a  lump  with  some  mercury  still 
held  in  combination  with  it. 

This  is  called  the  "pan"  or  "hand"  method,  and  is 
never,  on  account  of  its  slowness  and  laboriousness,  con- 


BOOK    FOR    GOLD-SEEKERS. 


17 


tiiiuod  for  any  loiij^lh  of  time  wlioti  it  is  possible  to  pro- 
cure a  "rocker."  w  to  make  and  work  sluices. 

A  "rocker"  is  siini)ly  a  Ixjx  about  three  feet  loni;'  'I'l'l 
two  wide,  tnade  in  two  parts,  the  to])  part  beinj;  shal- 
low, with  a  heavy  sheet-iron  bottom,  which  is  pundieil 
full  of  (|uarter-inch  holes.  The  other  part  of  the  box  is 
fitted  with  an  inclined  shelf  about  midway  in  its  dejUh, 
which  is  six  or  eijjht  inches  lower  at  one  end  than  at 
the  other.  Over  this  is  placed  a  piece  of  heavy  woolen 
blanket.  The  whole  is  then  mounted  on  two  rockers, 
nuich  resemblinj^  those  of  an  ordinary  cradle,  and  wlien 
in  use  they  are  ])laced  on  two  blocks  of  wood  so  that  the 
whole  may  be  readily  rocked. 

After  the  miner  has  selected  his  claim,  he  looks  for  the 
most  convenient  place  to  set  up  his  "rocker."  which  nuist 
be  near  a  f^^ood  supply  of  water.  Then  he  proceeds  to 
clear  away  all  the  stones  and  coarse  i^ravel.  i^^atherini; 
the  finer  p^ravel  and  sand  in  a  heap  near  the  "rocker." 
The  shallow  box  on  top  is  filled  with  this,  and  with  (jue 
hand  the  miner  rocks  it.  while  with  the  other  he  ladles 
in  water. 

The  finer  matter  with  the  ^oUl  falls  through  the  holes 
on  to  the  blanket,  which  checks  its  progress,  and  liolds 
the  fine  particles  of  gold,  w  bile  the  sand  and  other  matter 
pass  over  it  to  the  bottom  of  the  box.  which  is  sloped 
so  that  what  comes  through  is  washed  downward  and 
finally  out  of  the  box. 

Across  the  bottom  of  the  box  are  fixed  thin  slats,  be- 
hind which  some  mercury  is  placed  to  catch  any  particles 
of  gold  which  may  escape  the  blanket,  ff  the  g(jld  is 
nuggety,  the  large  nuggets  are  found  in  the  upper  box, 
their  weight  detaining  them  until  all  the  lighter  stufY 
has  passed  through,  and  the  smaller  ones  are  held  by  a 
deeper  slat  at  the  outward  end  of  the  bottom  of  the 


:l;" 


:V, 


18 


THE   CHICAGO    RECORD'S 


m 


box.  The  piece  of  blanket  is.  at  intervals,  taken  out 
and  rinsed  into  a  barrel;  if  the  gold  is  fine,  mercury  is 
placed  at  the  bottom  of  the  barrel,  as  already  mentioned. 

Sluicing  is  always  employed  when  possible.  It  re- 
quires a  good  supply  of  water,  with  sufficient  head  or  fall. 
The  i^rocess  is  as  follows:  Planks  are  procured  and 
formed  into  a  box  of  suitable  width  and  depth.  Slats 
are  fixed  across  the  bottom  of  the  box  at  suitable  inter- 
vals, or  shallow  holes  bored  in  the  bottom  in  such  order 
th  t  no  particle  could  run  along  the  bottom  in  a  straight 
line  and  escape  without  running  over  a  hole. 

Several  of  these  boxes  are  then  set  up  with  a  consider- 
able slope,  and  are  fitted  into  one  another  at  the  ends 
like  a  stovepipe.  A  stream  of  water  is  now  directed  into 
the  upper  end  of  the  highest  box.  The  gravel  having 
been  collected,  as  in  the  case  of  the  rocker,  it  is  shoveled 
into  the  upper  box  and  is  washed  downwards  by  the 
strong  current  of  water. 

The  gold  is  detained  by  its  weight,  and  is  held  by  the 
slats  or  in  the  holes  mentioned.  If  it  is  fine,  mercury 
is  placed  behind  the  slats  or  in  these  holes  to  catch  it. 
In  this  way  about  three  times  as  much  dirt  can  be  washed 
as  by  the  rocker,  and  conse(|uently  three  times  as  much 
gold  is  secured  in  a  given  time.  After  the  boxes  arc 
done  with  they  are  burned,  and  the  ashes  washed  for 
the  gold  held  in  the  wood. 

A  great  many  of  the  miners  spend  their  time  in  the 
summer  prospecting  and  in  the  winter  resort  to  a  method 
lately  adopted  and  which  is  called  "burning."  They 
make  fires  on  the  surface,  thus  thawing  the  ground  r.ntil 
the  bed  rock  is  reached,  then  drift  and  tunnel.  The  pay 
dirt  is  brought  to  the  surface  and  heaped  in  a  pile  until 
spring,  when  water  can  be  obtained. 

The  sluice  boxes  are  then  set  up  and  the  dirt  is  washed 


if 


BOOK    FOR    GOLD-SEEKERS. 


19 


out,  thus  enabling  tlie  miner  to  work  advantageously-  and 
profitably  the  year  round.  This  method  has  been  found 
very  satisfactory  in  places  where  the  pay  streak  is  at  any 
great  depth  from  the  surface.  In  this  way  the  complaint 
is  overcome  which  has  been  so  commonly  advanced  by 
the  miners  and  others  that  in  the  Yukon  region  several 
months  in  the  year  are  lost  in  idleness. 

Winter  usually  sets  in  very  soon  after  the  middle  of 
September  and  continues  until  the  beginning  of  June, 
and  is  decidedly  cold.  The  mercur\-  fre(|uently  falls  to 
60  degrees  below  zero,  but  in  the  interior  there  is  ;o 
little  humidity  in  the  atmosphere  that  the  cold  is  more 
easily  endured  than  on  the  coast.  In  the  absence  of  ther- 
mometers miners,  it  is  said,  leave  their  mercury  out  all 
night.  When  they  find  it  frozen  in  the  morning  they  con- 
clude it  is  too  cold  to  work,  and  stay  at  home.  The  tem- 
perature runs  to  great  extremes  in  sunnner  as  well  as 
in  winter.  It  is  quite  a  common  thing  for  the  thermome- 
ter to  register  100  degrees  in  the  shade. 

Gold  dust  passes  current  at  $17  an  ounce,  though 
actually  of  the  value  of  $16.50  an  ounce. 


11 


vi 


2 


20  THK    CHICAGO    llECORD'S 

CHAPTER    IT. 
HOW  TO  GET  TO  THE  KLONDIKE. 


.^'^' 


OMER  MARIS,  who  was  sent  into  Alaska 
in  1 896  by  the  CHI  C AGO  RECO  R  D, 
and  who  now  is  on  his  way  to  the  Klon- 
dike fields,  made  the  trip  throu^l  e 
Chilkoot  pass.  He  deseribes  tin  a- 
rious  routes  to  the  Klondike  as  fol- 
lows: 

There  are  three  principal  ways  of  ^o- 
ing  to  the  Klondike  gold  fields.  One 
is  an  all-water  route  from  Seattle  by  way  of  the  mouth  of 
the  ^^lkon.  It  is  a  fifteen  days'  voyage  from  Seattle  to 
St.  Michael.  One  goes  straight  out  into  the  Pacific  to- 
ward Japan  for  1,800  miles.  Then  one  turns  through  Uni- 
mak  pass  to  the  Aleutian  islands,  and  touches  for  a  day 
at  the  port  of  Dutch  Harbor.  Thence  one  sails  away  to 
the  north  across  Bering  sea  and  past  the  seal  islands,  800 
miles  farther,  to  the  port  of  St.  Michael. 

This  is  a  transfer  point,  and  the  end  of  the  ocean 
voyage.  At  St.  Michael,  after  a  wait  of  anywhere  from 
a  day  to  two  weeks,  granting  that  the  river  is  open,  one 
may  go  aboard  a  flat-bottomed  river  steamer  for  another 
fifteen  or  twenty  days'  voyage  up  the  Yukon. 

If  one  should  arrive  at  St.  Michael  as  early  as  Aug. 
25  he  would  have  pretty  good  assurance  of  reaching  the 
mines  before  cold  weather  closed  river  navigation,  but 
arriving  later  than  that  his  chances  would  be  gooii  for 
either  wintering  on  the  desolate  little  island  of  St.  Mi- 
chael or  traveling  by  foot  and  dog-sled  the  1,900  miles 


nOOK    I'OK    (U)I<D-FRRK1CRS,  21 

to  the  mines  after  tlii'  rivir  had  frozen  into  a  safe  W\^\\- 
way. 

Tlie  distance  from  Seattle  to  Dawson  City  by  way  of 
St.  Michael  and  the  \'ukon  river  accordinj^  to  the  n.tjures 
of  the  Alaska  commercial  com])any  is  4./-"  miles,  as  fol- 
lows: 

Miles. 

Seattle  to  St.  Michael ^^,ckx) 

."^t.  -Michael  to  Kutlik ux) 

Kutlik  to  Andreafski  IJ5 

Andreafski  to  I  loly  Cross 145 

1  loly  Cross  to  Kosercfsks    5 

Koserefsky  to  Anvik   75 

Anvik  to  Xulato 2J5 

Xulato  to  Xovikakat   145 

Xovikakat  to  Tanaiia   }^) 

Tanana  to  I*'ort  Yukon  450 

I'\)rt  ^'ukon  to  Circle  City 80 

Circle  City  to  h^irty-Mile  240 

Forty-Mile  to  Dawson  City   52 

Distance  from  Seattle 4.722 

The  other  way  of  p^ettina^  to  the  mines,  commonly 
called  the  Juneau  route,  is  nuich  more  direct,  hut  it  is 
hrokcn  by  various  methods  of  transi^ortation.  The  first 
stage  is  a  four  days'  trip  from  Seattle  uj)  the  coast  000 
miles  to  Juneau.  This  is  the  principal  Alaskan  port,  a 
town  of  5,000  inhabitants,  and  a  very  j^ood  outfitting 
point,  as  prices  are  but  little  higher  than  at  the  cities 
of  Puget  sound.  Kverything  that  a  miner  needs  can 
be  procured  there  in  ordinary  times,  although  such  a 
rush  as  is  expected  might  exhaust  the  resources  of  the 
town. 

I'Vom  Juneau  there  is  yet  another  short  stage  by  salt 
water — 100  miles  a  little  west  of  north,  to  the  head  of  the 
Lynn  canal,  a  long,  narrow  inlet.     The  landing  at  the 


h- 


o  o. 


s 


TrTTtlffTWc 


(/I 


' 


"ALL  water"  route  VIA 


■m!?fmmmm^ 


Pit 

I 


I 


ST.   MICHAEL   AND  YUKON   RIVERS. 


S4 


THE    CHICAGO    RECORD'S 


head  '.;f  till'  iiilrt  is  called  Dyi'a,  and  lias  a  tradinpf  post, 
whore  tlu'  tliiiiLis  that  otic  iiicvitahl)  has  overlooked  in 
the  first  outtittin<;'  may  he  piirchaseil.  There  is  als  >  at 
Dyea  a  viliajj^e  of  joo  or  ^(X)  Chilkcjot  Indians,  who  make 
their  living'  by  packing  miners'  ontfits  over  Chilkoot  pass, 
a  portaj^e  of  from  twenty  to  thirty-two  miles,  aocordinjj^ 
to  which  one  of  the  chain  of  small  lakes  one  chooses  to 
begin  fresh-water  navigation. 

The  Indians  have  competition  for  a  part  of  the  dis- 
tance, at  least  in  ])acking  goods  over  this  portage.  Some 
white  contractors  have  trains  of  pack-horses  that  are 
used  on  the  first  twelve  miles  of  the  distance.  During 
the  last  two  seasons  prices  for  transporting  supplies  from 
Dyea  to  Lake  i'ennett,  which  latter  place  is  usually 
made  the  beginning  oi  ^'ukon  navigation,  have  varied 
from  5  cents  a  jioimd  to  i6  cents.  In  the  event  of  there 
being  i,ocx)  or  _>,cxx3  men  at  the  pass  at  one  time,  the 
present  service  would  be  inaile(|uate,  and  prices  for  jiack- 
ing,  no  doubt,  wi)uld  go  to  an  extortionate  figure.  Xat- 
urally.  this  would  oblige  the  majority  of  gold-seekers  to 
do  their  own  packing.  A  thousand  pounds  of  goods  could 
only  be  considered  a  fair  outfit  for  one  man,  and  if  the 
man  had  to  carry  it  himself,  it  would  take  him  no  less 
than  a  month  to  do  it. 

The  next  thing,  after  getting  safely  over  the  pass,  is 
to  build  a  boat.  I'our  men  who  are  handy  with  tools  can 
take  the  standing  spruce,  saw  out  lumber  and  build  a 
boat  large  enough  to  carry  them  and  their  4,000  pounds 
of  provisions  all  in  a  week.  It  should  be  a  good,  staunch 
boat,  for  there  are  storms  to  be  encountered  on  the  lakes, 
and  rapids,  moreover,  that  would  shake  a  frail  craft  to 
pieces.  '1  he  boat  should  have  a  sail  that  could  be  raised 
and  lowered  conveniently. 

With  boat  built  one  starts  from  the  head  of  Lake  Ben- 


I 


$ 


DOOK    FOR    GOLD-SEEKERS. 


16 


iK'tt  on  the  last  sta^i'  of  tlu'  trip — a  sail  of  fxx)  miles 
down  stream  (not  coimtinj^'  lakes)  to  Dawson  Cit>.  at 
the  mouth  (jf  the  Klondike.  With  fair  weather,  at  tiie 
evening'  of  the  seeond  day  one  reaehes  Miles  can\(»n. 
the  l)e}.,Mnninj.;  of  the  worst  pieee  of  water  on  the  trip. 
The  voyaj.,aT  has  passed  through  Lake  llennett  and 
Takish  and  Marsh  lakes.  At  the  head  of  .Miles  ea'iyon 
Ix'j^ins  three  miles  of  indescribably  rou^h  water,  which 
terminates  in  White  Horse  rapids. 

Durinjj^  the  rush  of  }.;old  lumters  it  is  probable  there 
will  be  men  at  Miles  canyon  who  will  make  a  biis;ne>s 
of  taking  boats  throuj,di  the  rapids,  and  unless  one  is 
an  experienced  river  man  it  is  economy  to  pay  a  few  dol- 
lars for  such  ser\'ice,  rather  than  ic  take  the  j^reater 
chances  of  losinj:^  an  oiufit. 

After  the  rajjids  comes  Lake  Lel'arpe,  a  beautiful 
sheet  of  water  thirty-tive  miles  long,  and  in  this  connec- 
tion a  suggestion  is  desirable.  Xear  the  foot  of  the  lake, 
on  the  left  side,  is  a  creek  coming  in  which  marks  a  good 
game  country.  A  year  ago  and  in  previous  sea.-^ons 
moose  were  i)lentifid  there,  and  in  the  rugged  mountains 
nearer  the  head  of  the  lake  there  always  have  been  good 
hunting  grounds  for  mountain  sheep.  A  delay  of  a  week 
either  in  this  locality  or  almost  any  of  the  small  streams 
that  flow  into  the  succeeding  200  miles  of  river,  for  the 
purpose  of  laying  in  a  good  sup])ly  of  fresh  meal,  is 
worth  considering.  Moose  meat  that  can  be  preserved 
until  co'd  weather  sets  in  will  sell  for  a  fancy  price. 

The  first  trading  post  and  settlement  of  white  men 
to  be  encountered  on  the  river  is  at  h'ort  Selkirk,  oppo- 
site the  mouth  of  I'elly  river.  Thence  it  is  a  little  more 
than  a  day's  run  down  to  Sixty  Mile,  and  it  takes  less 
than  a  day  to  go  from  Si.xty  Mile  to  Dawson  Cit\. 

There  is  another  suggestion  to  consider  before  arriv- 


I 


OVBRLAND   ROUTE   VIA 


,1 
;  • 


DYEA,  LEWES   AND   YtfKON   RIVERS. 


28 


THE    CHICAGO    RECORD'S 


I 


inj;'  at  Sixty  Mik-.  All  along  that  part  of  the  river  are 
many  timbered  islands,  covered  with  tall,  straif^ht  sjirnce. 
With  such  an  influx  of  prospectors  as  is  exiject'- '  :;t 
Dawson  City  before  winter  beg^ins  building  logs  will  i^e 
in  great  demand.  Cabin  logs  ten  inches  in  diameter  and 
twenty  feet  long,  sold  at  Circle  City  last  year,  in  the  ra^t. 
at  $3  each.  With  an  increased  demand,  and  with  licttt  r 
mines,  the  prices  at  Dawson  City  may  be  nuich  higlier. 
I'our  men  can  handle  easily  a  raft  of  500  or  Txx)  such 
logs.  Getting  them  out  would  be  a  matter  of  only  a  week 
or  two. 

The  distance  from  Seattle,  via  the  Chilkoot  pass  route, 
according  to  figures  made  by  the  Xorthern  Pacific  rail- 
wav,  is  as  follows: 

.Miles.         Miles. 

Seattle  to  Juneau ,      Hyc) 

'Juneau  to  Dyea yO 

Dyea  to  Lake  Lindeman  2S 

Across  Lake  Lindeman 6 

Portage.  Lindeman  to  Lake  l>ennetl i  ] 

Across  Lake  I'.ennett  to  Cariboo  Crossing.  30 

Across  Tagish  lake K) 

Six-Mile  river  to  Marsh  lake 6 

Across  Marsh  lake 20 

I'ift\-Mile  river  from  Marsh  lake  to  Lake 

Lcl'arge 50 

.'\cross  Lake  LeI'arge 31 

Thirty-Mile  river  to  I  Iootalinc|ua  river.  .  .   30 
Down  Hootalincpia  and   Lewes  rivers  to 

Fort  Selkirk 187 

Fort  Selkirk  down  the  \'ukon  to  Dawson 

City 195 

Total  distance  from  Dvea  to  Dawson 

Citv ■ 603] 


Distance  from  Seattle   i-S^S' 

tins    distance 


*    ' 


^7 


♦If  steamers,  however,  go  direct  to    Dye. 
would  be  shortened  perhaps  20  miles. 


If. 


s  = 


BOOK    FOR   GOLD-SEEKERS.  29 

What  is  known  as  the  "IJack  Door"  route  to  the  Klon- 
dike, and  sonieiiines  called  the  Hudson  Hay  company's 
route,  is  1)\-  way  of  St.  Paul  to  JMlnionton,  Northwest 
territory,  on  the  Canadian  Pacific  railroad.  It  is  said 
that  prospectors  will  be  able  to  enter  the  Klondike  dis- 
trict nuich  earlier  in  the  year  if  they  take  this  route.  The 
Back  Door  route  starts  from  St.  Paul  and  Minneapolis 
by  way  of  the  Soo  line  and  the  Canadian  Pacific,  a  id 
is  all  rail  as  far  as  Edmonton.  A  stage  line  runs  to  Atha- 
basca Landing  on  the  Athabasca  river,  forty  miles  away. 
There  the  fortune  hunter  nuist  provide  himself  with  a 
canoe  and  head  due  north. 

The  Athabasca  current  will  carry  him  into  Athabasca 
lake,  ami  finally  into  (ireat  Slave  lake,  whence  the  Mac- 
kenzie river  flows.  From  the  mouth  of  the  Mackenzie 
the  Peel  river  must  be  taken  south,  and  then  by  portage 
the  Rocky  mountain  range  is  crossed.  Just  across  the 
range  the  Stewart  river  opens  the  wax  to  the  Klondike 
route.  The  distance  is  given  by  the  Hudson's  Hay  com- 
pany as  1.882  miles,  as  follows: 

Miles. 

Edmonton  to  Athabasca  Landing 40 

To  Fort  McAlurray 240 

F'ort  Chip])ewyan 185 

Smith   Landing 102 

P'ort  Smith 16 

Fort  Resolution i(;4 

Fort  Providence 168 

Fort  Siiupson 161 

l-'ort  Wrigley 136 

Fort  Norman 184 

Fort  Good  Hope 174 

Fort  Macpherson  282 

Total   ., 1,882 


•I 


\M 


TAKOU  RIVER  ROUTE. 


1 


BOOK    FOR    OOLD-SEEKERf 


31 


61 


59 


Tt  is  claimed  that  tlicrc  arc  Init  two  i)ortajxcs,  the  first 
forty  miles  fr(jm  F.dmonton  to  Athabasca  Landin;::^  and 
the  second  is  a  sixteen  miles'  trip  at  Smith  Landinf^. 
This  last  portaj^c,  however,  is  easy  to  make,  for  the  1  Ind- 
son's  I'ay  company  has  built  a  tramway  which  can  be 
used.  There  are  four  or  five  other  portag'es  on  the  route, 
according  to  the  Canadian  Pacific  officials,  all  of  which 
are  a  few  hundred  yards  in  lenj^th. 

The  P.ack  Door  route  is  the  old  Hudson  Hay  trunk 
line,  which  was  traveled  by  Sir  John  J'"ranklin  in  '825, 
and  almost  constantly  used  by  the  Indians  and  trajjpers 
ever  since.  It  is  down  grade  all  the  way.  The  Hudson's 
Bay  company  has  small  freight  steamers  plying  wherever 
the  water  is  of  any  depth.  It  is  said  that  able-bodied 
men  can  make  the  trip  from  Edmonton  to  Fort  Mac- 
,»herson  in  fifty  to  sixty  days.  If  they  reach  the  mouth 
of  the  Mackenzie  and  find  the  Peel  river  frozen  over  they 
have  the  option  of  dog  trains,  and  it  is  claimed  that  the 
use  of  the  pack  train  cuts  the  difficulties  of  the  Alaskan 
route  in  half.  A.  II.  Heming  of  Montreal,  who  accom- 
panied Casper  Whitney,  when  Whitney  made  his  ex- 
plorations in  the  Pjarren  lands,  is  authority  for  this  state- 
ment: 

"A  party  of  three  men  with  a  canoe  should  reacii  I'ort 
Macpherson  easily  in  from  fifty  to  sixty  days,  provided 
they  are  able-bodied  young  fellows  with  experience  in  that 
sort  of  travel.  They  will  need  to  take  canoes  from  here, 
unless  they  propose  to  hire  Indians  with  large  birch  bark 
canoes  to  carry  them.  Hirch  bark  canoes  can  be  secured 
of  any  size  up  to  the  big  ones  matuied  by  ten  Indians 
that  carry  three  tons.  Put  birch  barks  are  not  reliable 
unless  Indians  are  taken  akjng  to  doctor  them  and  keep 
them  from  getting  water-logged.  The  Hudson's  liay  eom- 


i 


00 


THE   CHICAGO  iiEcoiurs 


I 


1 1 


pany  will  also  contract  to  take  freij^ht  northward  on 
their  steamers  until  the  close  of  navigation." 

'J"he  rush  through  Chilkoot  ])ass  this  year  has  con- 
gested that  "thoroughfare"  and  has  caused  many  people 
to  look  around  for  other  ways  for  getting  through  the 
mountain  ranges  into  the  country  where  the  head  waters 
of  the  Yukon  can  be  reached.  The  first  regularly  organ- 
ized i)rospecting  exjx'dition  which  started  for  the  Yukon 
in  1880  went  thrcnigh  Chilkoot  pass,  and  since  then  it 
has  been  looked  upon  as  the  only  available  one.  The 
people  of  Juneau  have  been  very  partial  to  the  Chilkoot 
pa.'S.  because  all  jx-rsons  going  by  that  route  r.iust  pass 
through  their  city  both  going  and  coming.  This  perhaps 
has  had  something  to  do  with  tlic  importance  which  Chil- 
koot pass  has  attained  as  a  gateway  to  the  Yukon  coun- 
try. Xow,  however,  that  the  rush  fc^r  the  gold  fields  is 
on.  with  a  jirospect  of  a  jam  at  Chilkoot  pass  next  spring, 
the  necessity  has  arisen  for  the  investigation  of  other 
ways  of  breaking  through  the  barrier  of  mountains. 

One  of  the  ways  recommended  is  known  as  the  Takou 
route.  The  entrance  to  this  inlet  is  ten  or  twelve  miles 
south  of  Juneau,  and  is  navigable  for  the  largest  ocean 
vessel  a  distance  of  eighteen  miles  to  the  mouth  of  the 
Takou  river.  This  river  is  navigable  by  canoe  at  all 
stages  of  the  water  for  a  distance  of  fifty-three  miles  to 
Xakinah  river,  where  land  travel  has  to  begin.  A  dis- 
tance of  seventy  miles  must  be  traversed  before  Lake 
Teslin — one  of  the  chain  of  lakes  which  form  the  head 
waters  of  the  Yukon — is  reached.  I'rom  here  the  Yukon 
can  be  reached  by  boat  with  comparative  ease.  The  total 
distance  from  Juneau  to  Lake  Teslin  is  150  miles. 

The  Wikon  river  is  not  navigable  for  steamers  of  light 
draught,  except  during  freshets,  which  last  about  a  month 
and  usually  occur  in  June.    Indians  say  the  river  is  open 


-i 


nOOK    KOll    flOI.D-SKRKKIlS. 


3.1 


from  May  to  the  middle  of  Soptoinbcr  for  canoes  carry- 
ing: ^rom  two  to  four  tons  of  freight.  Tlie  wind  during 
the  summer  is  from  the  southwest  and  sails  arc  used  on 
the  canoe,  which  greatly  assists  in  working  up  against 
a  four-mile  current.  At  the  end  of  the  fourth  day  the 
mouth  of  the  Xakinah  river  is  reached.  I'rtim  here  to 
Lake  Teslin  the  journey  must  he  made  on  foot.  Tlu- 
course  is  up  this  stream  until  Katune  creek  is  reached, 
four  or  five  miles.  Then  the  course  is  in  a  northeast  direc- 
tion over  a  low  range  of  mountains,  forming  a  beautiful 
and  undulating  country.  According  to  the  Indians,  the 
snow  in  winter  only  falls  here  to  a  depth  of  from  i8  to  24 
inches.  The  vegetation  in  sunmier  is  luxuriant  and 
thousands  of  head  of  stock  could  subsist.  The  country 
all  the  way  from  the  inlet  abounds  with  game,  such  as 
cariboo,  deer,  ground-hog,  grouse,  etc.  The  rivers  and 
small  lakes  are  alive  with  fish.  Several  varieties  of  l)er- 
ries  were  also  found  in  great  quantities. 

On  both  sides  of  the  Takou  river  up  to  the  Xakinah 
the  country  is  ((uite  level,  being  bottom  land,  and  with 
little  expense  a  good  wagon  road,  or,  for  that  matter,  a 
railroad,  could  be  constructed,  l-'rom  Xakinah  river  un- 
til Teslin  lake  is  reached  there  is  no  place  over  which  a 
horse  with  a  200-lb.  pack  could  not  travel.  The  country 
traversed  is  generally  dry.  A  few  swamps  are  encoun- 
tered, but  no  difficulty  is  found  in  getting  around  them. 
WitJ';  a  wagon  road  or  even  a  trail  the  head  of  canoe  navi- 
gation on  the  Takou  to  Lake  Teslin,  according  to  In- 
dians, the  thousands  of  peo])le  who  are  on  their  way  to 
the  Klondike  could  reach  their  destination  without  any 
delays  or  stoppages,  and  could  take  along  almost  any 
kind  of  an  outfit.  The  steamers  running  north  would  call 
in  at  Takou  inlet  where  a  fleet  of  large  canoes  would  take 
passengers  to  the  head  of  navigation^  and  from  there  by 


smtmttmmmmma 


u 


\i  > 

■  -.    ( 


SCAUE  OP  Miles 


'5TlnliN  ROW 
MCtTMIHI 


STIKEEN   KIVEK   ROUTE. 


f 


^ 


I 


BOOK    FOR    GOLD-SEEKERS.  86 

trail  to  Lake  Tcslin  and  thence  down  the  Yukon.     This 
route  would  recjuire  not  over  twenty  days'  time  to  reach 
Klondike  after  leaviiiLi^  I'uj^et  sound. 
Distances  from  Seattle  to  Dawson  City  over  the  Takou 

route  approximate: 

Miles. 

Seattle  to  Juneau   899 

Juneau  to  Takou  inlet   12 

Takou  inlet  to  mouth  of  Takou  river 18 

Takou  river  to  Xakinah  river 53 

Xakinah  river  to  Lake  Teslin  (overland) 70 

Teslin   lake  to  Dawson   City,  through  Teslin  lake. 

Hootalin<|ua  river.  Lewes  river  and  'S'ukon  river.  598 

Juneau   to   Dawson   City i  .650 

Another  route  rcconunended  is  by  way  of  the  Stikccn 
river,  Telejjraph  creek  and  Lake  Teslin  to  the  Yukon. 
The  Canadian  jT^overnmcnt  has  decided  to  make  a  larp^e 
fi^rant  for  opcninpf  up  an  all-Canadian  route  to  the  Yukon 
by  the  Stikeen  river,  Telejii^raph  creek  and  Lake  Tcslin. 
The  trail  has  already  been  cut  through  from  Telegraph 
creek  to  Lake  Teslin,  a  distance  of  150  miles.  A.  E. 
Mills,  one  of  the  party  who  worked  on  the  trail,  says, 
with  the  money  proposed  to  be  spent  by  the  government 
this  will  be  the  best  and  easiest  route  to  the  Yukon,  and 
the  one  that  will  be  generally  used  next  spring.  The 
practicability  of  this  route  is  best  explained  by  Mr.  Mills' 
account  of  tl'e  party's  trip  from  W'rangel  to  Lake  Teslin. 
He  says: 

"We  left  Fort  W'rangel  on  May  17.  and  after  a  pleas- 
ant run  up  the  Stikeen  river  140  miles  on  a  steamer  we 
reached  Telegraph  creek.  On  the  23d  of  May  we  left 
to  commence  operations  by  following  up  Dease  lake 
trail  to  Tahltan  bridge,  and  then  turning  to  the  left  up 

Tahltan  river  on  the  old  Hudson   P>av  trail  to  a  place 
3 


m 
pi 


m 


1 


■1    ;■ 


36 


THE   ciiirAno   RErORIVS 


h  ■■ 


railed  jinitown.  ulurc  we  oampcMl.  I'roiii  tliis  point  wo 
proposed  to  run  over  the  level  hifj^ldand,  thereby  niak- 
\n^  a  more  direct  route  to  the  lake,  hut  foutul  that  route 
would  he  inipracticahle  on  account  of  the  snow,  a  larf:^c 
(|uantity  heinj?  on  the  ,q-round  at  the  time,  so  that  route 
was  abandoned,  and  then  it  was  decided  to  cut  a  new 
trail  from  n"ele^ra])h  creek  straight  across  on  the  left  of 
Tahltan  river,  crossin^j  the  west  fork  about  fifteen  miles 
from  'l\'le,i^ra])h  and  live  miles  farther  on  connectinjc;  with 
the  old  i  ludson  lUiy  trail,  makinjj;  a  savinc^  of  about  t\»en- 
ty  miles  between  the  points  mentioned. 

"The  old  trail  was  cleared  of  all  obstructions  and  fol- 
lowed to  the  old  Hudson  bay  post,  where  some  log  build- 
int;s  still  stand.  It  is  here  that  the  only  hill  of  any  ac- 
count was  encountered,  that  being  about  three  miles  of 
iieavy  grade.  However,  J  am  sure  this  can  be  remedied 
by  cutting  a  new  trail  around  the  hill,  following  the 
creek.  The  country  in  general  is  very  open,  and  what 
timber  there  is  is  very  small  and  scrubby.  A  good  deal 
of  swamp  land  is  found  and  it  is  very  mossy  in  places, 
but  with  .some  corduroy  and  ditching  or  draining  a  fine 
trail  would  be  the  result,  and  I  believe  it  would  be  the 
best  route  to  the  ^'ukon.  The  trail  nms  through  a  val- 
ley from  five  to  twenty  miles  wide,  which  is  very  level 
with  the  exception  of  the  hill  mentioned  and  a  few- 
gulches,  on  which  we  made  good  grades  and  got  over 
easily. 

"About  thirty  miles  this  side  of  Lake  Teslin  we  reached 
the  summit,  where  waters  run  north.  I  may  say  the  head- 
waters of  the  Yukon  commence  from  this  point.  A  great 
number  of  lakes  were  found.  The  last  fifteen  miles  was 
as  good  bottom  as  any  found  on  the  trail.  Here  we 
found  a  large  river  running  into  the  lake,  which  I  sup- 
pose is  formed  by  the  lakes  mentioned  and  the  surround- 


1 


nt 


ji 


>.ixr«K»-*"'W*'f«^*^3| 


^    '■^\ 


I- Ik 


'"I 


■ 


BOOK    FOR    GOLD-SEEKERS.  I?!' 

inp^  watershed.  The  lake  was  reached  and  we  were  withiti 
eight  or  ten  days  of  Kloiithke,  with  stiioolli  water  and  no 
portaj^jes. 

"W  hen  the  f2[overninent  tyrant  is  expended  on  the  trail 
the  trip  could  be  made  in  twelve  or  fifteen  days  with  a 
pack  train  from  Telej^raph  creek,  at  per  pound.  sa>.  IJ 
cents,  and  could  leave  by  the  middle  of  May  in  ordinary 
seasons  and  by  the  time  the  destination  would  be  reached 
the  ice  would  be  out  of  the  lakes.  One  very  important 
feature  of  the  trail  is  that  abundant  grass  is  to  l)e  found 
all  the  way." 

Approximate  distances  from  Seattle  to  Dawson  City 
over  the  Stikeen  route: 

Miles. 

Seattle  to  h'ort  Wrangel    750 

I'rom  l'\)rt  W'rangel  up  Stikeen  river  to  Telegraph 

creek    1 50 

Telegra])h  creek  to  Teslin  lake  (overland) 150 

Teslin  lake  to   Dawson  City,  through  Teslin  lake. 

Hootalinf|ua  river,  Lewes  river  and  ^'^d^on  river.    5<)8 

Total  distance  from  Seattle  to  Dawson  City ....  i  ,648 

One  party  of  gold  seekers  followed  the  Stikeen  route. 
A  member  of  the  party.  Albert  D.  Gray,  of  Grand  Rapids. 
Mich.,  describes  the  route  fully.  As  the  Stikeen  route  is 
to  be  developed  and  improved  by  the  Canadian  govern- 
ment. Mr.  Gray's  detaileil  description  is  of  considerable 
value.    He  said: 

"From  Seattle  wc  went  to  Fort  Wrangel.  140  miles 
this  side  of  Juneau,  and  there  we  took  the  150-ton  steaiuer 
Alaskan,  which  plies  on  the  Stikeen  river.  The  Stikeen 
river  is  very  broad  at  some  points  and  at  others  where 
it  runs  through  canyons  it  narrows  down  to  100  feet  or 
so,  just  room  enough  for  the  steamer  to  pass  between 
the  steep,  rocky  walls.    Rapids  were  numerous,  and  fre- 


m 


40 


THE    CHICAGO    RECORD'S 


qucntly  the  crew  would  liavc  to  jro  ashore  and  'hne'  the 
steamer  through  a  narrow  rapid,  where  the  water  ran 
so  swiftly  that  it  made  us  dizzy;  when  ncaring  a  bit  of 
water  of  this  kind  the  propeller  was  never  used.  After 
shuttin,2:  down  the  machinery,  lines  would  he  attached 
to  a  steam  capstan  on  the  deck  of  the  steamer  Tne  ttnls 
of  these  lines  then  were  made  fast  to  trees  on  either  side 
of  the  river,  and  by  means  of  the  steam  capstan  the  boat 
was  warped  along  cautiously  until  open  water  was 
reached. 

"The  weather  was  not  so  cold  as  we  looked  for,  just 
bracing;  the  trail  along  the  Stikeen  follows  the  left  bank 
of  the  river  almost  to  the  confluence  of  the  Iskoot  river, 
where  it  crosses  the  Stikeen,  following  the  left  bank  of  the 
Iskoot  to  Telegraph  creek.  At  that  point  the  trail  trends 
to  the  west  and  north  as  far  as  the  Tahlian  river,  following 
that  course  over  a  great  flat  plateau  until  the  foot  of  Tes- 
lin.  or  Allen's,  lake  is  reached.  Telegraph  creek  is,  as 
far  as  the  Stikeen  river,  navigable. 

"There  were  three  others  besides  Chappell  and  myself 
in  the  party  which  reached  Telegraph  creek  on  the  Alas- 
kan. At  the  creek  six  white  men  and  two  Stick  Indians 
joined  our  party.  W'e  hired  the  Indians  to  act  as  guides 
as  far  as  the  Cassiar  gold  tliggings  near  Diese  lake,  sev- 
enty-two miles  to  the  north  of  Telegraph  creek.  We 
started"  for  Diese  lake  afoot,  packing  our  provisions  and 
supplies,  of  which  we  had  an  abundance,  on  th.irteen 
horses.  On  this  journey  we  made  about  six  miles  every 
twenty-four  hours,  going  into  camp  whenever  we  felt 
like  it. 

"At  the  Cassiar  diggings  we  found  a  few  Chinamen 
working  placers,  but  they  made  only  a  bare  living,  so 
our  party  after  looking  over  the  gro  md  decided  not  to 
stay  there.     We  concluded  to  push  on  for  Lake  Teslin, 


BOOK    FOR    GOLU-SEEKEIIS. 


41 


I 


whicli  is  aboul  140  miles  to  the  north  of  Cassiar.  Previous 
to  that  time  si\iie  wh.ite  men  had  been  as  far  on  tliat 
route  as  the  Koukitcliie  lakes,  seventy-five  miles  beyond 
Telesraph  creek,  but  we  blazed  the  trail  from  that  point 
on  to  Lake  Teslin  and  through  to  the  "S'ukon  river,  ii 
is  probable  that  wo  made  some  deviations  from  what 
is  now  the  known  route.  The  tramji  to  Lake  Teslin  was 
not  so  very  difficult,  considering^  that  we  were  in  a  coun- 
try never  before  trodden  by  the  foot  of  a  civilized  man. 
We  had  some  trouble  with  rivers  and  creeks,  and  had 
to  cut  down  trees  and  lay  brids^es  across  Xahlin  river  and 
Bccbe  creek.  It  is  a  comparatively  safe  and  easy  jour- 
ney, nevertheless. 

"On  the  i<;tli  day  of  July  we  reached  Lake  Teslin.  It 
is  one  of  the  most  beautiful  l)odies  of  waters  on  the  Amer- 
ican continent.  Its  dimensions  are  about  130  miles  loiii^ 
by  an  averaj^e  of  tlree  and  one-half  miles  wide.  Whet; 
we  were  there  the  ground  was  free  of  snow  and  vegeta- 
tion was  abundant.  We  remained  in  the  vicinity  of  Lake 
Teslin  some  two  or  three  weeks,  when  v^'happell  and  I 
decided  to  leave  the  others  and  try  to  find  our  way  to 
the  Yukon  river.  I'efore  setting  out  we  jirospccted  up 
tlie  Xisu'atine  river,  bnit  found  no  gold.  L'pon  leaving 
the  lake  my  fr'.iul  am!  I  followed  the  Ho(Jtalin(iua  or 
Teslm  river,  a  tine  stream  about  120  miles  in  length, 
toward  the  Klondike  country.  It  flows  into  the  ^'uk<1n 
just  above  the  Kkiudike  district,  where  it  and  Thirty- 
.Mile  or  Lewes  river  join  in  practically  forming  the  Yu- 
kon. Here  all  the  trails  into  that  country  meet  together 
in  a  great  canytm  in  Seminou  hills.  Thirty-Mile  river 
drains  the  lakes  about  Dyea  pass. 

"After  leaving  the  mouth  of  the  Hootalinqua  we  fol- 
lowed the  Yid<on  slowly  into  Dawson  Lity,  which  wc 
reached  on  the  uth  of  October." 


= 


''}  *! 


>'" 


42  1HE    CHICAGO    RECORD'S 

CHAPTER   III. 
THE  GOLD  SEEKER'S  OUTFIT. 

EXT  to  a  supply  of  ready  cash  a  man  who 
has  designs  upon  the  placer  mines  of 
the  Klondike  region  will  need  at  least 
one  year's  supply  of  food,  clothing  and 
working  materials.  This  is  the  advice 
which  is  given  by  all  who  have  returned 
from  the  scene  of  the  great  gold  strikes. 
The  miners  and  prospectors  who  have 
been  to  Alaska  insist  that  no  man 
should  think  of  going  to  that  country  for  the  purpose  of 
prospecting  for  gold  without  at  least  one  year's  supply 
of  provisions  and  with  a  cash  capital  of  at  least  $500  to 
$1,000. 

Many  of  those  V\iio  rushed  for  the  Klondike  this  year 
failed  to  take  this  advice,  and  as  a  conse(|uence  large 
numbers  were  turned  back  by  the  Xorthwestern  mounted 
police  at  the  very  gateway.  Hundreds  of  lists  r^  "essen- 
tials" have  been  made  up  i-y  men  who  are  experienced 
Alaska  prospectors  and  miners.  An  analysis  of  twenty 
so-called  practical  lists  indicates  that  the  list  makers  had 
largely  consulted  their  individual  preferences  as  to  the 
([uantity  and  (juality  of  certain  kinds  of  rough  and  ready 
"delicacies." 

This  analysis  shows  that  the  man  who  has  lived  in 
Alaska  among  the  gold-bearing  creeks  for  anywhere 
from  one  to  ten  years  figures  that  an  adequate  supply 
of  food  per  day  per  man  varies  from  four  ai.d  a  half  to 
five  and  a  half  pounds.  This  would  bring  the  actual 
food  supply  for  one  year  for  each  person  to  fully  1,600 


I 


% 


Wi 

^ 


BOOK    FOR    GOLD-SEEKERS.  i'ii 

pounds.  Highly  carbonaccDus  Uhh\  sIiduIcI  prccloiui- 
nate;  stiimilants  of  alcoholic  character  should  be  avoided. 

One  i)ound  of  tea  is  ccjual  to  seven  pounds  of  coffee 
for  drinkin|2^  purposes:  tin-ee-cjuarters  of  an  ounce  of 
saccharin  (this  concentrated  sweet  can  be  obtained  from 
druggists)  is  ecjual  to  t\vent\-*ive  pounils  of  sugar,  so 
that  three  ounces  of  saccharin  'u  e(|ual  to  lOO  jjounds  of 
sugar.     Citric  acid  is  a  remedy  tor  scurvy. 

"Jack  Carr,"  the  famous  Vukun  mail  carrier,  has  given 
a  list  for  an  outfit  wliicli,  he  says,  will  last  one  man  one 
year  in  the  Klondike  district.     This  list  follows: 

h'lour,  pounds 400 

Cornmeal,  pounds 50 

Rolleil  oats,  pounds 50 

Rice,   pounds  35 

1  Jeans,   pounds    100 

Candles,  pounds 40 

Sugar,  granulated,  jjounds itxi 

leaking  powder,  pounds 8 

1  'aeon,  pounds joo 

Soda,  ])ounds 2 

Yeast  cakes  (6  in  package)  packages 6 

Salt,  pounds 15 

I\pper,  pounds  1 

Mustard,  pounds \ 

( Jinger,  pounds \ 

Apples,  evai)orate(l,  i)ounds 25 

Peaclu      evaporated,  pounds 25 

Apricots,  evaporated,  pounds 25 

h'ish,  pounds 25 

Pitted  plums,  jiounds 10 

Raisins,  pounds  10 

Onions,  eva])orated.  ])')unds 50 

Potatoes,  evai)(jrated.  pounds 50 

Coffee,  pounds 24 

Tea,   pounds  5 

Milk,  condensed,   dozen 4 

Soap,  laundry,  bars 5 


b 

(1. 


44 


THE    CHICAGO    RECORDS 


m. 


I 


Matches,  packa,tjcs 6o 

Soup  vcs-ctahk's,  ])oiin(ls 15 

Butter,  sealed,  caus 25 

Tobacco,  at  discretion 

Stove,  steel 

Gold   pan    

Granite  buckets,  i  nest  of 

Cups 

Plates  (tin)  

Knives  and      r^  .    <ach 

Spoons — tea,  1  c 

VVhctstoncs 

Cotifcc  pot   

Pick  and  handle 

Saw,  hand  

Saw,  whip 

Hatchet 

Shovels,  ^  spring 2 

Nails,  pounds 20 

Files   3 

Drawknife 

Ax  and  handle 

Chisels,  3  sizes 3 

liutcher  knife  

Hammer 

Compass 

Jack  plane 

Square 

Yukon   sleigh  

Lash  rope,  ;[-incli.  feet 60 

Rope,  i-inch,  feet 1 50 

Pitch,  pounds  15 

Oakum,  pounds  10 

I-'rying'  pans  2 

Woolen  clothes. 

Boots  and  shoes. 

Snow-  'lasses. 

If  one  is  not  .c^oinp^  to  build  a  boat,  the  oakum,  pitch 
and  tools  can  be  dispensed  with.  In  sunmicr  a  sled  is 
not  necessary.     Those  going  on  a  steamer  by  way  of 


BOOK    FOR    GOLU-SEEKERS.  45 

St.  Michael  arc  rcconmici.ded  to  take  plenty  of  deli- 
cacies, costing  little,  btit  j^reatly  appreciated.  Above  all, 
the  caution  is  .y^iven,  "take  plenty." 

The  Xorthern  Pacific  railroad  company  has  made  up 
a  list  Of  supplies  necessary  for  one  man  for  one  year  for 
the  Klondike  mining^  outfit  and  the  cost  of  the  same  at 
Seattle  and  Tacoma.  The  passenger  ollficials  of  the  road 
.say  that  this  list  can  be  relied  upon  as  containing  every- 
thing that  is  needed: 

Bacon,  pounds   150 

Flour,  pounds    400 

Rolled  oats,  pounds   25 

Beans,  pi^unds   125 

Tea,  pounds    lo 

Coffee.  ])ounds   10 

Sugar,  ])ounds    25 

Dried  potato>.'^,  pounds    25 

Dried  onions,  pounds 2 

Salt,  pounds   15 

Pepi)er,  pounds    1 

Drietl  fruits,  pounds  75 

Baking  powder,  pounds  S 

Soda.  ])uunds   2 

Evaporated  vinegar,  pounds   \ 

Compressed  soup,  ounces   12 

Soap,  cakes 9 

Mustc'ird.  cans    i 

^latches  (for  four  uieu),  tins   1 

Stove  for  four  men. 

Gold  pan  for  eacli. 

Set  granite  buckets. 

Large  bucket. 

Knife,  fork,  s])oon,  cup  and  jilate. 

Frying  pan. 

Coffee  and  tea  p(jt. 

Scythe  stone. 

Two  picks  and  one  shovel. 

One  whipsaw. 

Pack  strap. 


I    ^ 


4^ 


I'lS^-Vry^^iimimi^-mmiiiimBmM 


I 


•I 
11 


!1 


46  THE   CHICAGO    RECORDS 

Two  axes  for  four  men  and  one  extra  handle. 

Six  8-inch  files  and  two  taper  files  for  party. 

Drawing  knife,  brace  and  bits,  jack  plane  and  hammer, 
for  party. 

200  feet  three-eighths-inch  roj^e. 

8  pounds  of  pitch  and  five  poinds  of  oakum  for  four 
men. 

Nails,  five  pounds  each  of  6,  8,  lo  and  i2-penny,  for 
four  men. 

Tent,  10X12  feet,  for  four. 

Canvas  for  wrapping. 

Two  oil  blankets  to  each  boat. 

5  yards  mosquito  netting  for  each  man. 

3  suits  heavy  underwear. 

1  heavy  mackinaw  coat. 

2  pairs  heavy  mackinaw  trousers. 
I  heavy  rubber-lined  coat. 

1  dozen  heavy  wool  socks. 

■^  dozen  heavy  wool  mittens. 

2  heavy  overshirts. 

2  pairs  heavy  snagproof  rubber  boots. 
2  pairs  shoes. 

4  pairs  blankets  -for  two  men). 
4  towels. 

2  pairs  overalls. 

I  suit  oil  clothing. 

P>esides  these  things  each  man  procures  a  small  assort- 
ment of  medicines,  and  each  is  provided  with  several 
changes  of  summer  clothing. 

The  foregoing  outfit  costs  in  round  figures  as  follows: 

Groceries    $  40.00 

Clothing 50.00 

Hardware 50.00 

Total  $140.00 

The  outfits  purchased  in  Seattle  by  twenty  experienced 
miners  on  their  way  to  the  Klondike  are  regarded  as 
models  by  miners  and  prospectors  who  have  returned 
from  that  region.    The  twenty  men  first  divided  them- 


BOOK    FOR    GOLU-SEEKERS.  47 

selves  into  five  ]iarties  oi  four  men  each,  inieiulinj^  to 
have  a  boat  for  each  party  as  well  as  a  tent,  and  various 
smaller  articles.  The  main  items  of  their  outfits  are  as 
follows,  the  items,  when  not  otherwise  mentioned,  being 
for  one  man: 

l>acon,   pounds    1 50 

I'Mour,  pounds    250 

Rolled  oats,  pounds   25 

Iteans,  i)ounds   100 

Tea,  ])oun(ls  10 

Coffee,  pounds   10 

Sugar,  pounds   40 

Dried  potattx's,  pounds   25 

Dried  onions,  pounds  2 

Salt,  pounds  10 

Pepper,  pounds    i 

Dried  fruits,  pounds  75 

P)aking  powder,  pounds 4 

Soda,  jiounds   2 

Evaporated  vinegar,  pounds   .V 

Compressed  soup,  ounces    12 

Soap,  cakes 9 

Mustard,  cans    i 

Matches  (for  four  men),  tins i 

Rice,  pounds    40 

Stove  for  four  men. 

Gold  ])an  for  each. 

Set  granite  I)uckets. 

Large  bucket. 

Knife,  fork,  spt)on,  cup  and  plate. 

Frying  pan. 

Coffee  and  tea  pot. 

Scythe  stone. 

Two  picks  and  one  shovel. 

One  whipsaw. 

Pack  strap. 

Two  axes  for  four  men  and  one  extra  handle. 

Six  8-inch  files  and  two  taper  files  for  party. 

Drawing  knife,  brace  and  bits,  jack  plane  and  hammer, 
for  party. 


k  ;■''' 


II M 


i  lU 


m 


>'m>e,m^<«.u^^ 


I 


s  ■ 


48  THE    CHICAGO    RECORDS 

200  fcL't  3-8-iiicIi  rope. 

8  pounds  of  pitch  and  five  pounds  of  oakum  for  four 
men. 

Nails,  five  pounds  each  of  6,  8,  10  and  12-penny,  for 
four  men. 

Shoemaker's  tliread. 

Shoemaker's  awl. 

Gum  for  patching  p^um  hoots. 

Tent,  10x12  feet,  for  four. 

Canvas  for  wrappinpf. 

Two  oil  hlankets  to  each  hoat. 

5  yards  mosquito  netting  for  each  man. 

3  suits  heavy  underwear. 

1  heavy  mackinaw  coat. 

2  pairs  heavy  mackinaw  trousers. 
•J  (lozen  heavy  wool  socks. 

^  dozen  heavy  wool  mittens. 

2  heavy  overshirts. 

2  pairs  heavy  snagproof  rubber  boots. 

2  pairs  shoes. 

3  pairs  blankets  (for  two  men). 

4  towels. 

2  pairs  overalls. 

1  suit  oil  clothing. 

2  rubber  blankets. 

Besides  these  things  each  man  procures  a  small  as- 
sortment of  medicines,  and  each  is  provided  w'ith  several 
changes  of  summer  clothing. 

Here  is  a  list  of  medicines  for  four  men: 

25c  worth  cascara  sagrada  bark. 

I  bottle  good  whisky. 

3  boxes  carbolic  salve. 
I  bottle  arnica. 

The  above  outfit  cost  in  round  figures  as  follows: 

(Groceries $  40.00 

Clothing 50.00 

Hardware 50.00 

Total  $140.00 


BOOK    FOR    GOLD-SEEKERS.  49 

Fare  to  Dyoa  and  incidentals  hrouj^lit  tlie  expense  of 
these  twenty  prospectors  up  to  about  $175  each.  They 
believe  that  they  arc  very  well  su])i)lied  for  a  year's  stay 
in  the  land  of  the  niiduij^dit  sun. 

It  will  be  noticed  that  the  lists  made  up  by  the  twenty 
miners  and  the  list  of  the  Xorthcrn  Pacific  railroad  are 
identical  in  many  respects,  indicating;"  that  the  miners 
based  their  estimates  upon  the  estimate  made  by  the  rail- 
road company.  The  miners  made  up  tjicir  lists,  however, 
after  numerous  consultations  with  returned  miners  in 
Seattle,  and,  as  a  result,  made  up  a  lijc^hter  pack. 

A  Seattle  outfitting  house,  which  has  been  in  the  busi- 
ness for  a  number  of  years,  made  out  the  following 
"standard"  list  of  clothing,  which  the  projirietor  of  the 
establishment  said  would  weigh  140  pounds,  and  wotdd 
be  necessary,  if  the  miner  wanted  to  be  really  comfortable 
in  the  Klondike  regions: 

Seattle     Forty  Mile 

price.  price. 

Four  suits  wool  underclothes  $20.00  $80.00 

Two  heavy  sweaters   10.00  30.00 

Two  "mackinaws"  or  Havre  shirts.  .  .  .  20.00  Co.oo 

Four  pairs  caribou  mittens 8.00  20.00 

Two  fur  caps  10.00  20.00 

Two  fur  robes  00.00  200.00 

Three  pairs  blankets  25.00  100.00 

Three  pairs  overalls    3.00  25.00 

Four  pairs  moccasins   1500  20.00 

One  cape,  with  hood,  "parkie" 1500  30.00 

Four  heavy  wool  shirts 1500  4500 

Three  pairs  rubber  boots t5-Oo  7500 

Twelve  pairs  wool  stockings 30.00  100.00 

Totals    $276.00        $805.00 

This  outfitting  establishment  has  adopted  the  following 


l|  i^ 


n 


^v 


t.»'»-tiVl«,t»^.    1.  ...  tHWA  i>. 


■  I* 

u  ■ 


ir 


In 


< 

<; 

I 


BOOK    FOR    GOLD-SKRKRRS.  61 

list  of  siipiilios  suitable  for  six  nionlhs  for  one  man  on 
tlic  Klondike: 

\Veij:;ht       Cost  in         Cost  at 

Outfit.                                (lbs.)  Seattle.     I'orty    .Mile. 

P>eans Kxi  $2.50  $io.(X) 

Uakint;'  powiUr 10  5.00  20.(K) 

I'.aeon Hxi  1 5.1H)  55-"" 

lUuter 50  J5.(X">  60.00 

Coff^v 25  7.50  35.00 

I'lour    400  1 1. 00  7500 

Fruit  (dried)   100  5.(X)  40.00 

Lard 40  4.(X)  25.00 

.Matches 5  6.00  15.00 

Milk  (condensed) 2-^  5.00  50.00 

Pepper   3  .ys  S"" 

Potatoes  (dried)   kx)  5.00  30.00 

Rice   20  i.oo  io.(X5 

Salt 10  I.oo  5.00 

Stove   and   utensils no  90.00  400.00 

Pick,    shovel,    ax,    hatchet. 

etc 20  15.00  125.00 

Tea 25  8.00  40.00 

Totals 1.143  $i9^>-75         $1,000.00 

The  lists  of  supplies  are  intended  as  a  pfuide  for  those 
who  desire  to  make  the  trip  to  the  Klondike  overland, 
that  is.  through  one  of  the  several  passes  which  will  lead 
to  the  Lewes  and  Yukon  river  routes.  The  steamboats 
that  run  up  the  Yukon  river  to  St.  Michael  are  operated 
by  companies  who  have  store  houses  in  Circle  Citv,  Fort 
Cudahy.  Forty  Mile.  Dawson  City  and  other  '^-ats. 
These  transportation  and  trading  companies  will  not 
carry  the  "grub"  supply  for  their  passengers,  so  that  pros- 
pectors who  take  the  Yukon  river  route  will  not  be  able 
to  purchase  their  food  supply  before  they  start. 

While  it  is  probable  that  gold  seekers  will  be  able  to 
save  some  money  by  purchasing  their  supplies  at  home  if 


n 


1^4  i! 


It: 


>  4 

.  .1.  il 


5i.  ,. 


63 


THE    CUK'AdO    FIRCOIIDS 


[U 


I 


il'i 


It' 


they  arc  cast  of  the  kocky  luountaiiis.  it  will  he  ihe  hetter 
pohcy  to  ])urehasc  supplies  in  San  iMamiseo,  Si'attle, 
Portland.  X'ictoria  or  from  whatever  port  the  start  is 
made,  in  those  cities  everythin},^  that  will  he  re(|uired 
can  he  ohtaincd.  and  the  outtlttini,''  estahlishments  and 
stores  will  pack  the  goods  in  a  way  which  experience  has 
proved  to  he  the  hesl. 

Omer  Maris,  of  the  CniCACO  RKCORD.  wIk.  has 
made  the  trip  overland  and  also  down  tlu'  ^'ukon,  sent 
the  followinjj^  suf^.q^eslion  reij^ardinjj^  hoats  from  Seattle 
just  Iieforc  he  sailed  for  Dyea  Aujj^.  J,  for  the  henefit  of 
those  who  intend  to  go  overland: 

"The  greatest  demand  for  any  jiarticular  thing  is  for 
boats.  People,  to  save  time  in  getting  down  the  river, 
should  take  their  hoats  with  them.  A  half  dozen 
cari)enters  or  planing-mill  estahlishments  have  caught 
the  idea  and  are  working  night  and  day  turning  out 
knockdown  hoats.  One  that  will  carry  a  ton  costs  ahout 
$i8  and  weighs  about  200  pounds.  It  is  taken  ai)art 
with  no  pieces  more  than  six  or  seven  feet  long  and 
packed  for  shipping.  The  demand  is  st)  good  for  these 
boats  that  the  builders  arc  several  days  behind  with  their 
orders.  The  principal  objection  to  them  is  that  the  In- 
dians and  ])ackers  dislike  to  contract  to  carry  them  over 
the  mountains  on  account  of  their  awkward  shape.  One 
builder  has  now  worked  out  a  model  for  a  galvanized  iron 
boat  that  can  be  carried  in  sections  fitting  together  like 
a  "nest"  of  custard  dishes  and  can  he  put  together  with 
small  bolts.  As  a  suggestion  to  those  coming  from  the 
east,  I  would  say  that  a  canvas  folding  boat  that  will  carry 
two  tons  and  is  constructed  on  good  lines  would  be  very 
available  for  the  Yukon.  A  keel,  mast  and  some  addi- 
tional bracing  could  be  added  after  reaching  the  interior." 

One  of  the  miners  who  returned  from  the  Yukon  dis- 


1*1 


BOOK   FOR    GOLD-SEEK ERH. 


53 


trict  after  five  years  iti  that  country  had  this  word  of  advice 
to  ^Mve  to  teiiderfeet: 

"\'ery  rarely  is  sufficient  importance  attached  to  the 
medical  chest,  wliich  should  have  a  place  in  every  pros- 
pector's pack.  In  case  of  enierj^'ency.  druj^js  and  ap- 
pliances for  the  relief  of  pain  are  invaluable.  A  sujjply 
of  citric  acid  should  be  carried  for  the  relief  of  scurvy. 
The  astringent  property  of  the  lime  or  lemon  is  due  to 
this  acid.  A  few  drops  mixed  with  water  and  suj^ar 
makes  excellent  lemonade.  The  (lru,i;  store  can  furnish 
saccharin  tablets  in  i)lace  of  supfar;  three-cjuarters  of  an 
ounce  of  this  concentrated  sweet  is  ecpial  to  twenty-five 
pounds  r)f  suijar.  It  will  be  easil\  seen  what  a  savinj^ 
this  would  effect.  .An  Inmdred  jiounds  of  suj:jar  at  5.V 
cents  per  ])ound  would  be  $5.50.  Add  to  this  22  cents 
per  pound  for  [)ackinjj  over  the  sunmiit  at  Dyca,  and  the 
total  cost  is  $27.50,  besides  the  room  it  would  take.  Sac- 
charin costs  but  $1.50  an  ounce,  and  the  three  ounces, 
equal  to  100  poimds  of  suq-ar,  would  cost  but  $4.50,  the 
cost  of  ])ackin.c;'  beinj^^  nominal  for  such  small  bulk. 

"Some  preparation  for  the  reception  of  the  myriads  of 
mos(|uitoes  is  also  necessary. 

"The  followinjT  articles  would  each  be  found  of  use,  to 
be  purchased  in  cpiantities  according  to  the  judp^ment  of 
the  individual:  Liniment  for  sprains  and  cold  on  the 
lung's,  tincture  of  iron  to  enrich  the  blood,  extract  of  Ja- 
maica s'injTor.  laudanum,  vaseline,'  carbolic  ointment, 
.salts,  coup^h  tablets,  mustard  and  adhesive  plasters,  sur- 
jreon's  lint,  bandatjes,  liver  pills,  powder  for  bleedin.c;',  ab- 
sorbent cotton,  surp^eon's  sponsre,  needles  and  silk,  qui- 
nine capsules  and  toothache  drops." 

All  supplies  are  sid)ject  to  a  tarifif  tax  by  the  Canadian 
,q-overnment,  and  if  this  policy  is  continued,  gohl  seekers 


■a  'i- 


ill 


lEEiiiMiSffiS! 


■^^'fr"-^f«im' 


64 


THE   CHICAGO   RECORD'S 


t 


must  be  prepared  to  pay  the  Canadian  customs  officials 
an  entry  tax  as  follows: 

Shovels  and  spades,  picks,  etc.,  25  per  cent. 

Horses,  20  per  cent. 

Axes,  hatclu'ts  aud  aiizes,  25  per  cent. 

IJakipfr  powder,  6  cents  per  pound. 

I'ed  comforters,  32^  jier  cent. 

IJlanki'ts.  5  cents  per  por.nd  and  25  per  cent. 

I'oats  and  slii])s'  sails,  25  per  ci'Ut. 

Rubber  boots,  25  i)er  cent. 

r.ools  and  shoes.  25  per  cent. 

I>readstuffs,  viz.,  j^rain.  Hour  and  meal  of  all  kinds,  ?o 
per  cent. 

1 'utter,  4  cents  j^er  jxtund. 

Candles,  28  per  cent. 

Cartrid^;es  and  anmumition,  30  jkt  cent. 

Cheese.  3  cents  per  |)ound. 

Cip;-ars  and  citj^arettcs.  $2  per  pouml  and  26  ])er  cent. 

Clothiniif — Socks.  10  cents  per  dozen  pairs  and  35  per 
cent. 

Knitted  p^oods  of  every  description,  35  per  cent. 

Ready-made  j:]^oods,  partially  of  wool.  30  per  cent. 

Waterproof  clothini^.  35  per  cent. 

Coffee,  condensed.  30  per  cent:  roasted.  2  cents  per 
])Oun{l  and  10  per  cent;  substitutes,  2  cents  per  pound; 
extracts,  3  cents  jK-r  pound. 

Condensed  milk,  3  cents  per  pound. 

Cotton  knitted  jj^ocxls.  35  ]kt  cent. 

Crowbars.  35  i)er  cent. 

Cutlery,  35  per  cent. 

Do.q's,  20  per  cent. 

Drutjs,  20  i)er  cent. 

I>.ick,  from  20  to  30  per  cent. 

I'^'irthenware,  30  per  cent. 

Ivl^^e  tools,  T,-^  per  cent. 

l-'irearms.  20  per  cent. 

I'ishhooks  and  lines.  23  per  cent. 

I'dour,  wheat,  75  cents  ])er  b.irrel:  rye.  50  cents  per 
barrel. 

I'>uits,  dried,  25  per  cent. 


I 


}K)OK    FOR    GOLD-SEEKERS. 


55 


Fruils.  pnines.  raisins,  cnrr:ints,  i  ct'iit  per  pound. 
I''ruit>,  ji'llic'S.  jams,  preserves,  3  cents  ])er  jxjund. 
I''ur  caps,  muffs,  capes,  coats.  _'=  per  cent. 
]'m"nittire.  30  per  cent. 
(Galvanized  iron  or  tinware,  30  per  cent. 
Chins,  20  per  cent. 
Hardware,  32I  percent, 
llarness  and  saddlery.  30  per  cent, 
lerseys,  knittid.  ^^  per  cent. 
Lard,  2  ceiUs  ])er  pound. 
Ij'nen  -^lotliins.;'.  32.I  per  cent. 
.Maps  and  charts,  20  per  cent. 

Meats,   canned.   25  per  cet.it;    in   barrel,    2  cents  per 
poinid. 

( )atmeal,  20  ]xt  cent. 

Oiled  cloth,  30  per  cent. 

Pipes,  35  per  cent. 

Pork,  in  barrel.  2  cents  a  pound. 

T'otatoes,  15  cents  a  bushel. 

Potted  meats.  2=,  per  ci'nt. 

Powder,  niininq-  and  blast in,q-.  2  cents  a  pound. 

Rice,  I   1-4  cents  a  ])oinid. 

Sacks  or  bags,  20  per  cent. 

Sawmills,  jiortable,  30  per  cent. 

Suq-ar,  64-100  cents  a  pound. 

Sur.q;ical  instnunents,  15  ]>er  cent. 

Tents,  32I  per  cent. 

Tolwcco,  42  cents  per  pound  and  12^  pei  cent. 


t    { 


\f\ 


66 


THE   CHICAGO  RECORD'S 


f^       I 


I', 


.■^f\ 


CHAPTER    IV. 

THE  YUKON  AND  ITS  BRANCHES. 

EFORE  William  Ogilvie.  tlie  famous 
explorer  and  the  Dominion  land  sur- 
veyor of  the  Department  of  the  In- 
terior of  the  Canadian  government, 
surveyed  the  entire  distance  from 
Dyca  to  the  crossing  of  the  interna- 
^  tional  boundary  line  and  the  Yukon 

river,  the  information  respecting  the 
Yukon  district  was  derived  from  hearsay  and  unreliable 
sources.  Mr.  Ogilvie  is  regarded  as  the  best  informed 
man  in  the  world  in  regard  to  this  district,  which  has 
become  famous  the  world  over  since  gold  was  struck  on 
the  Klondike.  He  lias  embodied  .1  fund  of  information 
of  the  utmost  value  to  prospectorr,  in  his  report,  which 
is  just  off  the  i)resses  of  the  government  printing  bureau 
at  Ottawa,  Ontario. 

His  surveys  of  the  ^'ukon  and  its  tributaries  were 
made  for  the  purpose  of  giving  to  the  Cana(han  govern- 
ment the  information  needed  for  taking  up  the  question 
of  improving  the  navigability  of  those  rivers.  As  gold 
has  been  fouml  in  almost  all  of  the  creeks,  streams  and 
rivers  na  ned  by  Mr.  Ogilvie  in  his  valuable  report,  it  is 
reprinted  in  these  pages  for  the  purpose  of  giving  miners 
and  prospectors  authentic  information  derived  from  an 
official  source.     It  is  as  follows: 

"h'or  the  purpose  of  navigation  a  description  of  the 
Lewes  river  begins  at  the  head  of  Lake  Bennett.  Above 
that  point,  and  between  it  and  Lake  Lindeman,  there 


BOOK  FOR  GOLD-SEEKERS. 


57 


is  only  about  three-quarters  of  a  mile  of  river,  which 
is  not  more  than  fifty  or  sixty  yards  wide,  and  two  or 
three  feet  deep,  and  it  is  so  swift  and  rough  that  naviga- 
tion is  out  of  the  question. 

"Lake  Lindenian  is  about  five  miles  long  and  a  iialf 
mile  wide.  It  is  deep  enough  for  all  ordinary  purposes. 
Lake  Bennett  is  twenty-six  and  a  (|uarter  miles  long,  for 
the  upper  fourteen  of  which  it  is  about  half  a  mile  wide. 
About  midway  in  its  length  an  arm  comes  in  from  the 
west,  which  Schwatka  appears  to  have  mistaken  for  a 
river,  and  named  W'hcaton  river.  This  arm  is  wider  than 
the  other  arm  down  to  that  point,  and  is  reported  by  In- 
dians to  be  longer  and  heafling  in  a  glacier  which  lies 
in  the  pass  at  the  head  of  Chilkoot  inlet.  This  arm  is, 
as  far  as  is  seen,  surrounded  by  high  mountains,  ap- 
parently much  higher  than  those  on  the  arm  we  traveled 
down.  I'elow  the  junction  of  the  two  arms  the  lake  is 
about  one  and  a  half  miles  wide,  wi''  deep  water.  Above 
the  forks  the  water  of  the  east  brancn  '  •  nuuldy.  This  is 
caused  by  the  streams  from  the  numerous  gl.n  lers  on 
the  head  of  the  tributaries  of  Lake  Lindemau. 

"A  stream  which  flows  into  Lake  Bennett  at  the  .south- 
west corner  is  also  very  dirty,  and  has  shoaled  f|uite  a 
large  portion  of  the  lake  at  its  mouth.  The  beach  at 
the  lower  end  of  tlr;  lake  is  comparatively  flat  and  the 
water  shoal.  A  djcp.  wide  valley  extends  northwards 
from  the  north  ci d  of  the  lake,  apparently  reaching  to 
the  canyon,  or  a  short  distance  above  it.  This  may  have 
been  originally  a  course  for  the  waters  of  the  river.  The 
bcntom  of  the  valley  is  wide  and  sandy,  and  covered  with 
scrubl)y  timber,  principally  poplar  and  ])itch  ])ine.  The 
waters  of  the  lake  empty  at  the  extreme  northeast  angle 
through  a  channel  not  more  than  lOO  yards  wide,  which 
soon  expands  into  what  Schwatka  called   Lake  Xares 


'1 1 


\  I' 


i 


■'V-  ■ 


58 


THE   CHICAGO   RECORD'S 


i; 


H  3: 


Ht!    i 


I'      '.! 


I     ■] 


(the  connecting  waters  between  Lake  Dennett  and  Tagish 
lake  constitute  what  is  now  called  Caribou  crossing). 
Through  this  narrow  channel  there  is  quite  a  current, 
and  more  than  seven  feet  of  water,  as  a  six-foot  paddle 
and  a  foot  of  arm  added  to  its  length  did  not  reach  the 
bottom. 

"The  hills  at  the  upjier  end  of  Lake  Lindeman  rise 
abruptly  from  the  water's  edge.  At  the  lower  end  they 
are  neither  so  steep  nor  so  high.  Lake  Xares  is  only 
two  and  a  half  miles  long,  and  its  greatest  width  is  about 
a  mile;  it  is  not  deep,  but  is  navigable  for  l)oats  drawing 
five  or  six  feet  of  water;  it  is  separated  from  Lake  Den- 
nett by  a  shallow,  sandy  point  of  not  more  than  200  yards 
in  length.  Xo  streams  of  any  conse(|uence  empty  into 
either  of  these  lakes.  A  small  river  flows  into  Lake  I^en- 
nett  on  the  west  side,  a  short  distance  north  of  the  fork, 
and  another  at  the  extreme  northwest  angle,  but  neither 
of  them  is  of  any  conse(|uence  in  a  navigable  sense. 

"Lake  Xares  flows  through  a  narnnv  curved  channel 
into  l)ove  lake  (Schwatka).  This  channel  is  n(jt  more 
than  600  or  700  yards  long,  and  the  water  in  it  ap])ears 
to  be  sufficiently  deep  for  bi»ats  that  could  navigate  the 
lake.  The  land  between  the  lakes  along  this  channel  is 
low,  swampy  and  c(jvered  with  willows,  and  at  the  stage 
in  which  1  saw  it,  did  not  rise  more  tli;m  three  feet  above 
the  water.  The  hills  on  the  southwest  side  slope  up 
easily,  and  are  not  high;  on  the  north  side  the  detp 
vallev  alreaily  referred  to  borders  it;  and  on  the  east 
side  the  mountains  rise  abruptly  from  the  lake  shore. 

"Rove  lake  (called  Tagish  lake  by  Dr.  Dawson)  is 
about  a  mile  wide  for  tlie  first  two  miles  of  its  length, 
when  it  is  joined  by  what  the  miners  have  calk  Windy 
arm.  One  of  the  Tagish  Indians  informed  me  they 
called  it  Takone  lake.    Here  the  lake  expands  to  a  width 


i 


I 


BOOK    FOR    GOLD-SEEKERS. 


69 


of  about  two  miles  for  a  distaiu-o  of  some  three  miles. 
when  it  siuUlenly  narrows  to  about  half  a  mile  for  a  dis- 
tance of  a  little  over  a  mile,  after  which  it  widens  again 
to  about  a  mile  and  a  half  t)r  more. 

"Ten  miles  from  the  head  of  the  lake  it  is  joined  by 
the  Taku  arm  from  the  south.  This  arm  must  be  of  con- 
siderable length,  as  it  can  be  seen  for  a  long  distance, 
and  its  valley  can  be  traced  through  the  mountains  nuich 
farther  than  the  lake  itself  can  be  seen.  It  is  apparently 
over  a  mile  wide  at  its  mouth  or  junction. 

"Dr.  Dawson  includes  Hove  lake  and  these  two  arms 
under  the  connnon  name  of  Tagish  lake.  This  is  nnich 
more  simple  and  comprehensive  than  the  various  names 
given  them  by  travelers.  These  waters  collectively  are 
the  fishing  and  hunting  grounds  of  the  Tagish  Indians, 
and  as  they  are  really  one  btxly  of  water,  there  is  no  rea- 
son why  they  should  not  be  all  included  under  one 
name. 

"I'Vom  the  junction  with  the  Taku  arm  to  the  north 
end  of  the  lake  the  distance  is  about  six  miles,  the 
greater  part  being  over  two  miles  wide.  The  west  side 
is  very  flat  and  sliallow,  so  much  S(j  that  it  was  impos- 
sible in  many  places  to  get  our  canoes  to  the  shore,  and 
(|uite  a  distance  out  in  tlie  lake  there  was  not  more  than 
five  feet  of  water.  The  members  (..  my  party  wlio  were 
in  charge  of  the  boat  and  outfit  went  down  the  east  side 
of  the  lake  and  reported  the  deptli  about  the  same  as  f 
found  on  the  west  side,  wilti  man\  large  rocks.  They 
passed  through  it  in  tlie  night  in  ;i  rain  storm,  and  were 
nuich  alarmed  for  the  safety  of  the  boat  .and  provisions. 
It  would  appear  that  this  part  of  the  lake  re(|uires  scjme 
improvement  to  make  it  in  keeping  with  the  rest  of  the 
water  system  with  which  it  is  connected. 

"Where  the  river  debouches  from  it,  it  is  about  150 


I  m 


%\- 

1 

if\  ^ 

1 

■I:  ii 

f 


rr 


jjj[^^jjjjg2j3('j 


t         i 


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i  fii 


.    1  I 


■'■!  Vi 


I 


I   5 


il  •   ill 
ill ' 

■    >:■!  \ 


YUKON   RIVER    AND   ITS   BRANCHES,   FROM   REPORT  OF   WILLIAM   OGILVIE, 

DOMINION  SURVEYOR. 


% 


iW  iSI  "4* laC  lit' itr 

YUKON    KIV1:K  AM)    ITS    lUJANCHFS,  FKOM    KFPnRT   OF    WIl.l.lAM  OGII-VIF, 

DOMINION   SURVEYOR. 
This  is  a  combination  of  tba  Map  on  opposite  page. 


1^1 


l^'A 


iili 


I  u 


,!i 


Hfi 


i 
i 

'■?  \ 

62 


THE   CHICAGO    HECOKUS 


I 


I  y\ 


i 


i'il 


yards  wide,  and  for  a  short  distance  not  more  than  five 
or  six  feet  deep.  The  depth  is,  however,  soon  increased 
to  ten  feet  or  more,  and  so  continues  down  to  what 
Schwatka  calls  Marsli  lake.  The  miners  call  it  Mud 
lake,  but  on  this  name  they  do  not  appear  to  be  agreed, 
many  of  them  calling  the  lower  part  of  the  Tagish  or 
Bovc  lake  "Mud  lake,'  on  account  of  its  shallowness 
and  flat,  nuuldy  shores,  as  seen  along  the  west  side,  the 
side  nearly  always  traveled,  as  it  is  more  sheltered  from 
the  prevailing  southerly  winds.  The  term  'Mud  lake' 
is,  however,  not  applicable  to  this  lake,  as  only  a  com- 
paratively small  part  of  it  is  shallow  or  muddy;  and  it 
is  nearly  as  inap])licable  to  Marsh  lake,  as  the  latter  is 
not  markedly  muddy  along  the  west  side,  and  from  the 
appearance  of  the  east  shore  one  would  not  judge  it  to 
be  so,  as  the  banks  appear  to  be  high  and  gravelly. 

"Marsh  lake  is  a  little  over  nineteen  miles  long,  and 
averages  about  two  miles  in  width.  I  tried  to  determine 
the  width  of  it  as  I  went  along  with  my  survey,  by  taking 
azinuiths  of  points  on  the  eastern  shore  from  different 
stations  of  the  survey;  but  in  only  one  case  did  I  succeed, 
as  there  were  no  prominent  marks  on  that  shore  which 
could  be  identified  from  more  than  one  ])lace.  The 
piece  of  river  connecting  Tagish  and  Marsh  lakes  is 
about  five  miles  long,  and  averages  150  to  200  \ar(ls  in 
width,  and,  as  already  mentioned,  is  deep,  except  for  a 
short  distance  at  the  head,  (^n  it  are  situated  the  only 
Indian  houses  to  be  found  in  the  interior  with  any  pre- 
tention to  skill  in  construction. 

"The  Lewes  river,  where  it  leaves  Marsh  lake,  is 
about  200  yards  wide,  antl  averages  this  width  as  far  as 
the  canyon.  I  did  not  try  to  find  bottom  anywhere  as  I 
went  along,  except  where  I  had  reason  to  think  it  shallow, 
and  there  I  always  tried  with  my  paddle.    I  did  not  any- 


BOOK    FOR    GOLD-SKIDKEKS. 


63 


where  find  bottom  with  this,  which  shows  that  there  is 
no  part  of  this  stretcli  of  the  river  with  less  than  six  feet 
of  water  at  rnechnni  heij^ht,  at  which  stage  it  appeared 
to  nie  the  river  was  at  that  time. 

"I'Vom  the  head  of  Lake  liennett  to  the  canyon  the  cor- 
rected (hstance  is  ninety-five  miles,  all  of  which  is  navi- 
gable for  boats  drawing  five  feet  or  more.  Add  to  this 
the  westerly  arm  of  Lake  liennett.  and  the  Takone  or 
Windy  arm  of  'i'akish  lake,  each  about  fifteen  miles  in 
length,  and  the  Taku  arm  of  the  latter  lake,  of  unknown 
length,  but  j)rol)ably  not  less  than  thirty  miles,  and  we 
have  a  stretch  of  water  of  u])wards  of  one  hundred  miles 
in  length,  all  easily  navigable:  and.  as  has  been  pointed 
out,  easily  connected  with  Taiya  inlet  through  the  White 
pass. 

"Xo  streams  of  any  importance  enter  any  of  these 
lakes  so  far  as  I  know.  A  river,  called  by  .^chwatka 
'McClintt)ck  river.'  enters  Marsh  lake  at  the  lower  end 
from  the  east.  It  occupies  a  large  valley,  as  seen  from 
the  westerly  side  of  the  lake,  but  the  stream  is  apparently 
unimportant.  Another  small  stream,  api)arently  only  a 
creek,  enters  the  southeast  angle  of  the  lake.  It  is  not 
])robal)le  that  any  stream  c(jming  from  the  east  side  of 
the  lake  is  of  im])ortance.  as  the  strip  of  country  between 
the  Lewes  and  Tesliiitoo  is  not  more  than  thirty  or  forty 
miles  in  width  at  this  point. 

"The  'iaku  arm  of  Tagish  lake  is.  so  far,  with  the  ex- 
ce]')tion  of  reports  from  Indians,  unknown :  but  it  is  c'(|ual- 
ly  improbable  that  any  river  of  importance  enters  it,  as 
it  is  so  near  the  source  of  the  waters  flowing  northwards. 
However,  this  is  a  (piestion  that  can  only  be  decided  by 
a  proper  exploration.  The  canyon  I  have  already  de- 
scribed, and  will  only  add  that  it  is  five-eighths  of  a  mile 


if 


m 


m 


64 


THE    CHICAGO    HECORUS 


m 


long,  about  loo  feet  wide,  with  perpendicular  banks  of 
basaltic  rock  from  60  to  100  feet  liigli. 

"Below  the  canyon  proper  there  is  a  stretch  of  rapids 
for  about  a  mile;  then  about  half  a  mile  of  smooth  water, 
following  which  are  the  White  Horse  rapids,  which  are 
three-eighths  of  a  mile  long,  and  unsafe  for  boats.  The 
total  fall  in  the  canyon  and  succeeding  rapids  was  meas- 
ured and  found  to  be  ^2  feet.  Were  it  ever  necessary  to 
make  this  part  of  the  river  navigable  it  will  be  no  easy 
task  to  overcome  the  obstacles  at  this  ])oint ;  but  a  tram 
or  railway  could,  with  very  little  difficulty,  be  constructed 
along  the  east  side  of  the  river  past  the  canyon. 

"For  some  distance  below  the  White  Horse  rapids  the 
current  is  swift  and  the  river  wide,  with  many  gravel 
bars.  The  reach  between  these  rapids  and  Lake  Le  Harge, 
a  distance  of  twenty-seven  and  a  half  miles,  is  all 
smooth  water,  with  a  strong  current.  The  average  width 
is  about  150  yards.  There  is  no  impediment  to  naviga- 
tion other  than  the  swift  current,  and  this  is  no  stronger 
than  on  the  lower  part  of  the  river,  which  is  already  navi- 
gated; nor  is  it  worse  tb.an  on  the  Saskatchewan  and 
Red  rivers  in  the  more  eastern  part  of  our  territory. 

"About  midway  in  this  stretch  the  Tahkeena  river  (the 
Tahkeena  was  formerly  much  used  by  the  Chilkat  In- 
dians as  a  means  of  reaching  the  interior,  but  never  by 
the  miners,  owing  to  the  distance  from  the  sea  to  its 
head)  joins  the  Lewes.  Tliis  river  is,  apparently,  about 
half  the  size  of  the  latter.  Its  waters  are  muddy,  indicat- 
ing its  passage  through  a  clayey  district.  I  got  some 
indefinite  information  about  this  river  from  an  Indian 
who  happened  to  meet  me  just  below  its  mouth,  but  I 
could  not  readily  make  him  understand  me,  and  his  re- 
plies were  a  compound  of  Chinook,  Tagish,  and  signs, 
and  therefore  largely  unintelligible.    From  what  I  could 


BOOK   FOR   GOLD-Si<;t.KERS. 


<ir> 


understand  with  any  certainty,  the  river  was  easy  to  de- 
scend, tliere  hcinj::  no  had  rapids,  and  it  came  out  of  a 
lake  much  larj^^er  than  any  I  had  yet  passed. 

"Lake  Le  I>arge  is  thirty-one  miles  long.  In  the  upper 
thirteen  it  varies  from  three  to  foiu"  miles  in  width;  it 
then  narrows  to  about  two  miles  for  a  distance  of  seven 
miles;  when  it  bej^ins  to  widen  again,  and  gradually  ex- 
pands to  about  two  and  a  half  or  three  miles,  the  Unver 
six  miles  of  it  maintaining  the  latter  width.  The  survey 
was  carried  along  the  western  shore,  and  while  so  en- 
gaged I  determined  the  width  of  the  up])er  wide  part  by 
triangulation  at  two  points,  the  width  of  the  narrow  mid- 
dle part  at  three  points,  and  the  width  of  the  lower  part 
at  three  points.  Dr.  Dawson  on  his  way  out  made  a 
track  survey  of  the  eastern  shore.  The  western  slu)ri" 
is  irregular  in  many  places,  being  indented  by  large  bays, 
especially  at  the  upper  and  lower  ends.  These  bays  are, 
as  a  rule,  shallow,  more  especially  those  at  the  lower  end. 

"Just  above  where  the  lake  narrows  in  the  middle  there 
is  a  large  island.  It  is  three  and  a  half  miles  long  and 
about  half  a  mile  in  width.  It  is  shown  on  Schwatka's 
map  as  a  peninsula,  and  called  by  him  Ritchtofen  rocks, 
liow  he  came  to  think  it  a  peninsula  I  cannot  understand, 
as  it  is  well  out  in  th(^  lake;  the  nearest  point  of  it  to  th.c 
western  shore  is  upwards  of  half  a  mile  distant,  and  the 
extreme  width  of  the  lake  here  is  not  more  than  five 
miles,  which  includes  the  de])th  of  the  deepest  bays  on 
the  western  side.  It  is  therefore  difficult  to  understand 
that  he  did  not  see  it  as  an  island.  The  upper  half  of 
this  island  is  gravelly,  and  does  not  rise  very  liigh  above 
the  lake.  The  lower  end  is  rocky  and  high,  the  rock  be- 
ing of  a  bright  red  color.  At  the  lower  end  of  the  lake 
there  is  a  large  valley  extending  northward,  which  has 


1*^  M 


'!!*- 


1 
I 


(i(i 


THE   CHICAGO    HECORDS 


r. 


evidently  at  one  time  heeti  tlie  (jutlet  (jf  the  lake.  Dr. 
Dawson  has  noted  it  and  its  pecniiarities. 

"Tile  width  of  the  Lewes  river  as  it  leaves  the  lake  is 
the  same  as  at  its  entranee,  about  joo  yards.  Its  waters 
when  1  was  there  were  murky.  This  is  caused  by  the 
action  of  the  wave;,  on  the  shore  alonj^  the  lower  end  of 
the  lake.  The  water  at  the  upper  end  and  at  the  middle 
of  the  lake  is  (|uite  clear,  so  much  so  that  the  bottom 
can  be  distinctly  seen  at  a  depth  of  six  or  ,seven  feet. 
The  wind  blows  idmost  constantly  down  this  lake,  and 
in  a  hif^h  wind  it  jjets  very  rous^h.  The  miners  comi)lain 
of  much  dctenti(jn  owint:;'  to  this  cause,  and  certainly  I 
cannot  complain  (jf  a  lack  oi  wind  while  1  was  on  the  lake. 
This  lake  was  named  alter  one  Mike  Le  I'arge,  who  was 
engaj.i^ed  by  the  Western  L'nion  telejj^rai)h  company,  ex- 
plorin'i;'  the  river  and  adjacent  country  for  the  i)urpose 
of  connectinij;'  luirojjc  and  America  by  telegraph  throufjh 
Hritish  Columbia,  and  Alaska,  and  across  llering  strait 
to  Asia,  and  thence  to  Europe. 

"After  leaving  Lake  Le  1  large  the  river,  for  a  distance 
of  aboijt  five  miles,  preserves  a  generally  uniform  width 
and  an  easy  current  of  about  four  miles  per  hour.  It 
then  makes  a  short  turn  round  a  low  gravel  i)oint,  and 
flows  in  exactly  the  oj^posite  of  its  general  course  for  a 
mile,  when  it  again  turns  sharply  to  its  general  direction. 

"The  Teslintoo  was  so  called  by  Dr.  Dawson — this, 
according  to  information  obtained  by  him,  being  the  In- 
dian name.  It  is  called  by  the  miners  'Hootalinkwa,' 
or  Ilootalinciua,  and  was  called  by  Schwatka,  who  ap- 
pears to  have  bestowed  no  other  attention  to  it,  the  New- 
berry, although  it  is  a])parently  much  larger  than  the 
Lewes.  (The  limited  amount  of  prospecting  that  has 
been  done  on  the  Teslintoo  is  said  to  be  very  satisfactory, 
fine  gold  having  been  found  in  all  parts  of  the  river.  The 


i 


BOOK    FOR    vIOLD-SERKEHS. 


H7 


lack  (){  supplifs  is  tlu'  ^ri'.'it  drawback  to  its  dcvclopnicnt, 
and  this  will  not  be  ovcrcoinc  m  any  j^rcat  extent  until 
by  some  means  heavy  freijj;ht  can  be  brou,i;ht  over  the 
coast  ranjje  to  the  head  of  the  river.  Indeed,  cnvinp  to 
the  difficulties  attendin-j^  access  and  transportation,  the 
great  drp..  back  to  the  entire  ^'ukon  district  at  ])resent 
is  the  want  of  heavy  •uiniiii',  machinery  and  the  scarcity 
of  supplies.  The  j^^overnment  beinj^  aware  cjf  the  reciuire- 
nients  and  possibilities  of  the  country  has  undertaken  the 
task  of  makinjjf  preliminary  surveys  for  trails  and  rail- 
roads, and  no  doubt  in  the  near  future  the  avenue  for 
better  and  (|uicker  trans])ortation  facilities  will  be  opened 
up.) 

"The  water  of  the  Teslintoo  is  of  a  dark  brown 
color,  similar  in  appearance  to  the  Ottawa  river  water, 
and  a  little  turbid.  .Xotv.ithstandint;  the  dit'ference  of 
volume  of  discharfje.  the  Teslintoo  chanji^es  completely 
the  character  of  the  river  below  the  junction,  and  a 
person  coming'  up  the  river  would,  at  the  forks,  unhesi- 
tatingly ])r(Miounce  the  Teslintoo  the  main  stream.  The 
water  of  the  Lewes  is  blue  in  color,  and  at  the  time  I 
speak  of  was  somewhat  dirty — not  enough  so.  however, 
to  prevent  one  seeing  to  a  depth  of  two  or  three  feet. 

"At  the  junction  of  the  Lewes  and  Teslintoo  1  met  two 
or  three  faiuilies  of  the  Indians  who  hunt  in  the  vicinity. 
One  of  them  could  speak  a  little  Chinook.  He  told  me 
the  river  was  easy  to  ascend,  and  presented  the  same 
ap])earance  eight  days'  journey  up  as  i\  the  mouth;  then 
a  lake  was  reached,  which  took  one  day  to  cross,  the 
river  was  then  followed  again  for  half  a  day  to  another 
lake,  which  took  two  days  to  traverse:  into  this  lake 
emptied  a  stream  which  they  used  as  a  higliway  to  the 
coast,  passing  by  way  of  the  Taku  river.  He  said  it 
took  four  days  when  they  had  loads  to  carry,  from  the 


■'■■<m;&^^-m'0''  yM 


68 


THE    CHICAGO    RECORD'S 


head  of  caiioo  navij^ation  on  the  Tcslintoo  to  salt  water 
on  the  Taku  inlc*^  but  when  they  conic  hjc^ht  they  take 
only  one  to  two  day; 

"If  their  time  intervals  are  ai)])r():cimatcly  accurate, 
they  mean  that  there  are  about  200  miles  of  good  river 
to  the  first  lake,  as  they  ought  easily  to  make  25  miles 
a  day  on  the  river  as  I  saw  it.  The  lake  takes  one  day  to 
traverse,  and  is  at  least  25  miles  long,  followed  by  say  12 
of  river,  which  brings  us  to  the  huge  lake,  which  takes 
two  days  to  cross,  say  50  or  60  miles  more — in  all  about 
202  miles — say  300  to  the  head  of  canoe  navigation: 
while  the  distance  from  the  head  of  Lake  lleimett  to  the 
junction  is  only  icSS.  Assuming  the  course  of  the  Tcs- 
lintoo to  be  nearly  south  (it  is  a  little  to  the  east  of  it), 
and  throwing  out  every  fourth  mile  for  bends,  the  re- 
mainder gives  us  an  arc  three  degrees  and  a  (|uarter  nf 
latitude,  which  deducted  from  60"  40',  the  latitude  of  the 
junction,  gives  us  58'  25',  or  nearl\-  the  latitude  of  Ju- 
neau. 

"I  afterwards  met  T.  lloswell,  his  brother,  and  another 
miner,  who  had  s])ent  most  of  ihe  summer  on  the  river 
prospecting,  and  from  them  1  gathered  the  following: 
The  distance  to  the  first,  ar.d  only  lake  they  saw.  they  put 
at  175  miles,  and  the  lake  itself  the}-  call  at  least  150  miles 
long,  and  it  took  them  four  days  to  row  in  a  light  boat 
from  end  to  end.  The  portage  to  the  sea  they  did  not 
appear  to  know  anything  about,  but  describe  a  large  bay 
on  the  east  side  of  the  lake,  into  whicii  a  river  of  con- 
siderable size  entered.  This  river  occupies  a  wide  valley, 
surrounded  by  high  mountains.  Thev  thought  iMs  river 
must  head  near  Liard  river.  This  account  !iffers  ma- 
terially from  that  given  by  the  Indian,  and  to  put  them 
on  their  guard,  1  told  them  what  he  had  told  me,  but 
they  still  jiersisted  in  their  story,  which  I  find  differs  a 


BOOK    FOR    GOLD-SEEKERS. 


G"J 


<^oo(l  (leal  horn  the  account  the\   f^avc  Dr.  Uawson,  as 
incorporated  in  his  reporL 

"Between  the  Teslintoo  and  the  iiig-  Salmon,  so  called 
by  the  miners,  or  D'Abbadie  by  Schwatka,  the  distance 
is  thirty-three  and  a  half  miles,  in  which  the  I-ewes  pre- 
serves a  generally  uniform  width  and  current.  For  a 
few  miles  below  the  Teslintoo  it  is  a  little  over  the  or- 
dinar\  width,  but  then  contracts  to  about  200  yards, 
which  it  maintains  with  little  variation.  The  current  is 
generall)  from  four  to  five  miles  per  hour.  The  Big  Sal- 
mon 1  fijund  to  be  about  100  yards  wide  near  the  mouth, 
the  depth  not  more  than  four  or  five  feet,  and  the  current, 
so  far  as  could  be  seen,  sluggish. 

"Just  below  the  I  Jig  Salmon  the  Lewes  takes  a  bent! 
of  nearly  a  right  angle.  Its  course  from  the  junction 
with  the  Tehkeena  to  this  point  is  generally  a  little  east 
of  north ;  at  this  point  it  turns  to  nearly  west  for  some 
disla.iC'.'.  Its  course  between  here  and  its  confluence  with 
the  Pelly  is  nort invest,  and,  I  may  add.  it  preserves  this 
general  direction  down  U)  the  contluenco  with  the  Porcu- 
pine. Thirty-si.x  and  a  tjuarter  miles  l)elow  the  Piig  Sal- 
mon, the  Little  Salmon — the  Daly  of  Schwatka — enters 
the  Lewes.  This  river  is  about  sixty  yards  wide  at  the 
mouth,  and  not  more  than  two  or  three  feet  in  depth 
The  water  is  clear  -'.nd  of  a  brownish  hue:  there  is  not 
much  current  at  the  mouth,  nor  as  far  as  can  be  seen  up 
the  stream.  It  is  said  that  some  minors  have  i)rospec*"(i 
this  .stream,  but  I  could  learn  nothing  definite  about  it. 

"Lewes  river  makes  a  turn  here  to  the  southwest,  and 
runs  in  that  direction  six  miles,  when  it  again  turns  to  thr 
northwest  for  seven  miles,  and  tlu-n  makes  .1  short,  sharp 
turn  to  the  south  and  west  around  a  low,  sandy  point, 
which  will  at  some  day  in  the  near  future  be  cut  through 
by  the  current,  which  will  shorten  the  river  three  or  four 

5 


!    I  . 
I    I  I 


70 


THE    CHICAGO   RECORDS 


miles.  Eight  miles  below  Little  Salmon  river  a  large 
rock  called  the  Eagle's  Xest,  stands  up  in  a  gravel  slope 
on  the  easterly  bank  of  the  river.  It  rises  about  five 
hundred  feet  above  the  river,  and  is  composed  of  a  light 
gray  stone.  Thirty-two  miles  below  Eagle's  Xest  rock 
Nordenskiold  river  enters  from  the  west.  It  is  an  unim- 
portant stream,  being  not  more  than  120  feet  wide  at  the 
mouth,  and  only  a  few  inches  deep.  The  valley,  as  far 
as  can  he  seen,  is  not  extensive,  and  being  very  crooked 
it  is  hard  to  tell  what  its  general  direction  is.  The  Lewes, 
between  the  Little  Salmon  and  the  Xordenskiold,  con- 
tains a  width  of  from  200  to  300  yards,  with  an  occasioi^al 
expansion  where  there  are  islands.  It  is  serpentine  in  its 
course  most  of  the  way,  and  where  the  Xordenskiold  joins 
it  is  very  crooked,  running  several  times  under  a  hill. 
named  by  Schwatka  Tantalus  Ikitte,  and  in  otlicr  places 
leaving  it,  for  a  distance  of  eight  miles.  The  distance 
across  from  point  to  i)oint  is  only  half  a  mile. 

"I^)clow  this  to  I'^ive  I'"inger  rapids,  so  called  from  the 
fact  that  five  large  masses  of  rock  stand  in  mid-channel, 
the  river  assumes  its  ordinary  straightness  and  width, 
with  a  current  from  four  to  five  miles  per  hour.  I  do 
not  think  the  rapids  will  prove  anything  more  than  a 
slight  obstruction  in  the  navigation  of  the  river.  A  boat 
of  ordinary  power  would  probably  have  to  help  herself 
up  with  windlass  and  line  in  high  water.  I'elow  the 
rapids,  for  about  two  miles,  the  current  is  strong — prob- 
ably six  miles  per  hour — but  the  water  seems  to  be  ueep 
enough  for  any  boat  that  is  likely  to  navigate  it.  Six 
miles  below  this  the  Rink  rapids  are  situated.  They  are 
of  no  great  importance,  the  westerly  half  of  the  stream 
only  being  obstructed.  The  easterly  half  is  not  in  any 
way  atTected,  the  current  being  smooth  and  the  water 
deep. 


i 


BOOK    FOR    GOl.D-SEEKERS. 


71 


"Below  I'ivc  l'"in^er  ra])i(ls  about  two  miles  a  small 
stream  enters  from  the  east.  Tt  is  called  by  Dr.  Dawson 
Tatshun  river.  It  is  not  more  than  thirty  or  forty  feet 
wide  at  the  mouth,  and  contains  only  a  little  brownish 
water.  T»ctween  I'ive  I'in^er  rapids  and  Pelly  river,  5&^ 
miles,  no  streams  of  any  inipf)rtance  enter  the  Lewes;  in 
fact,  with  the  exception  of  the  Tatslum,  it  may  be  said 
that  none  at  all  enter.  About  a  mile  below  Rink  rapids 
the  river  spreads  out  into  a  lake-like  expanse,  with  many 
islands:  this  continues  for  about  three  miles,  when  it 
contracts  to  somethinj^  like  the  usual  width;  but  bars 
and  small  islands  are  very  numerous  all  the  way  to  Pelly 
river.  About  five  miles  above  Pelly  river  there  is  another 
lake-like  expanse  filled  with  islands.  The  river  here  for 
three  or  four  miles  is  nearly  a  mile  wide,  and  so  numerous 
and  close  are  the  islands  that  it  is  impossible  to  tell,  when 
floating  among  them,  where  the  shores  of  the  river  are. 
The  current,  too,  is  swift,  leaving'  one  to  suppose  the 
water  shallow;  but  I  think  even  here  a  channel  dee]) 
enough  for  such  boats  as  will  navigate  this  part  of  the 
river  can  be  found.  Schwatka  named  this  group  of  is- 
lands 'Ingersoll  Islands.' 

"About  a  mile  below  the  Pelly  the  Lewes  is  about  half 
a  mile  wide,  and  here,  too,  there  are  many  islands,  but 
not  in  groups  as  at  Ingersoll  islands.  About  a  liiile  be- 
low the  Pelly.  just  at  the  ruins  of  I'ort  Selkirk,  the  Yukon 
was  found  to  be  565  yards  wide:  about  two-thirds  being 
ten  feet  deep,  with  a  current  of  about  four  and  three-(|uar- 
ters  miles  per  hour;  the  remaining  third  was  more  than 
half  taken  up  by  a  bar,  ati<l  the  current  between  it  and 
the  south  shore  was  very  slack.  Pelly  river  at  its  mouth 
is  about  200  yards  wide,  and  continues  this  width  as  far 
up  as  could  be  seen. 

"Tust  here  for  a  short  distance  the  course  of  the  \'ukon 


'f    *1 


I     Q 


72 


THE   CHICAGO    HECOKDS 


is  nearly  west,  and  on  the  south  side,  about  a  mile  below 
the  mouth  of  the  Lewes,  stands  all  that  remains  of  the 
only  trading  post  ever  built  by  white  men  in  the  district. 
This  post  was  established  by  Robert  Campbell,  for  the 
Hudson  Bay  company  in  the  summer  of  1848.  Indians 
pillaged  the  place  and  set  fire  to  it,  leaving  nothing  but 
the  remains  of  the  two  chinmeys,  which  are  still  stand- 
ing. This  raid  and  capture  took  place  on  the  first  of  Au- 
gust, 1852.  Ik'low  Fort  Selkirk  the  Yukon  river  is  from 
500  to  600  yards  broad  and  maintains  this  width  down 
to  White  river,  a  distance  of  ninety-six  miles.  Islands  arc 
numerous,  so  much  so  that  there  are  very  few  parts  of 
the  river  where  there  are  not  one  or  more  in  sight.  liars 
are  also  numerous,  but  almost  all  are  composed  of 
gravel,  so  that  navigators  will  not  have  to  complain  of 
shifting  sand-bars.  The  current,  as  a  general  thing,  is 
not  so  rapid  as  in  the  upper  ])art  of  the  river,  averaging 
about  four  miles  per  hour.  The  depth  in  the  main  chan- 
nel was  always  found  to  be  more  than  six  feet. 

"I'roni  Pelly  river  to  within  12  miles  of  White  river 
the  general  course  of  the  river  is  a  little  north  of  west; 
it  then  turns  to  the  north,  and  the  general  course  as  far 
as  the  site  of  I-'ort  Reliance  is  due  north.  White  river 
enters  the  main  river  from  the  west.  At  the  mouth  it  is 
about  200  yards  wide,  but  a  great  part  of  it  is  filled  with 
ever-shifting  sand-bars,  the  main  volume  of  water  being 
confined  to  a  channel  not  more  than  100  yards  in  width. 
The  current  is  very  strong,  certainly  not  less  than  eight 
miles  per  hour.  The  color  of  the  water  bears  witness  to 
this,  as  it  is  much  the  muddiest  of  any  I  have  cvir  seen. 
IJetween  White  and  Stewart  rivers,  ten  miles,  the  river 
sjjreads  out  to  a  mile  and  upwards  in  width,  and  is  a  maze 
of  islands  and  bars.  The  survoy  was  carried  down  the 
easterly  shore  and  many  of  the  channels  passed  through 


BOOK     FOR    GOLD-SEEKERS. 


n 


harclv  afforded  water  cnou^di  to  float  tlie  canoes.  Tlie 
main  channel  is  along:  the  westerly  shore,  down  which 
the  large  boat  went,  and  the  crew  reported  plenty  of 
water. 

Stewart  river  enters  from  the  east  in  the  middle  of 
a  wide  valley,  with  low  hills  on  both  sides,  rising  on 
the  north  side  in  steps  or  terraces  to  distant  hills  of 
considerable  height.  The  river  half  a  mile  or  so  above 
the  mouth,  is  200  yards  in  width.  The  current  is  slack 
and  the  water  shallow  and  clear,  but  dark  colored.  While 
at  the  mouth  I  was  fortunate  enough  to  meet  a  miner 
who  had  spent  the  whole  summer  of  1887  on  the  river 
and  its  branches  prosj)ecting  and  exploring.  He  gave 
nie  a  good  deal  of  information,  of  which  I  give  a  sum- 
mary. He  is  a  native  of  Xew  Brunswick.  .Mexander 
MacDonald  by  name,  and  has  spent  some  years  mining 
in  other  places,  but  was  very  reticent  about  what  he 
had  made  or  found.  Sixty  or  seventy  miles  up  the 
Stewart  a  large  creek  enters  from  the  south  which  In 
called  Rosebud  creek  or  river,  and  thirty  or  forty  miles 
farther  up  a  considerable  stream  flows  from  the  north- 
east, which  appears  to  be  I'eaver  river,  as  marked  on  the 
map  of  that  part  of  the  country. 

"I'rom  the  head  of  this  stream  he  floated  down  on  a 
raft,  taking  five  days  to  do  so.  He  estimated  his  progress 
at  forty  or  fifty  miles  each  day.  which  gives  a  length 
of  from  200  to  250  miles.  This  is  probably  an  over- 
estimate, unless  the  stream  is  very  crooked,  which,  he 
stated,  was  not  the  case.  As  much  of  his  time  would  be 
taken  up  in  prospecting  1  should  call  thirty  miles  or  less 
a  closer  estimate  of  his  jirogress.  This  river  is  from 
fifty  to  eighty  yards  wide  and  was  never  more  than  four 
or  five  feet  deep,  often  being  not  more  than  two  or  three ; 
the  current,  he   said,  was  not  at  all   swift,     .\bove  the 


li-i 


1 


■g»JWMWMiWmW 


74 


THE   CHICACO    RECORD'S 


,  I 


inoiitli  uf  this  stream  the  main  river  is  from  lOO  to  130 
yards  wide,  with  an  even  current  and  clear  water.  Sixty 
or  seventy  miles  abovj  the  last-mentitjiied  branch  an- 
other branch  joins,  which  is  jjossibly  the  main  river. 
At  the  head  of  it  he  found  a  lake  nearly  thirty  miles  long 
and  averaging  a  mile  and  a  half  in  width,  which  he 
called  May  hew  lake. 

'■'iliirty  miles  or  so  above  the  forks  on  the  other 
branch  there  are  falls,  which  MacDonald  estimated  to 
be  from  100  to  200  feet  in  height.  MacDonald  went  on 
past  the  falls  to  the  head  of  this  branch  and  found  ter- 
raced gravel  hills  to  the  west  and  north.  He  crossed 
them  to  the  north  and  found  a  river  flowing  north- 
ward. On  this  he  embarked  on  a  raft  and  floated  down 
it  for  a  day  or  two,  thinking  it  would  turn  to  the  west  and 
join  the  Stewart,  but  finding  it  still  continuing  north, 
and  re(|uiring  too  much  volume  to  be  any  of  the  branches 
he  had  seen  while  passing  up  the  Stewart,  he  returned 
to  the  point  of  his  departure,  and  after  prospecting 
among  the  hills  around  the  head  of  the  river,  he  started 
westward,  crossing  a  high  range  of  mountains  com- 
posed ])rincipally  of  shales,  with  many  thin  seams  of 
what  he  called  ([uartz,  ranging  from  one  to  six  inches  in 
thickness.  On  the  west  side  of  this  range  he  found  a 
river  flowing  out  of  what  he  called  Mayhew  lake,  and 
crossing  this  got  to  the  head  of  Beaver  river,  which  he 
descended  as  before  mentioned.  It  is  probable  the 
river  flowing  northwards,  on  which  he  made  a  journey 
and  returned,  was  a  branch  of  Peel  river,  judging  from 
all  1  could  learn  it  is  probable  a  light  draft  steamboat 
could  navigate  nearly  all  of  .Stewart  river  and  its  tribu- 
taries. 

"I'Yom  Stewart  river  to  the  site  of  Fort  Reliance,  sev- 
enty-three and  one-(|uarter  miles,   the  Yukon   is  broad 


H 


<     s  ■ 

it-    ' 


EKRi.       ^  %^ 


t ; 


i'l;!! 


III 


h 
till 


K'3(:j 


HOOK    FOR    (J0M)-S?:EKKRS. 


77 


and  full  of  islands.  The  avt'rajj[<.'  width  is  between  a  half 
and  three-quarters  of  a  mile,  but  there  are  many  expan- 
sions where  it  is  over  a  mile  in  breadth;  however,  in 
these  places  it  cannot  be  said  that  the  waterway  is  wider 
than  at  other  parts  of  the  river,  the  islands  being  so  large 
and  numerous.  In  this  reach  no  streams  of  any  impor- 
tance enter.  About  thirteen  miles  below  Stewart  river 
a  large  valley  joins  that  of  the  river,  but  the  stream  occu- 
pying it  is  only  a  large  creek.  This  agrees  in  position 
with  what  has  been  called  Sixty  Mile  creek,  which  was 
supposed  to  be  about  that  distance  above  I'ort  Reli- 
ance, but  it  does  not  agree  with  descriptions  which  I  re- 
ceived of  it;  moreover  as  Sixty  Mile  creek  is  known  to 
be  a  stream  of  considerable  length  this  stream  would 
not  answer  the  description. 

"Twenty-two  and  a  half  miles  from  Stewart  river  an- 
other and  larger  creek  enters  from  the  same  side;  it 
agreed  with  the  description  of  Sixty  Mile  creek  and  1 
have  so  marked  it  on  my  map.  This  stream  is  of  no 
importance  except  for  what  mineral  wealth  may  be  found 
on  it.  Six  and  a  half  miles  above  Fort  Reliance  the 
Thron-Diuck  river  of  the  Indians  (Deer  river  of  Sclnvat- 
ka,  the  Klondike)  enters  from  the  east.  It  is  a  small 
river,  about  forty  yards  wide  at  the  mouth,  and  shal- 
low; the  water  is  clear  and  transparent,  and  of  beautiful 
blue  color.  Dawson  City  is  situated  at  the  mouth  of 
the  Thron-Diuck,  and  although  it  was  located  only  a 
few  months  ago  it  is  the  scene  of  great  activity.  Very 
rich  deposits  of  gold  have  lately  been  found  on  Bonanza 
creek  and  other  affluents  of  the  Thron-Diuck. 

"Twelve  and  a  half  miles  below  Fort  Reliance,  the 
Chandindu,  as  named  by  Schwatka,  enters  from  the  east. 
It  is  thirty  to  forty  yards  wide  at  the  mouth,  very  shal- 
low, and  for  half  a  mile  up  is  one  continuous  rapid.    Be- 


t    » 


1:1 


7t 


THK    CUlCACiO    HECOKUS 


t>4'  * 


J' 

m 


Iwfcn  I'ort  ki'liaiicc  and  l-Orty  Mile  river  (called  Cone 
Hill  river  by  Sclnvatka)  the  Yukon  assutncs  its  normal 
appearance,  havinfj  fewer  islands  and  hcinp;'  narrowed, 
averaging;  f<nir  to  six  hundred  yards  wide,  and  the  cur- 
rent being  more  regular.  This  stretch  is  forty-six  miles 
long.  biU  was  estimated  by  the  traders  as  forty,  from 
which  the  I-'orty  Mile  river  took  its  name. 

"Forty  Mile  town  site  is  situated  on  the  south  side  of 
the  l'"orty  Mile  river  at  its  junction  with  the  Yukon. 
The  Alaska  Commercial  company  has  a  station  here 
which  was  for  many  years  in  charge  of  L.  X.  McQues- 
tion;  there  are  also  several  blacksmith  shops,  restau- 
rants, billiard  halls,  bakeries,  opera-house,  and  so  on. 
Rather  more  than  half  a  mile  below  I'^orty  Mile  town 
site  the  town  of  Cudahy  was  founded  on  the  north  side  of 
Forty  Mile  river  in  the  summer  of  1892.  It  is  named 
after  a  well-known  member  of  the  Xnrth  American 
Transportation  and  Trading  company.  The  company 
has  erected  a  saw  mill  and  some  large  warehouses.  Fort 
Constantine  was  established  here  inunediately  upon  the 
arrival  of  the  mounted  police  detachment  in  the  latter 
part  of  July,  1895. 

"Forty  Mile  river  joins  the  main  river  from  the  west. 
Its  general  course,  as  far  up  as  the  international  boun- 
dary line,  a  distance  of  twenty-three  miles,  is  southwest; 
after  this  it  runs  nearer  south.  Forty  Mile  river  is  100 
to  150  yards  wide  at  the  mouth,  and  the  current  is  gen- 
erally strong,  with  many  small  rapids.  Eight  miles  up 
is  the  so-called  canyon;  it  is  hardly  entitled  to  that  dis- 
tinctive name,  being  simply  a  crooked  contraction  of  the 
river  with  steep  rocky  banks,  and  on  the  north  side  there 
is  plenty  of  room  to  walk  along  the  beach.  The  length 
of  this  canyon  is  about  a  mile.  Above  it  the  river  up  to 
the  boundary  line  is  generally  smooth,  with  swift  cur- 


% 


BOOK    FOR    0OM)-SEEKi:US.  79 

rent  and  an  mcasioiial  ripple.  'Ilu-  amount  (»f  watii 
(liscliarpt'd  by  this  river  is  coiisiclcrablf;  but  tlurt"  is  nci 
prospect  of  navij^jatinn,  it  boinp  so  swift  and  broken  by 
many  small  rapids. 

"From  Forty  Mile  river  to  the  boundary  line  the 
Yukon  preserves  the  same  general  cliaracter  as  between 
I-'ort  Reliance  and  Forty  Mile:  the  greatest  width  being 
about  half  a  mile  and  the  least  about  a  (piarter.  iMfteeii 
miles  below  Forty  Mile  river  a  large  mass  of  rock  stands 
on  the  east  bank.  This  was  named  by  Schwatka  'Ro- 
(|uette  Rock,"  but  it  is  known  to  the  traders  as  'Old 
Woman  Rock;'  a  similar  mass,  on  the  west  side  of  the 
river,  being  known  as  'Old  Man  Rock.' 

"From  vStewart  river  to  the  mouth  of  the  Yukon  is 
about  1,650  miles,  and  the  onl\  difficult  place  all  this 
distance  is  the  fiart  near  the  confluence  with  the  I'nn  n- 
pine,  which  has  evidently  been  a  lake  in  past  ages,  but 
is  now  filled  with  islands;  the  current  here  is  swift  and 
the  channels  generally  narrf)\\ ,  rendering  navigation  diffi- 
cult." 

Approximate  distances  to  !'"ort  Cudahy.  compiled  1)\ 
William  Ogilvic,  land  surveys  >!  of  the  Dominion  of 
Canada : 

A'ia  St.  Michael. 

Miles. 

San  Francisco  to  Dutch  Harl)or 2,400 

Seattle  or  \'ictoria  to  Dutch  Ilarlior 2,000 

Dutch  Harbor  to  St.  Michael 750 

St.  Michael  to  Cudahy 1.600 

\'ia  Taiya  (Dyea)  Pass. 

\Mctoria  to  Taiya  (Dyea ) i ,000 

Taiya  to  Cudahy 650 


II 


t<'^ 


iHLi. 


m 


80 


'IHK    CHICAGO    RECOHDS 

\'i;i  Stikinc  (Stiki't-n)  Kiver. 


Victoria  tf)  Wraugel 750 

Wrati^cl  to  Tclt'graph  creek 15c 

'i"ck'j^ra])li  creek  to  Teslin  lake 150 

Teslin  lake  to  Ciidahy 650 

Distances  from  Head  of  Taiya   Inlet. 

Head  of  canoe  navigation,  Taiya  river 5.90 

L^orks  of  Taiya  river 8.38 

Summit  of  Taiya  pass 14-76 

Landing  at  Lake  Lindeman 23.06 

I'oot  of  Lake  Lindeman 27.49 

Head  of  Lake  I 'ennett 28.09 

lioundary  line  I'..  C.  and  .\.  W.  T.  (Lat.  60°) 38.09 

Foot  of  Lake  IJennett 53-85 

Foot  of  Caribou  crossing  (Lake  Nares) 56.44 

Foot  of  Tagish  lake 73-25 

Head  of  Marsh  lake   78.15 

l""oot  of  ^^arsll  lake 97-21 

Head  of  canyon 1 22.94 

Foot  of  canyon 123.56 

Head  of  White  Horse  rapids 124.95 

Foot  of  White  Horse  rapids 125.33 

Talikcrna  river 1 39.92 

Head  of  Lake  Lcliarge I53-07 

I'oot  of  Lake  Leliarge 184.22 

Teslintoo  river 21 5.88 

l>ig  Salmon  river 285.54 

I'^ive  Finger  rapids 344-83 

Pelly  river 403.29 

White  river 499-1 1 

Stewart  river 508.91 

Sixty-Mile  creek  530-41 

Dawson  City 575-70 

Fort   Reliance   582.20 

l""orty-Mile  river  627.08 

Boundarv  line  667.43 


HOOK    FOR    (lOI.D-SKKKKUS. 


81 


CHAPTER.   \'. 
CAPITAL  REQUIRED  BY  GOLD-SEEKERS. 

AX\'  MICX  have  l)t'cn  fired  with  an 
eaj^or  desire  to  j^o  to  the  I\.lon(Hke 
rej^ions  because  the  ^uld  in  that  coun- 
try is  found  in  the  "poor  man's  mine," 
that  is,  in  ])laccr  deposits.  IMacer 
mines  are  called  "tenderfoot  mines" 
and  "poor  man's"  mines  because  they 
arc  worked  with  comparatively  inex- 
pensive appliances  which  can  be  carried,  around  by  the 
prospector.  With  a  pick,  shovel  and  pan  aK)ne  the  pros- 
pector is  able  to  extract  the  gold  from  the  pay  dirt.  The 
stories  that  have  come  down  from  the  upper  Yukon 
basin  indicate  that  the  mines  on  the  El  Dorado,  P.onanza 
and  other  gold-bearinj^  creeks  of  the  Klondike  are,  in  all 
respects,  "poor  men's  mine."  Cut  alth<3ugh  the  mines 
themselves  are  open  to  every  man  who  has  a  pair  of 
strong  arms,  a  pick,  a  shovel  and  a  jian,  something  more 
than  determination  and  a  pair  of  legs  is  re(|uire(l  to  get 
to  the  mines  from  any  place  in  the  I'nited  States.  The 
way  is  long  and  transportation  charges  are  heavy. 

All  sorts  of  estimates  have  been  made  as  to  the  aniount 
of  ready  cash  a  man  must  have  to  buy  his  outfit  and  pay 
his  passage  to  the  Klondike  country.  .Men  "who  have 
been  there"  insist  that  a  gold-seeker  is  a  fool  to  start  out 
from  civilization  without  enough  money  in  his  pocket 
to  give  him  at  least  a  working  capital  of  $300  when  he 
arrives  at  the  diggings.  Others  put  the  figure  at  $500. 
The  majority  of  returned  Klondikers  say  that  the  pros- 


i!        ' 


\       .1 


''       k 


I 


1    i 


il 


S2 


'IllK    CWU-ACO    KKCOHD'S 


l'<'trjr  must  figure  on  at  least  two  years'  work  in  tlic  ^olfl 
ficMs.  and  must  make  all  preparations  looking  to  the 
possijjilit;  of  nttcr  failure :  that  is.  he  must  have  enough 
money,  not  onl\-  to  buy  his  outfit  and  provide  for  trans- 
portation, i.'iU  to  pay  his  living  expenses  in  i!ie  gold 
roimtry  fr;r  at  least  two  years,  and  have  enough  money 
left  to  buy  a  "return  ticket."  Then-  is  this  to  comfort 
the  gold-seekei".  however,  All  anthoritie-  agree  in  the 
I)rcdictirjn  that  the  nun  who  c'o  north  in  the  sj)ring  of 
iH(jH  not  oid\  will  have  a  iiiucji  ea-ier  road  to  travel, 
hut  will  not  he  faced  with  tlie  prfihahnlity  (A  privations 
and  suffering  Mm-  to  a  lack  of  food  and  clothing  in  the 
storehouses  of  trading  cf)mf>aiiie'-. 

The  monojioiy  !;■:  hi  hy  t!ie  iwu  large  transportation 
companies  wliich  operate  0:1  the  N'nkr>n  river  from  St. 
Michael  to  the  head  ()\  .lavigation  has  been  broken,  fn- 
flependent  comjjanies  have  been  formerl  for  the  purpose 
(jf  ( ompeting  for  t!ie  business  of  handling  passengers  anrl 
freight  on  the  N'nkfjii  and  oiImt  iia\igable  rivers  <A  Alas- 
ka and  the  .Vorthwest  territoi}'.  'I'lii^  means  that  the  cost 
f)f  transportation  per  iJasM-nger  will  In-  rerluced,  and  that 
the  river  steamer^  will  'arry  freight  for  prospectors  and 
miners,  and  that  a  larger  stock  of  provisions  and  gOfKJs 
fjf  all  kinds  needed  in  that  <onntr\  will  be  rarried  a;  all 
times. 

The  fare  from  Seattle  to  any  jjomt  on  the  \'ukon  river 
was  $2CX)  this  year  <iH()y).  This  inchiderl  2rx;  |)ounfls  of 
baggage,  meals  and  berth,  but  rlifl  not  include  the  trans- 
portation of  anything  over  200  pounds  per  jiasscnger. 
The  company  making  this  rati'  i*-  in  the  trading  as  well 
as  the  transf/ortation  business,  and  wanted  to  sell  the 
gold-seekers  their  outfits  and  stocks  of  provisions  from 
the  company's  storehouses  at  r'ir.le  f'ity  and  fjther  places 
along  the  \'ukoii.     In  a  circular  issued  b\   this  company 


BOOK    FOR    nOI.D-SlCKKEilS. 


83 


ilic  \)r<)^\)i-vU)V  \\a->  a'lvi'-C'!  io  have  al  Ica-t  'S^oo  <  ap.ia! 
upon  arrival  at  his  destination,  and  to  make  his  ]>Ians  to 
stay  one  year  at  h.*a->t.  This  price-  of  S2(yj  <;arried  the 
gold-seeker  from  Seattle  to  St.  Mieliae'l  atul  up  the  Yukon 
river  to  r)auson  City. 

One  of  the  independent  eoni,.  iiiie-5  Ahicii  i-,  adv<-rtised 
to  start  into  the  V'ukon  district  next  spring  annoiuices 
that  for  $6ofj  it  will  take  a  man  from  Seattle  or  San  I'ran- 
cisco  to  Daw-^'jn  (.'ity  or  aiiv  oiher  mining  center  in  the 
Yukon  district  and  keep  him  in  food  for  i^n*-  year.  The 
$6fXJ,  however,  afte-r  the  pro-pe(.tor  om c  arrive.-,  on  the 
ground,  does  !iot  include  cooking  nor  shelter  after  reach- 
ing the  \'nkon.  In  short,  tin-  man  who  intends  to  take 
the  all-water  route,  that  i>,  from  >;iu  I'rancjsco  or  Seattle 
or  \'i(toria,  li.  C,  uji  the  'N'ukon  by  way  of  .St.  .Michael, 
must  he  prejjared  to  ])ay  $2rx;  to  $250  lor  transportation 
of  himsi-lf  and  2fy)  poimrls  of  baggage,  and  t<*  >,pend 
anywhere  frf;m  $250  to  $5fXj  for  his  oiutlt  and  his  stf>ck 
of  provisions  and  yet  have  at  least  $3fXj  for  a  "rainv  'lay" 
cajjital.  In  cither  words,  in  orfler  tf*  get  \<i  the  "poor 
man's  mines"  the  gold-seeker  -vhould  ha\e  an  available 
capital  of  from  S750  to  $i,rxjo  It  i-,  be|it;v(.Tl  that  S/Oii 
is  the  least  amount  that  a  man  ran  ^tart  oul  with,  and  th.' 
amount  niav  run  a^  high  up  a-^  the  poi  kei-bool.  will 
stand. 

A  San  hranci.icw  .iteam.ihij)  C'unpany  advertise-,  that  it 
will  carry  passengers  from  "-an  l'ranci-<eo  to  the  Kl-iti- 
(like  bv  way  of  St.  .Mirhael  and  the  N'ukoii  river  for  .S.VX), 
inchuling  150  potnid-  of  baggage,  and  v.  ill  al-u  earry  ex- 
tra supplies  not  exicefling  i.(kx)  pound-  a  pa>-enger  for 
10  (I  nts  a  pf>und. 

The  price  of  an  outfit  in  Oawsi^n  (jiiy,  Circl*-  <  itv,  and 
F  >rt  <'"udaliy  and  horty  .Mile  is  given  al!  the  way  irotn 
Ssrx)  U)  Si.rjrX).     This  include^  a  yar's  supplv  ui  VmA 


i 


84 


rm-:  rmcAoo  recohij's 


;iii(|  clotliiiij^  aii'l  prospecting  anil  iiiiiiin^  ouiii'.,  aiul  is 
liascd  on  ati  ailvanrc  of  three  times  the  cost  of  a  hke  out 
fU  in  Seatth-.  The  lowest  estimate  j^iven  <)U  an  outfit 
was  $</>,  in  Seattle.  'I  his  onl\-  'Mchuled  enough  provis- 
ions to  ii;('[  a  man  to  haw-o/i  f'ity  hy  the  overland  route, 
'['he  cost  of  outfits,  as  madi-  up  in  ("liicaj^o,  Seattle,  San 
h'rancisco  aiu!  other  point-  in  thr  ( 'nitcfl  States,  includ- 
ing clolhinj.^,  {.groceries,  hririiware,  annatnent  and  camp- 
\n^  otufit,  ranj.(es  from  Si^5  to  $275;  to  tliis,  however, 
nnist  he  added  t!ie  duty  charj^ed  li\  tlie  Canadian  autliori- 
ties.  the  averaj^'e  of  whi(di  is  nearl\  25  per  cent,  so  that 
25  per  cent  should  he  added  to  tln'  co-t  oi  an  outfit.  fSee 
chapter  on  j^'old-seekers"  r)ntfit.) 

'Idle  overland,  r^r  the  rTiilkf)ot  pass,  route  hv  wa\'  of 
I)\ca  is  the  one  that  was  taken  hy  the  j^reate-t  numher 
of  j^old-scckcrs  this  \-ear.  hecausc  tliev  were  ahle  to  carrv 
a  larj.(e  amount  of  provi-^ions  fuhicli  t!ie\-  were  tiot  j)er- 
mitted  to  take  with  them  on  the  Vukfjii  river  route),  and 
because  they  were  tohl  that  hv  takinj.^  this  overland  rotUe 
tliey  could  j^M-t  to  Dawson  (its  inside  of  30  days.  The 
steamer  pass  i^U'  froiu  Seattle  for  Juneau  anrl  Dyea  cfjst, 
to  Juneati  $2^  per  cahin  and  $15  fr*r  steera;,(e:  to  Dvea 
$40  cahin.  $2;*  steerafi^e.  The  fare  included  berth  and 
meals  and  fre.-  haj.j^a^('  to  the  amount  of  150  pounds. 
Excess  baf^^^at,'!'  was  carried  for  10  ceiit>  a  ))ound,  and 
frei^^ht  for  S"io  a  ton. 

This  uas  the  (hcapest  of  the  trans|)ortation  charj^e- 
from  Seattle  io  l)yea  luadc  '  rinj,*-  the  rush.  The  demand 
made  on  the  steamship  companies  hy  e.xcitefl  ^-fyld-seek- 
crs  sent  tickets  way  above  par,  and  premiums  of  Sto«^) 
wore  paid.  X'one  fjf  the  steamship  companies  will  ^mvi- 
an  advance  notice  of  their  rates  of  far*-  for  next  sprin;,^ 
but  as  every  boat  that  would  -ail  ••r  float  was  i»resse<|  into 
service  this  year,  it  is  prob;d)le  ih.ii  man\  n'ood  boats  will 


HOOK     lOK    (;OI>i)-SKi:Ki:KS. 


he  |»nt  into  cuiniiiis^ioii  next  sI)rillJ^^  and  competition  will 
liold  rates  level.  It  is  estimated  that  nearly  6.000  perjple 
went  from  t'le  Pacific  seaports  to  Dyca  durinj,^  the  rush, 
and  the  boats  were  overcrowded,  'liii:-,  naturally  hrou^dit 
an  increase  in  all  charf^es. 

ll  is  announced  that  sonic  of  the  steani-liip  (  onipanies 
arc  makin^^  arran«(ements  to  tran>j)ort  l)af,'j.fa^'e  and  out- 
fits over  the  Chilkoot  pass  to  the  head  of  Lake  Lindcnian. 
If  thi^  is  done  the  cost  <ji  portaj^e  over  the  pass  Uj  the 
head  of  navijj^ation  of  the  Yukcjn  will  be  much  less  next 
sprin;.,'-  than  it  was  this  year.  All  sorts  of  prices  were 
demaufled  by  the  Indians  and  packers,  fo;-  they  had  the 
j^old-seckers  at  their  mercy. 

I 'ndcr  date  of  Jul\-  30,  William  J.  jone^,  a  >i)ecial  cor- 
re.-,pon<lent  of  the  CHICA<'10  RI-X.'ORI).  wrilinj^^  from 
Jimeau,  said  that  the  rate  over  the  Dyea  route,  under 
normal  conditions,  was  S17  a  KX)  pounds,  but  that  it  was 
certain  to  be  advanced  to  y  or  40  cents  a  pound  in  a  week 
or  two,  and  thai  it  wouM  be  imj)ossible  for  the  Indians 
and  jjackers  to  take  care  of  the  rush.  Tliis  prediction  was 
verified  before  ten  (la\s  by  the  reports  that  came  back 
from  iJyea.  Several  thousand  f,'old-seekers  were  held  at 
I)\ea  waiting''  for  an  opportunit'.'  to  cn)^s  the  pass  with 
their  outfits  and  stocks  of  p^)vi>^ion^,  and  portage  prices 
iiad  j.jone  up  almost  "out  of  sij^ht," 

If  thi^  rusii  is  repeated  next  -iprin^  the  ^oM-seekers 
must  be  prepared  to  i.(o  down  into  their  pockets  to  |),ay 
bi^''  prcrninui-  for  carr\i!'i^''  their  outfits  f)ver  tlic  several 
passes  to  Lake  Lmijeniaii.  I  ndoubtedly  pack  hor'«e-  anrl 
mules  will  be  -ubstitnter]  in  a  larj^^e  mea-,!ire  for  fiidiati- 
next  year,  ami  numerous  jjlan-.  are  (,ii  toot  to  imjjrove 
the  trail.  The  cost  of  tiie  jonrney  U>)\\)  Lake  Lmdeman 
t')  the  ^old  di),(^fin^->  i-^  t^(;nera!ly  rej.(arded  a-^  an  unknown 
<|uantit\ .     Maji\-  nien  will  carry  and  haul  their  jirovisions 


86 


THE   CHICAGO    KECUKD  S 


'^i\ 


thciriselvcs,  buildiiij^  rafts  and  l;(jais  i<>  go  down  the  river. 
Others,  better  provided  with  ready  cash,  will  buy  boats 
at  Lake  Lindenian  or  will  take  boats  with  them  fnjni 
Seattle  or  San  I-Vancisco,  and  wil!  employ  Indians  t'j 
manage  the  boats  and  act  as  guides.,  cooks  and  general 
roustabouts. 

ft  is  claimed  that  miners  can  go  from  Chicago  io  the 
Klondike  by  way  of  the  "back  door"  route,  that  is,  U]i 
the  Athabasca  and  Mackenzie  rivers  to  the  Peel  river 
and  then  across  the  divide  into  the  Yukfjn  country,  f(jr 
$150.  A.  H.  H.  ]feniing,  of  Montreal,  the  artist  who 
accompanied  Caspar  Whitney  in  his  trip  t<^  the  "liarren 
Land,"  sa>s,  on  the  authority  of  the  iiuds<jn's  I>ay  c(jm- 
pany  officials,  that  all  that  is  needed  for  the  "back  dcjor" 
route  are  a  good  constitution,  soine  experience  in  boat- 
ing and  camping,  and  alxjut  $150.  Mr.  Ileniing  advises 
gfjld-seekers  to  travel  in  parties  oi  three,  and  to  purchase 
a  good  canoe  for  about  $35  in  Chicago  or  St.  Paul.  The 
freight  on  the  can(je  to  Kdmrjuton,  the  end  of  the  railroad 
route,  will  be  $23;  cost  of  fofjd  at  F.dmonton  f(jr  three 
men  for  two  nujuths,  consisting  of  ])ork,  flour,  tea  and 
baking  powder,  $35;  t(;tal  for  three  men  fnjm  Chicago  to 
Fort  Mcpherson,  provided  they  travel  second-class  on 
the  Canadian  Pacific  railrcjad,  will  be  $152.45  a  man. 

Thus  if  three  men  "chip  in"  $2rxj  each  tliey  would  have 
a  margin  of  over  $140  for  purchasing  tools  and  for  trans- 
portation fniin  l'"ort  McPherson  to  the  Klf)ndike.  Parties 
should  consist  of  three  men  each,  as  this  is  the  crew  of  a 
canoe  on  the  .Mackenzie  river.  It  will  take  600  pounds 
i>i  food  to  carry  three  men  over  the  route,  and  passengers 
on  the  Canadian  Pacific  railroad  are  entitled  to  carry 
6(X)  pounds  of  baggage.  The  t<jurist  sleeper  from  St. 
Paul  t(»  Calgary,  tiie  |)oint  on  the  ('.-•uadian  Pacific  where 
the  spur  leads  to  lOhnonton.  will  c(jst  $4. 


1 


nOOK     FOR    (JOr.D-SKHKKRH. 


87 


i  "1 

i  if 


Althou^li  any  local  ticket  aj^uiit  can  ^ivc  tin'  railr(ja(l 
rates  to  the  Pacific  coast  points,  the  following,'  list  is  j^iven 
as  a  sugjfcstion  for  the  i)iiri)os(.-  of  inchidinj^^  everything 
in  the  fstiinatc  of  cost  to  go  frtjui  "home"  to  the  Klon- 
dike country.  The  railroad  rates  from  j)rinci',)al  |)oints 
are  as  follows: 

N'ew  I'.ngland  points,  practical!}  tlu-  -.aiiic  a-  I'.oslon 
rates  (get  difference  betuetii  iJoston  and  X'ew  i'.ngland 
I)oints  from  local  agents);  I'oston  to  San  krancisco — 
first-class,  $<j2;  second-class,  .S70:  sleepers,  .$20.50:  tour- 
ist car,  $X;  meals  in  dining  car  or  at  stations  according  to 
route;  baggage  alloweil,  150  pounds;  excels  baggage, 
.$11  per  K)o  poimds;  time  iruiu  lloston  to  .San  I'rancisco, 
5  flays  and  nights. 

I'ostfm  to  Seattle,  Portland.  \'anconver  and  \*'ictofia. 
15.  C— first-class,  .$^3.50;  second-cdass.  $6^.75;  sleejur, 
$21 ;  tourist  car,  $7.50;  meals  in  dining  car  or  at  stations 
according  \<)  route;  baggage  allowefl.  130  poimds;  ex- 
cess baggage,  .$10.50  t(j  $11.50  per   kx)  potmds. 

Xote:     The  alxjve  rates  are  over  the  standard  01   fu'-l 
class  lines  to  Chicago.     If  a  differtiitial  or  ^eci  md-c  lass 
road  is  takiii  the  first-cla^N  tare  wil'  f)e  .$3  le^^  than  given 
al)f)ve,  and  second-class  fare  $2. 

\e\v  York  to  S;m  k'rancisco — first-class.  .SH2._'5o;  sec- 
ond-class. .$72.50:  sleejMT.  S25.50;  tourist  car.  $1  I.  .MeaK 
in  dining  car  or  at  -tafioiis,  accfirding  to  route;  baggag* 
allowed.  1")  ])oUtids;  excess  baggage.  .$1  i  per  loo 
pounds;  time  fror:  Xca  N'ork  to  ."-an  l^'ram  isco,  5  dav  s 
an<l  5  nights. 

.\ev\  \'(jrk  to  Seattle,  I'ortland.  \'ancou\-er  and  \'ie- 
tcjria,  I'..  C. — fir-,t-clasv.  SH1.50;  <r  ond  <  las>,  .S60.75 : 
sleeper.  $20.50;  touri.M  car.  ,Sro:  ineal>  in  dining  car  <')r 
at  stations.  accf)rding  10  route:  baggage  allo-verl,  i5«/- 
pontwl>:   «.-\ce>.s  baggaige.  .$10.50  to  $11   j,er  kk;  poiuid-. 


I 


m--y 


.miu.miTi  I  -I  -<-n.v'-»r.-- J-  ,^-i»^:.:iv'.;^ 


88 


THE    CHICAGO    RECORD'S 


M  ; 


Time  from  New  York  to  Seattle  and  i'ortlaiul,  99  hours; 
Vancouver,  105  hours;  Victoria,  iii  hours. 

Note:  Above  fares  are  on  first-class  lines  to  Chicago. 
If  second-class  road  is  taken,  first-class  fare  will  be  $3 
less  and  second-class  fare  $2  less  than  the  above  rates. 

Buffalo  to  San  Francisco — first-class,  $76;  second- 
class,  $62.50;  sleejjer,  $18;  tourist  car,  $8;  meals  in  bag- 
gage car  or  in  stations,  according  to  route;  baggage  al- 
lowed, 150  pounds;  excess  baggage,  $10.35  pcr  100 
pounds.  Time  from  Buffalo  to  San  Francisco.  4I  days 
and  4  nights. 

Buffalo  to  Seattle,  Portland,  X'ancouver  and  Victoria, 
B.  C. — first-class,  $75;  second-class.  $62;  sleeper,  $18; 
tourist  car,  $8;  meals  in  dining  car  or  at  stations,  accord- 
ing to  route;  baggage  allowed,  150  pounds;  excess  bag- 
gage, $10.35  P'-'''  100  pounds.  Time  from  Buffalo  to  Se- 
attle, Portland,  Vancouver  and  Victoria,  B.  C,  from  5 
to  6  days  and  nights. 

Chicago  to  San  Francisco — first-class,  $62.50,  second- 
class,  $52.50;  sleeper,  $20.50;  tourist  sleeper,  $8;  meals 
in  dining  car  or  at  stations,  according  to  route  from  $1 
to  50  cents  each;  baggage  allowed,  150  pounds:  excess 
baggage,  $8.70  per  100  pounds.  Time  from  Chicago  to 
San  Francisco,  4  days  and  4  nights. 

Chicago  to  Seattle,  Portland,  \'ancouver  and  Victoria. 
B.  C. — first-class,  $61.50;  second-class,  $51.50;  sleeper, 
$15.50;  tourist,  $7;  meals  in  dining  car  or  at  stations, 
according  to  route;  baggage  allowed,  150  pounds;  excess 
baggage,  $8.60  per  100  pounds.  Time  from  Chicago  to 
Seattle  and  Portland,  85  hours;  Vancouver,  91  hours; 
\'ictoria,  97  hours. 

Omaha  to  San  Francisco — first-class,  $50;  second- 
class,  $40;  sleeper,  $13;  tourist  car,  $5;  meals  in  dining 
car  or  at  stations,  according  to  route;   baggagt^  allowed. 


i 


BOOK   FOR  gold-sp:ekers. 


8!t 


i 


^ 


; 


» 


T 


150  pounds:  excess  bagp^age.  $7.20  per  too  pounds.  Time 
from  Omaha  to  San  Francisco,  4  days  and  3  nights. 

Omaha  to  Seattle,  Portland.  \"ancouvcr  and  \'ictoria, 
B.  C. — first-class,  $50:  second-class,  $40:  sleeper,  $13; 
tourist  car,  $5;  meals  in  dining  car  or  at  stations,  accord- 
ing to  route,  average  j^  cents  each ;  baggage  allowed.  1 50 
pounds;  excess  baggage.  $7.20  per  100  pounds.  Time 
from  Omaha  to  Seattle  and  Portland,  65  hours;  Van- 
couver, 71  hours;  Victoria,  yy  hours. 

Denver  to  San  Francisccj — first-class.  $45;  second- 
class,  $35;  sleeper.  $ii;  tourist  car,  $4;  meals  in  dining 
car  or  at  stations,  according  to  routes,  average  75  cents 
each;  baggage  allowed,  150  pounds;  excess  baggage, 
$6.60  per  100  pounds.  Time  from  Denver  to  San  Fran- 
cisco, 3  days  and  2  nights. 

Denver  to  Seattle.  Portland.  X'ancouver  and  \'ictoria. 
B.  C. — first-class,  $45 ;  second-class,  $35 ;  sleeT.>er,  $1 1 ; 
tourist  car,  $4;  meals  in  dining  car  or  at  stations,  accorrl- 
ing  to  route,  average  75  cents  each :  baggage  allowed.  150 
pounds;  excess  baggage,  $6.60  per  100  poun<N.  Time 
from  Denver  to  Seattle  and  Portland,  64  hours;  X'an- 
couver, 70  hours;   \'ictoria,  76  hours. 

Minneapolis  and  St.  Paul  to  .San  Francisco — first-class. 
$57.90;  second-class,  $47.90;  sleeper,  $13.50:  tourist  car. 
$5:  meals  in  dining  car  or  at  stations,  according  to  route: 
baggage  allowed,  150  pounds:  excess  baggage.  $7.20  per 
100  pounds.  Time  from  St.  Paul  and  Minneapolis  to 
San  Francisco,  4  days  and  3  nights. 

•Minneapolis  and  St.  Paul  to  Seattle.  Portland.  X'an- 
couver and  Victoria,  I?.  C. — first-class.  $50;  second-class. 
$40;  sleeper,  $13.50;  tourist  car,  $5:  meals  in  dining  car 
or  at  stations,  according  to  route;  baggage  allowed,  150 
pounds;  excess  baggage,  $7.20  per  hundred  pounds. 
Time  from  Minneapolis  and  St.  Paid  to  Seattle  and  Port- 


w 


90 


THE   CHICAGO    RECORDS 


land,  63  hours;  Vancouver,  69  hours;  Victoria,  75  hours. 

New  Orleans  to  San  Francisco — first-class,  $57.50; 
second-class,  $47.50;  sleeper,  $13;  tourist  sleeper,  $5; 
meals  at  stations,  75  cents  each;  excess  baggage,  $8.10 
per  100  pounds.  Time  from  New  Orleans  to  San  Fran- 
cisco, 4  days  and  4  nights. 

Xew  Orleans  to  Seattle  and  i'ortland — first-class. 
$70.30;  second-class,  $52.50;  sleeper,  $18;  tourist  sleep- 
er, $6.50;  meals  in  station,  75  cents;  excess  baggage, 
$10.30  per  hundred  i)0unds.  Time,  5  days  and  5  nights. 
The  fare  from  Xew  Orleans  to  Victoria,  B.  C. — first-class, 
$74.80;  second-class,  $55.50;  excess  baggage,  $10.85  per 
100  pounds;  sleepers  and  so  forth,  same  as  to  Seattle. 

I''or  purposes  of  getting  up  an  estimate  of  the  expense 
of  railroad  fare,  the  following  rates  are  added: 

To  San  Francisco  from  r>altimorc  and  Washington — 
first-class,  $78.50;  second-class,  $55;  from  Louisville, 
first-class,  $64.10;  second-class,  $54.10;  from  Memphis, 
first-class,  $57.50;  second-class,  $47.50;  from  Nashville, 
first-class,  $60.35;  second-class,  $50.35;  from  Atlanta, 
first-class,  $63.35 ;  second-class,  $53.35 ;  from  Charleston, 
first-class,  $7375;  second-class,  $63.75;  from  Philadel- 
phia, first-class,  $90.25;  no  second-class;  from  Pittsburg, 
first-class,  $73.25;  second-class,  $61;  from  Cincinnati, 
first-class,  $66.50;  second-class,  $56.50. 

To  Seattle  and  Portland  from  Washington  and  Balti- 
more— first-class,  $78.50;  second-class,  $65;  from  Louis- 
ville, first-class,  $65.50;  second-class,  $55.50;  from  Mem- 
phis, first-class,  $62;  second-class.  $52;  from  Nashville, 
first-class,  $67;  second-class,  $54;  from  Atlanta,  first- 
class,  $74.50;  second-class,  $60;  from  Charleston,  first- 
class,  $77.50;  second-class,  $67.50;  from  Philadelphia, 
first-class,  $79.75;   second-class,  $67.25;   from  Pittsburg, 


M. 


BOOK     KOR    (;nLl)-SEKKERS. 


91 


first-class.   $j^.2^:    M'coiul-class.   $6i  ;    tr.ini    ( "im-iiinati. 
first-class,  $66.50;  socoiul-class.  $56.30. 

Passengers  from  IJaltimore  atifl  Washington  catniot 
get  tourists'  sleepers  until  tliev  reach  Chicago  or  St. 
Louis. 

I)y  the  "hack  door"  route  gold-seekers  will  leave  Chi- 
cago and  go  to  St.  Paul  on  any  of  the  Chicago  and  St. 
Paul  lines,  and  at  St.  Paul  take  the  Canadian  Pacific  for 
Edmonton;  first-class  fare  from  Chicago  to  Edmonton. 
$63.75;  second-class.  S5<;.45.  Tourist  sleeper  from  St. 
Paul.' $4. 

Xo  one  should  \enture  to  set  out  for  the  Alaska  dig- 
gings without  a  ■■])ar(lner."  The  word  nuist  not  he  con- 
founfled  with  partner.  Partner  has  a  smart,  business-like 
sound.  It  is  precisely  defined  by  law.  and  though  it  may 
by  courtesy  inv(jlve  something  of  sj^ecial  favor,  its  ef|ui- 
ties  at  last  rest  upon  the  decisions  of  courts  without  re- 
gard to  sentiment.  P.ut  a  "pardner"'  glories  in  sentiment. 
He  expects  to  give  his  male  all  that  the  law  re(|uircs  and 
call  that  only  a  beginning.  Men  may  be  chums  in  easy. 
])rosperous  times,  says  the  St.  Louis  Globe-Dem- 
ocrat, but  it  is  not  until  they  pass  together  through 
a  succession  of  dangers  and  hardshi|)s  that  they 
can  become  "pardners."  Congeniality  and  implicit  confi- 
dence are  at  the  base  of  a  "ijardnership;"  and  for  better 
or  for  worse  the  two  men  stand  as  one  under  all  vicissi- 
tudes, doubling  each  other's  joys  and  dividing  sorrows 
and  failures.  If  one  falls  by  the  way  the  other  gives  him 
more  than  the  devotion  of  a  brother. 

(iold  mining  eventually  is  a  business  conducted  by 
large  capital,  but  placer  diggings  alTord  an  ojiening  to 
any  one  who  can  stake  and  work  a  claim.  The  two  "pard- 
ners" begin  operations  on  the  ground  floor,  share  their 
discoveries,  tent  together,  and  cook  for  each  other.  Their 


f 


£*!■;*", 


i  /■ 


} 


BOOK     FOR    OOLD-SEEKERS. 


93 


(jualitics  ami  trails  are  complimentary.  "Pardncrs"  are 
closer  than  messmates  in  the  army  or  navy.  The  soldier 
or  sailor  is  under  the  care  of  a  bountihil  provider.  His 
food,  clothes  and  slKller  are  furnished  by  the  f^overn- 
ment,  and  his  comiuijs  and  ^(jinp;s  are  regulated  by 
orders.  "I'ardners,"  cm  the  other  hand,  must  skirmish 
together  from  the  start  f(jr  subsistence  and  plans  of  oper- 
ation. They  fight  the  battle  of  life  for  two  under  hazard- 
ous conditions,  far  from  families  and  friends,  satisfied, 
for  the  time  being,  with  bare  necessities,  lender  such 
a  test  "pardners"  are  forged  as  steel  is  forged. 

The  literature  of  California  is  full  of  the  "pardner" 
atmosphere.  ISret  llarte's  tales  would  be  tame  without 
it.  liut  "pardners"  in  that  state,  except  as  gray-beard 
survivors,  are  scarce  now.  They  will  be  revived  in 
Alaska,  and  experience  far  greater  trials  than  they  ever 
knew  in  the  first  Pacific  commonwealth.  Freezing  and 
starvation  were  unktiown  in  California.  It  is  not  likely 
that  the  mining  camps  in  Alaska  will  permit  any  one  to 
starve,  but  they  have  a  regulation  for  shipping  those  lack- 
ing means  or  resources  out  of  the  country.  In  a  com- 
munity of  "pardners"  a  high  sense  of  general  humanity 
will  prevail,  but  there  must  be  prudence  as  to  feeding 
drones  during  the  long  season  when  the  lines  of  supply 
are  interrupted.  Alaska  will  furnish  a  great  growth  of 
friendship,  with  the  "pardner"  as  its  top  Hower.  Xo  man 
can  utterly  fail  there  who  has  a  good  "pardner,"  and  is 
one.  Among  the  glaciers  and  the  frozen  moss,  where  a 
blossom  has  never  opened  to  the  light,  the  lines  of  Holmes 
will  take  on  a  new  beauty,  teaching  that  "friendship  is 
the  breathing  rose  that  sweets  in  every  fold." 


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2:4  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  NY    145B0 

(716)  872-4503 


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THK    (MIICACU)    RKCOKiyS 


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ciiAi»ri<:R  \  I. 

HINTS  FOR  PROSPECTORS  AND 
MINERS. 

LOXDIKK  (;C;LD  is  found  all  ihc 
\va\  tlimufjli  a  frozi'ti  deposit  of  sand. 
jL^ravel  and  earth  from  twenty  to  twen- 
ty-tive  feet  thick,  resting  on  bed  rock, 
i'his  bed  rook  is  said  to  be  shale;  depth 
unknown.  .\  claim  on  El  Dorado 
creek,  a  tributary  of  the  Klondike, 
which  i)ai<l  its  owner  very  handsome- 
ly, is  80  fi'ct  from  rimrock  to  rimrock. 
with  ■'  frontage  of  5CK)  feet  nu  the  creek.  .After  going 
through  the  soil  and  nuick  on  the  surface  of  the  grouiv.l. 
a  bed  of  gravel  mixed  with  sand  si.xteen  feet  thick  is 
found.  This  rests  upon  a  four-foot  bed  of  fine  and  coarse 
gravel,  which  in  turn  rests  on  .1  stratum  of  fine  gravel  a 
foot  and  a  half  thick  which  tops  a  stratum,  one  and  one- 
half  feet  of  fine  black  sand. 

This  black  .sand  rests  on  bed  rock,  and  is  the  "pay 
dirt"  of  the  Klondike.  'Ihe  16-foot  bed  of  gravel  mixed 
with  sand  paid  the  miner  from  50  cents  to  $2  a  pan;  the 
4-foot  bed  of  coarse  gravel  paid  him  from  $2  to  $5  a  pan. 
The  stratum  of  fine  gravel  beneath  i)ai(l  $1.25  a  pan,  and 
pay  dirt  yielded  all  the  way  from  $5  to  $50  a  ton.  The 
ground  above  bed  rock  is  frozen,  making  it  necessary 
to  resort  to  "firing"  to  soften  the  gravel  and  sand  so  that 
it  can  be  lifted  to  the  top.  This  is  the  character  of  l!ie 
placer  mines  of  the  Klondike. 

But  it  is  reported  that  every  paying  claim  on  the  Klon- 


HOOK    FOU    ClOLD-SEEKKRH. 


U& 


(like  is  taken.  This  iiu-atis  that  many  ineii  who  iiUeiul  to 
j^o  to  the  gold  country  in  the  far  north  in  the  spring  of 
|S<^8  must  "prospect"  other  places.  The  following  pages 
are  intended  as  a  simple  guide  to  "tenderfcct,"  or  as  they 
arc  called  in  the  Klondike  country  "chechacos.''  Ex- 
perienced prospectors  and  miners  lave  little  use  for 
guides  of  any  kind,  but  there  are  thousands  of  men  who 
will  see  gold  in  the  dirt  for  the  first  time  in  their  lives 
when  they  see  it  in  Alaska  or  the  N'ortlnrest  territories. 

In  prospecting  a  country  for  mineral,  two  men  can  do 
better  than  one.  A  "pardner"  is  a  great  help  to  an  ex- 
perienced miner  even  though  the  "pardner"  himself 
doesn't  know  the  difference  between  gold  dust  and  iron 
pyrites — the  "fool's  gold."  To  a  "tenderfoot,"  a  "pard- 
ner" is  absolutely  necessary,  even  though  the  "pardner" 
himself  is  another  "tenderfoot,"  for  two  men  arc  better 
than  one  under  almost  any  combination  of  circumstances. 

Gold  found  in  placer  mines  is  free  or  native  gold 
bnjught  down  from  the  "mother  l^de"  by  the  action  of 
running  water  or  by  the  glaciers,  which  ages  ago  passed 
over  the  land.  I'or  this  reason,  in  prospecting  a  country 
for  mineral  wealth,  the  sands  and  rocks  of  river  beds, 
in  dry  creeks  and  gulches,  and  at  the  bottom  of  valleys 
should  be  searched  and  examined  systematically  and 
carefully. 

The  prospector  should  observe  the  characteristics  of 
loose  rocks,  found  in  ravines  and  gulches;  in  eddies  or 
dry  water  holes  where  heavy  matter  is  left  during 
freshets,  which  are  of  fretiuent  occurrence  in  a  moun- 
tainous country;  for  holes,  channels  and  fissures  in  solid 
rock,  over  which  a  stream  runs  or  has  run. 

If  the  bed  of  a  river  (lowing  through  an  open  coimtry, 
yields  fine  gold  dust,  it  will  probably  yield  larger  dust  uv 
grains  nearer  the  mountains  or  hills  from  which  it  flows; 


)'  t't 


,  ;•! 


w 


■ 


M 


THE   CHICAGO   RECORD'S 


I'li 


if  the  bed  of  this  river  yields  grains  of  gold,  the  tributar- 
ies near  the  source  probably  will  yield  nuggets,  for  tlie 
heavy  particles  will  sink  and  be  caught  in  the  beds  of 
streams  and  rivers  first.  Sometimes  the  richest  deposits 
are  found  where  the  current  has  been  broken  by  a  change 
of  descent  or  direction. 

In  a  stream  which  is  known  to  be  gold  bearing  the 
prospector  will  do  well  to  take  notice  of  abrupt  turns.  If 
one  side  of  the  stream  is  a  cliff  and  the  other  a  gentle 
slope  the  latter  may  be  found  to  be  rich  in  gold  deposits. 
Sometimes  where  there  are  several  bends  with  slopes  op- 
posite clifTs,  the  slopes  will  likely  give  up  gold. 

The  end  of  a  mountain  chain  offers  a  likely  site  for  al- 
luvial diggings. 

When  alluvial  ground  is  made  up  with  rather  loose 
gravel,  mixed  with  boulders  or  lumps  of  rock,  the  gold, 
with  other  heavy  substances,  will  be  found  underneath 
the  bulk  of  the  coarse  deposits,  either  next  to  or  near  b'^d 
rock,  or  mixed  with  clay.  Thus  it  is  wise  to  examine  the 
earthy  matter  just  over  the  bed  rock.  If  clay  is  likely  to 
contain  gold  it  should  be  washed  carefully. 

If  the  flow  of  water  in  a  stream  hinders  digging  op- 
eration, "back  trenches"  should  be  cut  so  that  the  water 
may  flow  through  them,  thus  diverting  the  stream  from, 
the  site  of  operation.  This  will  lay  the  bed  bare  and  tlie 
prospectors  can  easily  remove  large  rocks  or  boulders 
looking  for  nuggets  and  wash  the  finer  gravel  with  run- 
ning water. 

To  detect  free  or  native  gold  in  rock,  sand  or  gravel,  the 
samples  should  be  examined  by  means  of  a  magnifying 
glass  if  the  eye  is  insufficient.  The  particles  of  gold,  if 
present,  in  the  free  state  generally  will  be  distinct  enough 
whether  wet  or  dry  to  be  c  tstinguished  from  discolored 
mica,  iron  or  copper  pyrites. 


BOOK    FOR    GOLD-SEEKERS. 


97 


In  whatever  direction  ?.  is  looked  at  gold  presents  llic 
same  color,  and  this  is  a  guiding  test  to  the  prospector. 

A  gold  grain  picked  out  from  a  rock  or  selected  from 
sand  or  gravel  can  be  flattened  out  by  a  hammer,  and  can 
be  cut  in  slices. 

Those  materials  most  likely  to  be  mistaken  for  gold  are 
reduced  to  powder  when  pounded. 

Iron  pyrites  is  too  hard  to  be  cut  with  a  knife;  coppei 
pyrites  when  pounded  makes  a  greenish  powder. 

Pyrites  ore  when  heated,  smells  of  sulphur. 

Mica  when  discolored,  is  frequently  mistaken  for  gold 
when  discovered  by  the  "tenderfoot;"  but  it  is  not  easily 
cut  and  has  a  colorless  streak  and  can  thus  be  easily  dis- 
tinguished from  gold. 

It  is  much  easier  to  distinguish  pure  or  metallic  gold  in 
alluvial  deposits  than  it  is  to  certainly  recognize  it  in  rock. 
Gold  frequently  occurs  as  a  fine  powder,  which  even  the 
magnifying  glass  will  be  unable  to  di  tinguish,  and  cilso 
the  grains,  because  of  the  presence  of  sulphur  or  arsenic, 
may  be  coated  with  a  film  which  makes  them  unrecogniz- 
able to  the  eye;  even  making  the  gold  incapable  of  amal- 
gamation with  mercury  until  the  material  has  been 
roasted  or  put  through  some  process.  The  prospector 
in  the  Yukon  district,  however,  will  have  little  trouble  in 
recognizing  gold  when  lie  sees  it,  for  it  appears  that  the 
gold  is  large  grained  and  easily  distinguished. 

In  addition  to  his  "grub  pack,"  the  prospector  must 
provide  himself  with  the  few  appliances  necessary  to 
wash  out  the  gold.  He  should  have  a  shovel,  hammer, 
pick  and  pan  or  horn  spoon.  Tho  pan  and  horn  spoon, 
and  method  of  using  them,  are  described  hereafter.  The 
hammer  is  used  when  prospecting  for  mineral  veins  or 
deposits  other  than  alluvial. 

The  presence  of  free  gold  in  alluvial  deposits,  that  is 


r       '  1 

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urn 


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l)IA(iKAM    SII()\V1N<;    sl:CTI()N    OK    I'l.ACKR    CLAIM    14,   ON 
Kl,  DORAno  CKKKK.    KLONDIKE    DISTRICT. 


BOOK    FOR    GOLD-SEEKERS.  99 

in  matter  washt'd  or  carrit'd  down  from  iiijijhcr  fjjroimd, 
does  not  necessarily  mean  tliat  anriferous  lodes  (j^old 
bearing  rock  or  (juartz)  are  in  the  inmiediate  vicinitv. 
but  the  chances  are  in  favor  of  lodes  being  found  on  ele- 
vations of  land  near  the  alluvial  deposit. 

It  would  be  well,  then,  for  the  prospector  who  has 
found  a  "placer  mine,"  to  examine  neighboring  eleva- 
tions. 

In  searching  for  mineral  veins,  the  general  geological 
features  of  the  country  should  be  studied.  If  any  road^ 
are  cut  through,  it  would  be  well  to  study  the  character 
of  the  exposed  sections.  Sides  of  valleys,  landslides, 
cliffs  and  sections  cut  through  by  water  afTord  means  to 
determine  the  character  of  the  stratification. 

If  the  prospector  finds  stones  or  gravel  in  a  valley 
which  he  believes  are  "likely"  to  go  with  gold,  he  should 
follow'  up  the  valley,  gulch  or  river  bed  until  he  no  longer 
finds  such  stones.  Then  he  should  search  the  hill  sides 
for  the  mother  lode. 

Common  sense  is  a  good  guide  for  a  prosi)ector.  and 
when  conunon  sense  suggests  that  "drifts"  would  form 
naturally,  he  may  conif  across  "out  crops"  in  the  steep 
sides  of  gulleys  and  on  ridges. 

An  examination  of  the  loose  or  "float"  rocks  on  the 
sides  of  a  hill  or  elevation  often  will  enable  the  prospector 
to  make  a  good  "guess"  of  the  nature  of  an  underground 
lode.  The  prospector  then,  in  climbing  hills,  should  look 
"all  ways"  for  signs  of  veins,  constantly  kcejiing  an  out- 
look for  the  kind  of  njck  which  is  known  tcj  form  the 
matrix  (mineral  associated  with  ore  in  a  lode)  of  a  min- 
eral vein. 

The  matrices  chiefly  arc  (|uart/.  fluor  spar  and  calc 
spar;  chiefly  (|uartz. 

Quartz,  at  or  near  the  surface  of  a  lode,  often  is  a 


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fill. 


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THE  CHICAGO   RECORD  S 


!H 


¥. 


Stained  brown,  yellow,  purple,  or  other  color,  due  to 
decomposed  iron  or  copper  pyrites,  and  frequently  is 
honey-combed.  Quartz  scratches  glass,  but  is  not 
scratched  by  a  file  or  knife  blade.  It  is  nearly  pure 
silica. 

Fluor  spar  is  purple,  at  times  yellow,  white,  gree^  or 
blue.  It  is  soft.  When  heated  in  a  dark  place  it  gives 
out  a  phosphorescent  glow. 

Calc  spar  is  transparent  or  translucent.  It  effervesces 
when  acted  on  by  an  acid. 

As  quartz  is  nearly  always  the  matrix  of  mineral  veins, 
the  prospector  should  look  for  it. 

Gold  bearing  cuiartz  which  has  broken  away  from  the 
lode,  is  generally  honey-combed,  and  as  gold  withstands 
weather,  the  yellow  specks  may  be  seen  in  the  cells  once 
filled  with  iron  or  copper  pyrites,  which  have  been 
"washed  out"  in  the  course  of  years  of  exposure  to  the 
elements,  leaving  nothing  behind  but  stains. 

One  of  the  best  "surface"  indications  of  a  gold  bearing 
lode,  is  honey-combed  rock,  brown  with  iron  oxide.* 

Having  traced  the  brown  stained,  honey-ccmbed  rock 
up  the  hill  to  the  rock  from  which  it  was  broken,  the 
prospector  should  dig  a  trench  at  right  angles,  if  possible, 
to  the  lode,  that  he  may  examine  its  character;  the  nature 
of  the  vein ;  the  non-metallic  rock  material  in  the  lode ;  to 
find  the  upper  or  hanging  wall,  and  the  lower  or  foot- 
wall,  and  to  ascertain  the  direction  or  "strike"  of  the 
lode. 

He  also  should  sink  a  "prospecting"  shaft  a  few  feet  be- 
low the  bottom  of  his  trench,  to  be  certain  of  the  inclina- 
tion of  the  lode. 

The  probable  direction  of  the  lode  ascertained,  the 
prospector  can  sink  other  shafts  higher  up  or  lower  down 


!i 


BOOK    FOR    GOLD-SEEKERS. 


101 


on  the  hill,  or  the  other  side  of  the  valley,  to  test  the 
continuity  of  the  vein. 

If  it  is  possible  to  take  specimens  of  the  ore  to  an  assay 
office,  it  is  best  to  do  so,  as  much  labor  might  be  wasted 
on  low  grade  ore  which,  to  the  eye,  looks  promising. 

But  in  out-of-the-way  places,  it  is  difficult  to  find 
assayers.  It  is  possible,  however,  for  the  prospector  to 
find,  with  approximate  certainty,  the  value  of  his  find  if 
the  metal  in  the  ore  is  free  gold. 

Hammer  a  quantity  of  the  ore  with  water,  until  the  ore 
is  reduced  to  powder,  add  mercury  to  the  powder; 
about  one  ounce  of  mercury  to  eight  pounds  of  ore.  If 
possible  add  a  little  cyanide  of  potassium.  Grind  the 
whole  mass  until  the  gold  and  mercury  form  an  amal- 
gam. Then  pour  in  some  water,  and  when  the  amalgam 
has  settled  to  the  bottom,  pour  off  the  lighter  material, 
collect  the  amalgam,  and  squeeze  it  through  a  buckskin 
or  canvas  bag.  Place  the  mass  left  in  the  bag  on  a  shovel 
and  hold  the  shovel  over  a  fire.  The  heat  will  drive  the 
mercury  out,  leaving  the  gold  behind ;  then  the  prospector 
can  "guess"  the  value  of  his  find. 

Having  found  his  gold  mine,  placer  or  lode,  and  being 
satisfied  that  it  is  worth  holding  and  working,  the  pros- 
pector should  "locate"  and  "file"  his  claim. 

If  the  "find"  is  on  Canadian  soil,  he  must  proceed  ac- 
cording to  the  rules  and  regulations  laid  down  by  the 
Canadian  authorities.  (See  Canadian  mining  laws  in  this 
book.) 

If  the  placer  or  lode  is  in  Alaska,  the  regulations  of  the 
United  States  land  office  department  must  be  observed. 
These  regulations  are  based  on  the  United  States 
"mineral  laws."  (See  United  States  mining  laws  in  this 
book.)    The  process  is  as  follows: 

A  correct  survev  of  the  claim  must  be  made  under 


I 


1U2 


THE   CHICAGO    RECORD'S 


authority  of  tin-  survi'v-pt'tuTal  of  tlu'  state  or  territory 
in  whicl)  the  claim  Wca. 

The  survey  must  show  with  accuracy  the  exterior 
boundaries  of  tlie  chiim. 

Houniiaries  muM  he  ilislincil)  marked  by  monuments 
on  the  ground. 

I'our  plats  anil  one  copy  of  the  original  field  noto,  in 
each  case,  will  be  prepared  by  the  surveyor-general;  one 
plat  and  the  original  held  notes,  to  Ix'  retained  in  the 
office  of  the  surveyor-general;  one  cojjy  of  tiie  plat  to  be 
given  the  claimant  for  posting  upon  the  claim,  one  plat 
and  a  copy  of  the  field  notes  to  be  given  the  claimant  for 
filing  w  ith  the  proper  register,  to  be  finally  transmitted  by 
that  officer,  with  otiier  papers  in  the  case,  to  this  office, 
and  one  plat  to  be  sent  by  the  surveyor-general  to  the 
register  of  the  proper  land  district  to  be  retained  on  his 
files  for  future  reference. 

The  claimant  must  post  a  copy  of  tJie  plat  of  the  survey 
in  a  conspicuous  place  upon  the  claim,  together  with 
notice  of  his  intention  to  apj)ly  for  a  patent. 

This  notice  nnist  give  tin-  date  of  posting,  the  name  of 
the  claimant,  tlie  name  of  the  claim,  mine,  or  lode;  the 
mining  district  and  county;  whether  the  location  is  of 
record,  and.  if  so.  where  the  record  may  be  found;  the 
number  of  feet  claimed  along  the  vein,  and  the  presinned 
direction  thereof;  the  nund)er  of  feet  claimed  on  the  lode 
in  each  direction  from  the  point  of  discovery,  or  otlier 
well-defined  i)lace  on  tiie  claim;  the  name  or  names  of  ad- 
joining claimants  on  the  same  or  other  lodes;  or,  if  none 
adjoin,  the  names  of  the  nearest  claims,  etc. 

After  posting  the  plat  and  notice  upon  the  prenn'ses, 
the  claimant  nnist  file  with  the  proper  register  and  re- 
ceiver a  copy  of  such  plat,  and  the  field  notes  of  survey  of 
the  claim,  accompanied  by  the  affidavit  of  at  least  two 


BOOK    FOR   GOI.n-SEEKERS. 


IW 


crodibK-  witiK'ssi's.  that  such  ])lat  and  notice  arc  p«>sto(l 
conspicuously  upon  the  claim,  pivinj;,'  the  date  and  plaoe 
of  such  postinjij;  a  copy  of  the  notice  so  posted  to  W  at- 
taclied  to,  and  form  a  part  of  the  aflfidavit. 

Accompanying  the  field  notes  so  filed  must  he  the 
sworn  statement  of  the  claimant,  that  he  has  the  posses- 
sory rijjht  to  the  premises  therein  described,  in  virtue  of 
a  compliance  by  Iiimself  (and  by  his  prantors,  if  he  claims 
by  purchase)  with  the  miniiifj  rules,  regulations,  and  cus- 
toms of  the  mininp  district,  state  or  territory  in  which  the 
claim  lies,  and  with  the  mininpf  laws  o.'  congress;  such 
sworn  statement  to  narrate  briefly,  but  as  dearlv  as 
possible,  the  facts  const itutinjij  such  compliance.  Uie 
origin  of  his  possession,  and  the  basis  of  his  claim  to  a 
l^atcnt. 

This  affidavit  should  be  supported  by  ai)propriate  evi- 
dence from  the  mining  recorder's  oftice  as  to  his  posses- 
sory right,  as  follows,  viz.:  Where  he  claims  to  be  the 
locator,  or  a  locator  in  company  with  others  who  have 
since  conveyed  their  interest  in  the  location  to  him,  a  'ull, 
true,  and  correct  coj)y  of  such  location  should  be  fur- 
nished, as  the  same  apf)ears  upon  the  mining  records; 
such  copy  to  be  attested  by  the  seal  of  the  recorder,  or  if 
he  has  no  seal,  then  he  should  make  oath  to  the  same  be- 
ing correct,  as  shown  by  his  records.  Where  the  appli- 
cant claims  only  as  a  purchaser  for  valuable  considera- 
tion, a  copy  of  the  location  record  must  be  filed  under 
seal  or  upon  oath  as  aforesaid,  with  an  abstract  of  title 
from  the  i)roper  recorder,  under  seal  or  oath  as  aforesaid, 
brought  down  as  near  as  practicable  to  date  of  filing  tlie 
application,  tracing  the  right  of  possession  by  a  continu- 
ous chain  of  conveyances  from  the  original  locators  to  the 
applicant,  also  certifying  that  no  conveyances  affecting 
the  title  to  the  claim  in  question  appear  of  record  in  his 


I' 


'••H'i 


i^ll 


m 


-I 


'■mm 


;      r 

if" 


i 


104 


THE  CHICAGO   RECORD'S 


M 


office  other  than  those  set  forth  in  the  accompanying  ab- 
stract. 

In  the  event  of  the  mining  records  in  any  case  having 
been  destroyed  l)y  fire  or  (^herwise  lost.  affi(hivit  of  the 
fact  should  he  made,  and  secondary  evidence  of  posses- 
sory title  will  he  received,  which  may  consist  of  the 
.1^^'tidavit  of  the  claimant,  supported  by  those  of  any  other 
parties  cognizant  of  the  facts  relative  to  his  location,  oc- 
cupancy, possession,  improvement,  etc.;  and  in  such  case 
of  lost  records,  any  deeds,  certificates  of  location  or  pur- 
chase, or  other  evidence  which  may  i»c  in  the  claimatil's 
possession  and  tend  to  establish  his  claim,  should  be  filed. 

Upon  the  receipt  of  these  papers  the  t  agister  will,  at 
the  expense  of  the  chimant  ("who  must  furnish  the  agree- 
ment of  the  publisher  to  hold  applicant  for  patent  alone 
responsible  for  charges  of  publication"),  publish  a  notice 
of  such  application  for  the  periofl  of  sixty  days  in  a  news- 
paper published  nearest  to  the  claim,  and  will  post  a  copy 
of  such  notice  in  his  office  for  the  same  period.  When  a 
notice  is  published  in  a  weekly  newspajjcr  ten  consecutive 
insertions  are  necessary;  when  in  a  daily  newspaper  the 
notice  nnist  appear  in  each  issue  for  sixty-one  consecu- 
tive issues,  the  first  day  of  issue  being  excluded  in  esti- 
mating the  period  of  sixty  days. 

The  notices  so  published  and  posted  must  be  as  full 
and  complete  as  possible,  and  embrace  all  the  data  given 
in  the  notice  posted  upon  the  claim. 

Too  nnich  care  cannot  be  exercised  in  the  preparation 
of  these  notices,  inasmuch  as  upon  their  accuracy  and 
con  pk'teness  will  tlepend,  in  a  great  measure,  the  reg- 
idariiy  and  validity  of  the  whole  proceeding. 

T-  c  claimant,  either  at  the  time  of  filing  these  papers 
with  the  register  or  at  any  time  during  the  sixty  days' 
publication,  is  recjuired  to  file  a  certificate  of  the  surveyor- 


BOOK    FOR    (JOhD-SKEKKRS. 


106 


general  that  not  less  than  $500  worth  <»f  labor  has  been 
expended  or  improvements  made  npon  the  elaim  hy  the. 
applicant  or  his  grantors:  that  the  plat  tiled  by  the  claim- 
ant is  correct;  that  the  tield  notes  of  the  survey,  as  tilid, 
furnish  such  an  accurate  description  (»f  the  claim  as  will, 
if  incorp(trated  into  a  patent,  serve  to  ^r'!\  ideutifv  the 
premises,  and  that  such  reference  is  m.\.le  theniii  to 
natural  objects  or  |)ermanent  nionumei  ts  as  will  per- 
petuate and  fix  the  /"<//->■  thereof. 

After  the  sixty  days'  period  of  newspaper  publication 
h?'^  expired,  the  daimatU  will  furnish  from  ;he  otVice  of 
publication  a  sworn  statement  that  the  notice  was  pub- 
lished for  the  statutory  period,  giving  the  first  and  last 
day  of  such  publication,  and  his  own  affidavit  showing 
that  the  plat  and  notice  aforesaid  remained  conspicuously 
posted  upon  the  claim  sought  to  be  patented  during  said 
sixty  days'  publication,  giving  the  dates. 

Upon  the  filing  of  tliis  affidavit  the  register  will,  if  no 
adverse  claim  was  filed  in  his  office  during  the  period  of 
publication,  permit  the  claimant  to  pay  for  the  land  ac- 
cording to  the  area  given  in  the  plat  and  field  notes  of 
survey  aforesaid,  at  the  rate  of  $5  for  each  acre,  and  $5 
for  each  fractional  part  of  an  acre,  the  receiver  issuing  the 
usual  duplicate  receipt  therefor.  The  claimant  will  also 
make  a  sworn  statement  of  all  charges  and  fees  paid  by 
him  for  publication  and  surveys,  together  with  all  fees 
and  money  paid  the  register  and  receiver  of  the  land 
office;  after  which  the  whole  matter  will  be  forwarded  to 
the  commissioner  of  the  general  land  office  and  a  i)atent 
issued  thereon  if  found  regular. 

The  gold  digger's  "pan"  re^unbles  a  frying  pan  minus 
the  handle.  It  is  generally  circular  in  form,  from  10  to 
14  inches  in  diameter  at  the  bottom,  flaring  out  at  the  toj) 
to  a  diameter  three  or  four  inches  wider.      The  sides  arc 


106 


THE   CHICAGO    RECORD'S 


h 


about  five  iiiclies  fk-cj).  The  pans  arc  made  of  copper, 
pressed  steel,  sheet  iron  or  stout  tin-plate,  preferably 
pressed  steel  or  copper. 

In  usin^  the  pans  a  f|uantity  of  the  dirt  to  be  washed, 
say  two  shovelfuls,  is  placed  in  the  pan.  The  pan 
should  not  be  fdled  more  than  two-thirds  of  its  capacity. 
The  pan  with  its  contents  is  then  iiumerse<l  in  water  either 
in  a  hole  or  a  stream  of  such  a  depth  that  the  miner  can 
easily  reach  the  pan  with  his  hand  while  it  rests  on  the 
bottom.  The  mass  in  the  pan  is  stirred  up  with  both 
hands  so  that  every  particle  of  it  may  become  thoroughly 
mixed  with  the  water  and  disintegrated. 

When  the  dirt  has  become  thoroughly  soaked  and 
softened  by  tlu-  water  so  that  it  is  a  thin  pasty  mass,  the 
pan  is  taki'u  in  both  hands,  one  on  either  side,  and  a  little 
inside  of  its  greatest  diameter,  that  is  to  sav  about  half 
way  up  from  the  botto.n  to  the  top.  Then  without  tak- 
ing it  from  the  water  it  is  held  in  the  hand  not  (piite  level, 
but  tip])ed  somewhat  away  from  the  ])erson. 

When  in  this  position  it  is  shaken  so  as  to  allow  the 
water  to  disengage  all  the  light  earthy  particles  and  carry 
theiu  away.  When  this  has  been  done  there  will  be  left 
in  the  pan  gold  dust,  gold  nuggets,  heavy  sand,  lumps  of 
clay  and  gravel  stone.  The  gravel  stones  generally  ac- 
cunudate  on  the  surface  and  can  be  picked  off  by  hand 
and  thrown  aside.  The  lumps  of  clay  sh.ould  be  crumbled 
and  reduced  1)\  rubbing  and  "mashing,"  so  as  to  be 
carried  off  by  the  water  the  ne.xt  time  the  pan  is  placed  in 
the  water. 

This  o])eration,  siiuple  as  it  appears,  really  requires 
considerable  skill,  which  only  can  come  by  ])racticc.  A 
neat  turn  of  the  wrist,  and  a  certain  oscillating  motion  so 
as  to  give  somewhat  of  a  whirlpool  effect  to  the  water  in 
the  pan  arc  required  to  cause  the  muddy  matter  to  escape 


BOOK    FOR    GOLD-SEEKERS. 


107 


in  driblets  over  the  (loprcsscd  tdf^c  of  tlic  pan  uilhout 
sending  the  lighter  portions  of  the  gold  after  them,  hre- 
(|ucntly  the  prospector  waslies  out  his  gold  hy  piniifng 
in  water  on  toj)  of  the  dirt  in  his  pan,  and  then  shaking  it 
so  that  the  muddy  material  tlrips  down  on  U)  the  ground. 
I'tut  old  prosjx'ctors  say  that  the  best  results  can  be  tjb- 
tained  by  pamiing  under  water. 

At  last  nothing  remains  in  the  pan  but  the  gold  dust, 
with  usually  sf)me  heavy  black  sand  and  a  little  earthy 
tu.itter.  A  careful  washing  in  plenty  of  clean  water  will 
remove  the  earth  •  matter  coi.ipletely ;  but  the  heavy  iron 
sand  cannot  be  got  rid  of  without  the  use  of  a  magnet, 
mercury  or  blowing. 

I'\'W  prospectors,  however,  carry  magnets  around  with 
thetn.  If  the  gold  dust  is  very  tine  and  mercurv  is  (ob- 
tainable, it  is  a  good  plan  to  put  a  couple  of  pounds  of 
mercury  in  a  buc-;et  of  water,  and  pour  in  the  mixed  gold 
dust  and  black  sand.  Tlu'  gold  will  amagamate  with  the 
mercury,  ami  can  be  secured  afterwards  by  s(|ueezing  the 
amalgam  through  buckskin. 

A  process  which  jorovcd  very  effective  is  heating  the 
gold  and  sand  on  a  shovel  until  the  mass  is  perfectly  drv. 
The  sand  then  is  blown  away  from  the  gold,  and  by  care- 
fully rcgidating  the  force  of  the  blast,  either  from  the 
breath  of  the  operator  or  from  a  small  pair  of  bellows,  all 
of  tlie  sand  can  hi'  blown  away,  leaving  the  gold  behind. 

The  horn-sp(Kin  is  a  very  simple  ccjutrivance  used  in 
some  places  by  prospictors  instead  of  a  pan.  It  is  made 
by  cutti!ig  a  piece  obli(|uely  out  of  a  large  ox  horn,  so  as 
to  give  a  length  of  from  <S  to  lo  inches,  with  an  opening 
about  1  inches  across.  The  horn  is  ther  scrajKwl  down 
to  a  suitable  thickness.  In  selecting  the  h(jrn  for  this 
purpose  it  is  best  to  use  one  that  is  black  at  one  end,  as 
the  gold  can  be  seen  more  readily  against  a  black  surface. 


in 


■.\  M 


m 


I':  li'ii 


'  ''•-  '\>  rjftfe--"-^'-, 


h' 


X 


PAN 


CALlAOI?(^IAN?U/viP 


MINERS  I'AN,  CRADLE,   LONG  TOM,  AND   HUMP. 


BOOK    FOR    GOLD-SEEKERS. 


lO'J 


The  horn-spoon  is  a  most  useful  contrivance,  for  it  is 
Hjjht  and  durahlo  and  will  not  take  on  grease,  which 
would  prevent  perfect  contact  of  the  water  on  its  surface. 

'i"he  pan  is  used  where  the  water  su])ply  is  insufticier.t 
for  a  cratlle.  This  apparatus  is  so  called  because  it  bears 
in  its  outward  form  a  resemblance  to  an  ordinary  nursery 
cradle.  It  rests  on  a  pair  of  rockers,  and  is  made  to 
oscillate  just  as  a  craillc  is  rocked.  The  cradle  j^enerally 
is  about  40  inches  long.  20  inches  wide  and  the  back  end 
rises  to  the  height  of  15  inches  to  2  feet.  The  sideboards 
of  the  cradle  slope  dcnvn  from  the  height  of  the  back 
board  to  abt)ut  a  cou])le  <  •;  inches  at  the  mouth. 

A  movalde  riddle,  or  hopper,  20  inches  S(|U'ire  and  6 
inches  deep,  with  a  bottom  of  sheet  iron  jierfc^rated  closely 
with  holes  one-half  inch  in  diameter,  fits  neatly  and 
snugly  in  the  top  of  the  cradle,  lielow  tlu'  grating  an 
apron  made  of  canvas,  duck,  a  j)ieco  of  blanket,  or  some 
other  suitable  material,  depending  upon  the  material 
which  the  prospector  has  at  hand,  is  stretched  on  a  frame 
work.  The  apron  or  curtain  slopes  down  from  the  mouth 
of  the  cradle  towards  the  bottom  of  the  back  board,  and 
rests  on  fdlcts  nailed  on  the  sidebr)ards. 

On  the  bottom  of  the  cradle  2  pieces  of  wood  are  nailed 
from  one  side  to  the  other,  called  riftle-bars.  each  about 
three-quarters  of  an  inch  high.  One  riftle-bar  is  nailed 
about  the  middle  of  the  cradle  and  the  other  near  the 
outer  edge.  The  whole  apparatus  stands  on  rockers, 
which  are  cut  in  a  crescent  shape,  so  that  the  cradle  will 
rock  from  side  to  side. 

In  practice  the  pay  dirt  is  thrown  into  the  riddle.  If 
the  miner  is  working  alone  he  pours  water  over  the  dirt 
with  one  hand  ami  rocks  his  apparatus  with  the  other. 
Generally,  however,  miners  work  in  pairs;  one  pours  and 
the  other  rocks.     The  rocking  stirs  up  the  pay  dirt  in  the 


nv 


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no 


TFll-:    CHIC'AdO    Kl'X'OKD'S 


riddle  and  the  disintof^ratcd  mass  drops  through  the  holes 
at  the  bottom  of  the  riddle,  and  falling  (-)n  the  apron,  is 
carried  to  the  back  end  of  the  cradle  and  thence  along  the 
floor,  the  water  carrying  it  over  the  riftlc-bars  and  out  of 
the  mouth. 

The  cradle  is  placed  so  that  the  hopper  end  is 
about  2},  inches  higher  than  the  mouth  end.  Almost 
all  pay  dirt  contains  gravel  and  stone  of  various  sizes. 
Those  which  are  small  enough  to  pass  through  the  holes 
in  the  riddle  will  drop  through.  The  larger  ones,  which 
are  retained  in  the  riddle,  must  be  picked  out  by  hand  and 
thrown  aside,  without,  however,  stopping  the  rocking  of 
the  cradle.  It  is  a  good  thing  to  leave  the  small  gravel 
wliich  has  drojjped  throng' 1.  to  remain  on  the  floor  of  the 
cradle,  because  they  will  help  the  process  of  breaking  up 
the  earthy  matter  found  in  the  gravel.  When  the  hopper 
has  become  filled  with  stones,  and  all  washed  clean,  they 
arc  tipped  out  and  carefully  examined  for  any  nuggets  of 
gold  that  may  be  mixed  up  with  them.  A  certain  pro- 
portion of  very  fine  gold  dust  will  be  caught  and  held  by 
the  hairs  and  fibers  of  the  cloth  in  the  apron,  and  larger 
particles  of  gold  will  collect  behind  the  riffle-bars  on  the 
bed  of  the  cradle. 

Two  or  three  times  a  day.  depending  of  course  upon 
the  nature  and  richness  of  the  pay  dirt,  the  cradle  must 
be  cleaned  up.  The  hopper  is  taken  out  so  that  the  apron 
can  be  withdrawn.  The  apron  is  then  washed  in  a  bucket 
or  some  other  receptacle  containing  clean  water.  This 
will  dislodge  the  gold  dust  held  in  the  fiber  or  hair  of  the 
apron,  and  it  can  be  recovered  from  the  bottom  of  the 
vessel.  The  gold  and  other  material  which  has  been 
caught  by  the  riffle-bars  are  scraped  out  with  an  iron 
spoorn. 

The  scrapings  are  put  in  a  pan,  and  the  gold  then  is 


BOOK  FOR    OOLD-S5EEKEKS. 


Ill 


panned  out.  As  water  weighs  mucli  more  than  the  pay 
dirt  to  the  bucket,  the  pay  dirt  generally  is  brought  to 
the  place  where  the  water  is,  where  it  is  not  possible  to  let 
the  water  flow  to  the  pay  dirt  by  gravity.  The  cradle 
should  be  set  far  enough  back  from  the  source  of  the 
water  supply  so  as  to  provide  sufficient  fall  and  outlet  for 
the  "pailings."  A  little  jiit  or  well  sometimes  is  dug  to 
serve  as  a  reservoir  near  at  hand  for  the  miner  to  ladle  out 
his  water.  If  it  is  possible,  water  should  be  conveyed  to 
the  hopper  through  a  trough,  made  by  two  boards  nailed 
together  "\'"  shaped.  One  man  working  alone  can  wash 
from  I  to  3  cubic  yards  of  pay  dirt  a  day,  de]XMi(ling  upon 
the  clayey  nature  of  the  dirt.  It  is  better,  however,  for 
two  men  to  work  together,  as  they  can  do  more  than  twice 
the  work  of  one  man. 

Cradling  is  neither  economical  nor  expeditious.  Much 
fine  gold  is  lost  by  its  use,  but  it  is  cheap,  re(|uires  little 
water  and  is  portable.  It  is  not  advisable  to  use  mercury 
in  the  cradle.  The  "long  tom"  is  an  improvement  on 
the  cradle.  It  consists  of  two  troughs  or  boxes.  A  Cali- 
fornian  "tom"  is  about  12  feet  long,  20  inches  wide  at  the 
upper  end,  and  30  inches  wide  at  the  mouth.  It  is  suj)- 
ported  on  stones  or  logs,  and  is  worked  by  two  to  four 
men,  according  to  the  nature  of  the  ptiy  dirt  and  the 
supply  of  water.  The  apparatus  is  used  only  where  water 
can  be  brought  to  it,  so  that  a  constant  flow  is  secured. 

The  spout  or  water  trough  leads  the  water  into  the 
upper  box  or  "tom"  proper.  The  lower  end  of  this  box 
is  cut  ofT  obliciuely,  and  the  mouth  is  stopped  by  a  sheet 
of  iron  perforated  closely  with  holes  about  a  half  inch  in 
diameter.  The  "tom"  slants  on  an  angle  so  that  the 
upper  or  spout  end  is  12  inches  higher  than  the  lower  or 
grating  end.  The  riftle-box,  which  like  the  "tom"  is 
made  of  rough  plank,  is  placed  so  that  the  mass  of  water. 


f  1 


112 


THE   CHICA(JO   RECORD'S 


^i 


sand,  fine  gravel,  clay,  and  j^old  falls  into  its  upper  end 
throup;h  the  perforations  in  the  j^rating. 

I'roni  5  to  7  riffle-bars  are  nailed  on  the  bottom  of  the 
riffle-box,  and  the  box  is  placed  on  an  incline  sufficient  to 
allow  the  water  i)assinjT;  over  it  to  carry  off  the  light 
earthy  and  clayey  materials,  leaving  the  gold  encased  in 
the  fine  mud  which  will  form  on  the  bottom.  In  some 
cases  ?  .ittle  mercury  is  placed  behind  the  riffle-bars  to  as- 
sist in  holding  the  gold,  and  occasionally  a  series  of  blan- 
ket aprons  arc  used  to  catch  the  fine  gold  that  will  go 
through  with  the  tailings. 

The  stream  of  water  flows  continuously.  The  dirt  is 
thrown  into  the  "toni"  or  upper  trough  by  one  man.  while 
his  partner  stirs  it  about  with  a  square  edged  shovel  or  a 
blunt  pronged  fork.  The  floor  of  the  "tom"  is  covered 
with  sheet-iron,  tin,  or  any  sheet  metal  which  may  be  at 
hand,  to  save  wear  and  tear  of  the  floor.  The  grating 
prevents  the  heavy  stones  and  gravel  from  passing 
through.  The  "long  toms"  are  cleaned  up  periodically, 
and  the  gold  or  amalgam,  in  case  mercury  is  used,  is 
panned  out. 

Sluices  can  be  used  only  where  there  is  an  abundant 
supply  of  water.  Sluices  are  of  two  kinds ;  the  box-sluice, 
which  is  raised  above  the  surface  necessitating  the  rais- 
ing of  pay  dirt  into  them;  the  ground  sluice,  which  is 
generally  sunk  below  the  surface.  The  box-sluice  is  a 
long  wooden  trough  or  a  series  of  troughs,  varying  from 
50  feet  to  several  thousand  feet  in  length.  The  width  is 
never  less  than  12  inches,  nor  more  than  60  inches; 
generally  16  to  18  inches.  The  height  of  the  sides  varies 
from  8  to  12  inches, 

A  sluice  is  made  up  in  sections,  each  from  12  to  14  feet 
long.  Each  section  is  built  of  one  and  an  inch  rough 
plank,  and  one  end  is  made  wider  than  the  other  so  that 


'!■( 


BOOK    FOR    GOLD-SEEKEKS. 


Ud 


the  sections  can  he  fitted  or  telescoped  into  each  other 
as  a  stovepipe  is  made  up.  The  troughs  rest  on  trestles 
and  arc  down  g^rade  all  the  way  from  pay  dirt.  The  slant 
or  incline  varies  from  8  to  i8  inches  for  every  running 
foot  of  trough.  A  fall  of  8  inches  is  called  an  "8-inch 
grade,"  lo  inches  a  lo-inch  grade.  The  shorter  the  sluice 
the  smaller  the  grade  should  be,  as  there  is  more  danger 
or  fine  gold  being  lost  in  a  short  than  in  a  long  sluice. 

The  nature  of  the  ground,  the  supply  of  water  and  the 
character  of  the  material  in  which  the  gold  is  found  must 
determine  the  grade  of  the  sluice.  If  the  clay  is  tough 
and  balls  easily,  the  grade  should  be  steep.  In  general 
it  may  be  said  the  steeper  the  grade  the  more  quickly  the 
dirt  is  dissolved  in  the  water.  lUit  at  the  same  time  the 
force  of  the  water  is  more  likely  to  carry  away  the  fine 
gold. 

Ordinary  pay  dirt  generally  is  completely  dissolved 
in  a  moderately  low  grade  sluice  in  the  first  200  feet  of 
flow.  Any  extra  length  added  to  this  is  useful  only  to 
catch  the  finer  gold.  In  such  case  this  length  is  of  a 
much  lower  grade,  that  is,  less  slanting  than  the  working 
l)art  of  the  sluice.  When  the  incline  of  a  sluice  is  slight 
goUl  is  easily  caught,  and  much  of  it  will  be  caught  on  the 
smooth  floor  of  the  sluice  without  the  aid  of  riffle-bars. 
Where  there  are  plenty  of  stones,  a  number  of  them  may 
be  placed  at  the  mouth  of  each  section  of  a  sluice  to  pre- 
vent the  bottom  from  being  "run  bare." 

Generally,  however,  a  false  bottom  is  used  in  the  sluice, 
designed  not  only  to  catch,  but  to  save  the  wear  and  tear 
on  the  floor  of  the  sluice  itself.  In  California  false  bot- 
toms are  made  of  riflle-bars,  which  run  lengthwise  with 
the  sluice  about  6  feet  long,  3  to  7  inches  wide  and  2  to  4 
inches  thick;  2  sets  for  each  length  of  sluice.    They  are 


I 


114 


THE   CHICAGO    RECORD'S 


I 


kept  in  place  by  oross-]iicocs,  wliicli  wedge  them  (\o\\n 
against  the  side  of  the  tnjugh. 

The  false  bottoms  are  not  nailed  down  to  the  sluice  as 
they  must  be  removed  at  every  cleaning  up.  The  gold 
and  other  heavy  material  fall  through  this  false  floor  sink- 
ing through  the  lighter  material  to  the  box  floor,  ^ 
modification  of  the  false  bottom  is  the  block  and  zig-z 
rit'lles.  1 'alse  bottoms  generally  wear  away  in  a  wx  j  . 
or  less  if  there  is  a  great  (|uantity  of  pebbles  and  boulders 
in  the  pay  dirt. 

Where  such  material  is  handled  it  is  best  to  use  block 
riftles.  The  wood  for  block  riflles  is  cut  across  the  grain 
so  that  the  fibers  stand  upright  in  the  sluice  box,  as  in  the 
tree,  /.ig-zag  ritlles  consist  of  bars  which  arc  nailed  to 
the  bottom  of  the  sluice  at  an  angle  of  45  degrees  to  the 
side,  reaching  diagonally  across  to  within  an  inch  of  the 
other  side.  Such  gold  and  heavy  materials  as  are  not 
completely  caught  in  this  zig-zag  course  arc  caught  with 
a  supplemental  stretch  of  ordinary  longitudinal  riftles. 

A  ground  sluice  is  nothing  more  nor  less  than  a  gutter 
or  ditch  excavated  in  the  ground,  and  it  is  only  used  when 
lumber  cannot  be  obtained  for  making  a  board  sluice  or 
when  the  amount  of  water  available  is  not  sufficient  for 
a  continuous  supply  for  a  bo.x  sluice.  It  sometimes 
happens  that  a  heavy  fall  of  rain  will  furnish  a  head  of 
water  for  a  short  time,  but  not  long  enough  to  pay  for 
building  a  box  sluice.  I'nder  such  conditions  the  miner 
resorts  to  the  ground  sluice,  provided  he  has  enough 
fall  and  outlet  for  the  tailings. 

A  ground  sluice  will  use  up  6  times  as  much  water  as  a 
box  sluice  to  do  the  same  amount  of  work.  The  gutter 
is  formed  partly  by  taking  the  stream  through  it,  assisted 
by  loosening  the  earth  with  a  pick;  when  the  gutter  is 
made  the  pay  dirt  is  eitFier  washed  into  it  by  the  stream  it- 


BOOK    FOR    OOLD-SKEKERS. 


115 


self  or  carried  by  tlic  miners.  If  the  miner  is  fortunate 
enoii}::^li  to  have  a  hard  and  uneven  l)ed  rock  for  the  bot- 
tom of  his  ground  shiice.  the  rouj^h  floor  will  be  enoujiih. 
in  itself,  to  hold  the  fjjold.  but  i)oulders  and  heavy  stotu-. 
too  larjje  to  be  moved  by  the  water,  ean  be  thrown  in  hap- 
hazard on  the  bottom  of  the  p^round  sluice  to  take  ihe 
])lace  of  riftle-bar;.     Of  course  no  mercury  is  used. 

The  process  of  deaninj:^  u])  a  tjround  sluice  is  started  l)y 
divertintj  the  water  from  the  channel.  Then  the  jj;old 
with  its  sand  is  collected  and  is  panned  out  or  else  washed 
Ihrouj^h  a  cradle  or  a  "lon<^  tom."  or  a  short  bo\-s!uice. 

Kiflle-bars.  boulders  and  bl  iikets  will  catch  a  larj^e 
pcrcentaf^e  of  jjold  in  pay  ciut;  probably  all  of  the  heavy 
part  of  .c^old.  but  a  larc^c  amouii'  of  fine  ,G:*)ld  would  es- 
cape were  it  not  for  the  use  of  mercury.  Mercury  acts 
upon  <Told  as  a  majjuel  does  u])on  iron.  Mercury  in  the 
l)resence  of  j^old  foims  an  amal.t;"am.  It  is  used  in  sluices 
in  various  ways.  When  zij^^-zagf  riftlc-bars  are  used,  a 
vessel  containinpf  (|uicksilver  is  jdaced  near  the  head 
of  the  sluice.  A  tiny  hole  in  the  vessel  permits  the  mer- 
cury to  escape  in  minute  jiortions.  It  trickles  down  from 
riflle  to  riflle,  overtakes  the  gold  and  forms  an  amalgam. 
which  is  caught  in  the  longitudinal  riffles  near  the  end  of 
the  sluices, 

in  the  ordinary  sluice,  where  the  rit'lle-bars  arc  placed 
lengthwise,  mercury  is  poured  in  at  the  head  of  tlie  sluice 
about  two  hours  after  the  washing  is  started.  The  mer- 
cury finds  its  way  down  slowly,  but  remains  generally 
in  the  upper  bo.xcs.  On  this  account  small  portions  are 
introduced  at  intervals  lower  down ;  the  amount  being  in- 
creased according  to  the  amount  of  fine  gold  present. 

Where  the  gold  is  exceedingly  fine  cop])er  plates  are 
used.  A  ])late  will  measure  3  feet  wide  and  6  feet  long, 
and  sometimes  the  stream  is  divided  and  carried  over 


I      ' 


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Is 


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THE  CHICAGO   RECORDS 


!i 


several  plates.  The  plate  is  placed  nearly  level  and  at  a 
j?o()(l  distance  from  the  head  of  the  sluice,  as  it  is  usetl 
only  for  catchinp^  the  finest  p;oU\  dust.  A  sheet-iron 
screen,  perforate<l  with  slits  one-half  inch  loufj^  and  a 
sixteenth  of  an  nch  wide,  is  i)laced  in  front  <>f  the  copper 
plate,  so  that  oidy  the  finest  particles  of  gold  will  pass 
over  the  plate. 

The  copper  is  amalgamated  as  follows:  A  weak  nilric 
acid  is  washed  over  tlie  upper  surface,  and  then  some 
mercury,  which  has  been  treated  with  dilute  nitric  acid  to 
form  a  little  nitrate  of  mercury,  is  applied  on  the  surface 
of  the  copper.  If  this  amalgamation  is  well  performed 
once  it  need  not  be  repeated,  as  it  will  only  re(|uire  some 
fresh  mercury  to  be  dropped  on  it  as  fast  as  the  gold  con- 
verts it  into  amalgam,  'f  he  flow  of  water  should  be  slow 
and  shallow  so  that  every  l)it  of  gold  can  come  in  con- 
tact with  the  face  of  the  plate. 

Sometimes  a  newly  amalgamated  plate  becomes  C(jaled 
with  a  green  slime  (due  to  the  formation  of  subsalls  of 
copper),  and  then  is  incapable  of  absorbing  the  gold. 
This  slime  must  be  scraped  off  carefully,  and  the  scrai)cd 
spots  must  be  rubbed  with  fresh  mercury.  To  remove 
the  amalgam,  the  i)late  is  taken  up  and  heated  to  a  degree 
which  will  make  the  cop])er  plate  uncomfortably  warm. 
This  will  soften  and  loosen  the  amalgam,  which  then  can 
be  easily  scraped  off.  The  coj^per  is  then  allowed  to  cool 
and  again  is  rubbed  with  a  little  ordinary  mercury.  The 
copper  should  not  be  less  than  one-sixteenth  of  an  inch 
thick,  and  as  the  mercury  makes  it  brittle  as  glass  it  must 
be  handled  with  considerable  care. 

The  process  of  cleaning  of  gold,  mercury  and  amalgam 
caught  in  a  sluice  is  as  follows:  Cleaning  up  generally 
is  effected  after  every  6  or  7  days'  run.  The  miner,  when 
he  is  ready  to  clean  up,  stoi)s  feeding  in  pay  dirt,  but  lets 


BOOK  FOK    GOLU-SliEKEKS. 


117 


tlif  uatiT  ruti  through  tlu*  sluice  boxes  until  it  comes  out 
in  a  clear  stream,  lle^iimiiij.,'  at  the  head  of  the  sluice  the 
fust  5  or  f>  sets  of  ril'tle-hars  are  lifted  out  of  the  boxes. 
Some  of  the  dirt  will  be  dislodj^ed.  This  is  washed  down 
iiUo  the  next  set  of  boxes  and  the  n.ass  of  heavy  j^old.  and 
black  sand  and  day,  or  otiier  materials  caught  in  the  first 
set  of  boxes,  is  scraped  out  with  a  spoon.  The  next  sets 
then  are  treated  the  same  way  and  so  on  mitil  the  eml  of 
the  sluice. 

The  amalj^am  and  mercur\  taken  out  are  placed  in  a 
buckskin  or  canvas  baj^,  where  it  i;?  subjected  to  pres- 
sure; cither  squeezed  between  the  hands  or  jjlaced  under 
a  weight.  The  excess  of  mercury  will  be  forced  through 
the  pores  o[  buckskin  or  canvas  into  a  vessel  placed  be- 
neath to  catch  it.  The  amalgam  remaining  is  sponge- 
like  in  texture  and  is  largely  ])ure  gold.  The  gold  is 
separated  from  the  amalgam  and  the  mercury  by  plac- 
ing the  amalgam  in  a  retort  and  subjecting  it  to  the  heat. 

The  California  pmnp  was  used  with  great  success  by 
placer  miners  in  the  gc^lden  state.  It  is  what  n'  'it  be 
called  a  chain  puni]).  A  rectangular  box  lo  inches  wide 
and  3  inches  high  inside  measurement,  and  from  lo  to  30 
feet  long,  is  traversed  by  an  endless  flexible  belt  or  band 
of  cativas.  On  one  side  of  the  belt  pieces  of  wood,  just 
enough  smaller  than  the  inside  of  the  box  to  permit  clear- 
ance, are  nailed  to  the  canvas.  At  the  lower  end  of  the 
box.  which  dipjied  into  the  water,  is  a  roller  around  which 
the  belt  passes.  At  the  upper  end  the  belt  passes  around 
a  second  roller  or  drum,  which  is  made  to  revoke  i)\  a 
crank. 

The  faces  of  the  blocks,  which  are  called  buckets  or 
suckers,  are  covered  with  leather  which  ])rojects  some- 
what beyond  the  edges  of  the  wood.  In  operation  the 
miner  causes  the  drum  at  the  upper  end  of  the  box  io  re- 


L-       '■ 


.''<     i; 


^h 


118 


THE    CHICAGO    HECOUDS 


volvf.  This  puts  the  canvas  bdt  in  motion  and  the 
hm-kets.  i-atohiiij,^  the  water  of  the  stream,  carry  it  up 
tlin»uj;h  the  water-box.  einj)t\  inj;i:  it  out  into  tlie  reservoir 
or  cradle,  "lonj;  toin"  or  short  hox-shiicc.  Such  pumps 
are  cxccechnj^dy  useful  where  the  gold-hcaringj  earth  is 
iii},di  up  on  the  banks  of  a  ravine  or  in  the  side  of  a  gulch. 


w^W 


BOOK    Foil   GOLD-SEEKEUy. 


]l!i 


CHAITRR  VII. 

UNITED  STATES  MINING  LAWS. 


tj* 


2 

M 

^— •-< 


LAX  I)  district  of  AIa>ka  was  created 
I»y  act  (A  congress  Ma\  17.  1SS4.  and 
till'  land  coiinuissiitiu'r  was  made  cx- 
ofilicio  rcf^'istiT  of  llic  land  uf"ticc:aiid 
llic  marshal  of  the  li.strict  was  made 
e.\-ofticio  surveynr-j^eneral  of  tiie 
district.  That  portion  of  the  act  pro- 
viding,^ a  civil  }4;overnment  in  Alaska, 
which  is  of  direct  interest  to  gold  seekers  in  Alaska,  reads 
as  follows: 

"Sec.  iS.  That  the  said  district  of  Alaska  is  hereby  cre- 
ated a  land  district,  and  a  L'nited  States  land  oftice  for 
said  district  is  hereby  located  at  Sitka.  The  commissioner 
provided  for  by  this  act  to  reside  at  Sitka  shall  be  e.\-ot"ti- 
cio  register  of  said  land  oftice.  and  the  clerk  provided  for 
by  this  act  shall  be  ex-officio  receiver  of  ])nblic  moneys, 
and  the  marshal  provided  for  by  tliis  act  shall  be  cx-officio 
surveyor-general  of  said  district,  and  the  laws  of  the 
United  S^'ites  relating  to  mining  claims,  and  the  rigiits 
incident  thereto,  shall,  from  and  after  the  passage  of  this 
act,  be  in  full  force  and  etTect  in  said  district,  under  the 
administration  thereof  herein  provided  for,  subject  to 
such  regulations  as  may  be  made  by  the  secretary  of  the 
interior,  approved  by  the  president:  Provided,  That  the 
Indians  or  other  persons  in  said  district  shall  not  be  dis- 
turbed in  the  possession  of  an\-  lands  actually  in  their  use 
or  occupation  or  now  claimed  b\    them,  but  the  terms 

under  which  such  persons  may  ac(juire  title  to  such  lands 
8 


'^    :ill 


n 


120 


THE   CHICAGO  RECORD'S 


,tf 


is  reserved  for  future  legislation  by  congress:  And  pro- 
vided further.  That  parties  who  have  located  mines  or 
mineral  privileges  therein  under  the  laws  of  the  United 
States  applicable  to  the  public  domain,  or  who  have  oc- 
cupied and  improved  or  exercised  acts  of  ownership  over 
such  claims,  shall  not  be  disturbed  therein,  but  shall  be 
allowed  to  perfect  their  title  to  such  claims  by  payment 
as  aforesaid:  And  provided  also,  That  the  lind  not  ex- 
ceeding six  hundred  and  forty  acres  at  any  stai!on  now 
occupied  as  missionary  stations  among  the  Indian  tribes 
in  said  section,  with  the  improvements  thereon  erected 
by  or  for  such  societies,  shall  be  continued  in  the  occu- 
pancy of  the  several  religious  societies  to  which  said  mis- 
sionary stations  respectively  belong  until  actijn  by 
congress,  i'ut  nothing  contained  in  this  act  shall  be  con- 
strued to  put  in  force  in  said  district  the  general  laws  of 
the  United  States." 

Land  office  regulations  providing  for  the  administra- 
tion of  the  mining  laws,  as  prescribed  by  the  regulations 
of  the  land  office,  will  be  adopted  for  and  extended  to 
Alaska  as  far  as  ai)plicable. 

Under  section  2318  of  the  United  States  law,  all  lands, 
valuable  for  minerals,  are  reserved  from  sale,  except  as 
otherwise  expressly  directed  by  law. 

License  to  explore,  occupy  and  purchase  mineral  lands 
is  authorized  as  follows: 

"Sec.  2319.  All  valuable  mineral  deposits  in  lands  be- 
longing to  the  I'nited  States,  both  surveyed  and  unsur- 
veyed,  are  hereby  declared  to  be  free  and  open  to  explora- 
tion and  purchase,  and  the  lands  in  which  they  are  found 
to  occupation  and  purchase,  by  citizens  of  the  United 
States  and  those  who  have  declared  their  intention  to  be- 
come such,  under  regulations  prescribed  by  law.  and  ac- 
cording to  the  local  customs  or  rules  of  miners  in  the 


BOOK   FOR   GOLD-SEEKERS. 


121 


several  mining  districts,  so  far  as  the  same  are  applicable 
and  not  inconsistent  with  the  laws  of  the  United  States." 
Locators  must  show  proof  of  citizenship  or  an  inten- 
tion to  become  citizens.  This  may  be  done  as  provided 
in  the  following  section: 

"Sec.  2321.  Proof  of  citizenship,  under  this  chapter, 
may  consist,  in  the  case  of  an  individual,  of  his  own  aflfi- 
davit  thereof;  in  the  case  of  an  association  of  persons 
unincorporated,  of  the  affidavit  of  their  authorized  agent, 
made  on  his  own  knowledge,  or  upon  information  and  be- 
lief; and  in  the  case  of  a  corporation  organized  under  the 
laws  of  the  I'nited  States,  ot  of  any  state  or  territory 
thereof,  by  the  filing  of  a  certified  coj^y  of  their  charter  or 
certificate  of  incorporation." 

The  Sujireme  Court  of  the  I'nited  States  has  defined 
the  term  "placer  claim"  as  "Ground  within  defined  boun- 
daries which  contains  mineral  in  its  earth,  sand  or  gravel; 
ground  that  includes  valuable  deposits  not  in  place,  that 
is,  not  fixed  in  rock,  but  which  are  in  a  loose  state,  and 
may  in  most  cases  be  collected  by  washing  or  amalgama- 
tion without  milling." 

The  section  relating  to  "j)lacer  claims"  defines  "placer" 
as  follows: 

"Section  2329.  Claims  usually  called  'placer.'  including 
all  forms  of  deposits,  excepting  veins  of  (piartz.  or  t)ther 
rock  in  place,  shall  be  subject  to  entry  and  patent,  under 
like  circumstances  and  conditions,  and  upon  similar  pro- 
ceedings, as  are  i)rovided  for  vein  or  lode  claims;  but 
where  the  lands  have  been  previously  surveyed  by  the 
United  States,  the  entry  in  its  exterior  limits  shall  con- 
form to  the  legal  subdivisions  of  the  public  lands." 

In  locating  "placer  claims"  the  law  provides  that  no 
location  of  such  claim  upon  surveyed  ground  shall  in- 
clude more  than  twentv  acres  for  each  individual  claini- 


•I                 '''I 

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Mr. 


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122 


THE   CHICAGO   RECORDS 


ant.  The  Supreme  Court,  however,  has  held  that  one 
individual  can  hold  as  many  locations  as  he  can  purchase 
and  rely  upon  his  possessory  title ;  that  a  separate  patent 
for  each  location  is  unnecessary.  The  United  States  bvv 
relating  to  placer  claims  reads  as  follows: 

"Section  2329.  Claims  usually  called  'placer,'  including 
ing  all  forms  of  deposit,  excepting  veins  of  quartz,  or 
other  rock  in  place,  shall  be  subject  to  entry  and  patent, 
under  like  circumstances  and  conditions,  and  upon  sim- 
ilar proceedings,  as  are  provided  for  vein  or  lode  claims; 
but  where  the  lands  have  been  previously  surveyed  by 
the  United  States,  the  entry  in  its  exterior  limits  shall 
conform  to  the  legal  subdivisions  of  the  public  lands." 

"Section  2330.  Legal  subdivisions  of  forty  acres  may 
be  subdivided  into  ten-acre  tracts ;  and  two  o*  more  per- 
sons, or  associations  of  persons,  having  contiguous 
claims  of  any  size,  although  such  claims  may  be  less  than 
ten  acres  each,  may  make  joint  entry  thereof;  but  no 
location  of  a  placer-claim,  made  after  the  ninth  day  of 
July,  eighteen  hundred  and  seventy,  shall  exceed  one 
hundred  and  sixty  acres  for  any  one  person  or  associa- 
tion of  persons,  which  location  shall  conform  to  the 
United  States  surveys;  and  nothing  in  this  section  con- 
tained shall  defeat  or  impair  any  bona  fide  pre-emption 
or  homestead  claim  upon  agricultural  lands,  or  author- 
ize the  sale  of  the  improvements  of  any  bona  fide  settler 
to  any  purchaser." 

"Section  2331.  Where  placer-claims  are  upon  sur- 
veyed lands,  and  conform  to  legal  subdivisions,  no  further 
survey  or  plat  shall  be  rccjuired,  and  all  ")lacer-mining 
claims  located  after  the  tenth  day  of  May,  vghteen  hun- 
dred and  seventy-two,  shall  conform  as  near  as  prac- 
ticable with  the  United  States  system  of  public-land  sur- 
veys, and  the  rectangular  subdivisions  of  such  surveys, 


BOOK    FOR    GOLD-SEEKERS. 


128 


and  no  such  location  shall  include  more  than  twenty  acres 
for  each  individual  claimant;  but  where  placer-claims 
can  not  be  conformed  to  leji^al  suudivisions,  survey  and 
plat  shall  be  made  as  on  unsurveyed  lands;  and  where 
by  the  segregation  of  mineral  lands  in  any  legal  subdi- 
vision a  (juantity  of  agricultural  land  less  than  forty  acres 
remains,  such  fractional  portions  of  agricultural  land  may 
be  entered  by  any  party  qualified  by  law,  for  homestead 
or  pre-emption  purposes." 

The  following  section  relates  to  the  application  for  a 
patent  for  lode  and  placer  claims: 

"Section  2335.  A  patent  for  any  land  claimed  and 
located  for  valuable  de]M)sits  may  be  obtained  in  the  fol- 
lowing manner:  Any  person,  association,  or  corporation 
authorized  to  locate  a  claim  under  this  chapter,  having 
claimed  and  located  a  piece  of  land  for  such  purposes, 
who  has.  or  have,  complied  with  the  terms  of  this  chap- 
ter, may  file  in  the  proper  land-ofificc  an  application  for 
a  patent,  luider  oath,  showing  such  compliance,  together 
with  a  plat  and  field-notes  of  the  claim  or  claims  in  com- 
mon, made  by  or  under  the  direction  of  the  I'^nited  States 
surveyor-general,  showing  accurately  the  boundaries  of 
the  claim  or  claims,  which  shall  be  distinctly  marked  by 
monuments  on  the  ground,  and  shall  post  a  copy  of  such 
plat,  together  with  a  notice  of  such  application  for  a 
])atcnt,  in  a  conspicuous  j^Iace  on  the  land  embraced  in 
such  plat  previous  to  the  filing  of  the  application  for  a 
patent,  and  shall  file  an  affidavit  of  at  least  two  persons 
that  such  notice  has  been  duly  posted,  and  shall  file  a 
copy  of  the  notice  in  such  land  office,  and  shall  thereupon 
be  entitled  to  a  patent  for  the  land  in  the  manner  follow- 
ing: The  register  of  the  land  office,  upon  the  filing  of 
such  application,  plat,  field  notes,  notices,  and  affidavits, 
shall  publish  a  notice  that  such  application  has  been 


m 


II 


li 


124 


THE   CHICAGO   RECORDS 


m 


li ;  '■  ■         • .  j 


made,  for  the  period  of  sixty  days,  in  a  newspaper  to  be 
by  him  designated  as  published  nearest  to  such  claim; 
and  he  shall  also  post  such  notice  in  his  office  for  the 
same  period.  The  claimant  at  the  time  of  filing  this 
application,  or  at  any  time  thereafter,  within  the  sixty 
days  of  publication,  shall  file  with  the  register  a  certifi- 
cate of  the  United  States  surveyor-general  that  five  hun- 
dred dollars'  worth  of  labor  has  been  expended  or  im- 
provements made  upon  the  claim  by  himself  or  grantors; 
that  the  plat  is  correct,  with  such  further  description  by 
such  reference  to  natural  objects  or  permanent  monu- 
ments as  shall  identify  the  claim,  and  furnish  an  accurate 
description,  to  be  incorporated  in  the  patent.  At  the 
expiration  of  the  sixty  days  of  publication  the  claimant 
shall  file  his  affidavit,  showing  that  the  plat  and  notice 
have  been  posted  in  a  conspicuous  place  on  the  claim  dur- 
ing such  period  of  publication.  If  no  adverse  claim  shall 
have  been  filed  with  the  register  and  the  receiver  of  the 
proper  land-office  at  the  expiration  of  the  sixty  days  of 
publication,  it  shall  be  assumed  that  the  applicant  is 
entitled  to  a  patent,  upon  the  payment  to  the  proper  offi- 
cer of  five  dollars  per  acre,  and  that  no  adverse  claim 
exists:  and  thereafter  no  objection  from  third  parties 
to  the  issuance  of  a  patent  shall  be  heard,  except  it  be 
shown  that  the  applicant  has  failed  to  comply  with  the 
terms  of  this  chapter." 

Locators  on  placer  claims  which  contain  lodes  are 
brought  within  the  provisions  of  the  following  section: 

"Section  2333.  Where  the  same  person,  association, 
or  corporation  is  in  possession  of  a  placer  claim,  and  also 
a  vein  or  lode  included  within  the  boundaries  thereof, 
application  shall  be  made  for  a  patent  for  the  placer  claim, 
with  the  statement  that  it  includes  such  vein  or  lode,  and 
in  such  case  a  patent  shall  issue  for  a  placer  claim,  sub- 


BOOK    FOR   GOLD-SEEKERS. 


126 


ject  to  the  provisions  of  this  chapter,  including  such  vein 
or  lode,  upon  the  payment  of  five  dollars  per  acre  for 
such  vein  or  lode  claim,  and  twenty-five  feet  of  surface 
on  each  side  thereof.  The  remainder  of  the  placer  claim, 
or  any  placer  claim  not  embracing  any  vein  or  lode  claim, 
shall  be  paid  for  at  the  rate  of  two  dollars  and  fifty  cents 
per  acre,  together  with  all  costs  of  proceedings;  and 
where  a  vein  or  lode,  such  as  is  described  in  section 
2320  is  known  to  exist  within  the  boundaries  of  a  placer 
claim,  an  application  for  a  patent  for  such  placer  claim 
which  docs  not  include  an  application  for  the  vein  or  lode 
claim  shall  be  construed  as  a  conclusive  declaration  that 
the  claimant  of '  le  placer  claim  has  no  right  of  possession 
of  the  vein  or  lode  claim;  but  where  the  existence  of  a 
vein  or  lode  in  a  placer  claim  is  not  known,  a  patent 
for  the  placer  claim  shall  convey  all  valuable  mineral  and 
other  deposits  within  the  boundaries  thereof." 

The  land  office  regulations  relating  to  placer  claims 
containing  lodes  read  as  follows: 

"Applicants  for  patent  to  a  placer  claim  who  are  also 
in  possession  of  a  known  vein  or  lode  included  therein 
must  state  in  their  application  that  the  placer  includes 
such  vein  or  lode.  The  published  and  posted  notices 
must  also  include  such  statement.  If  veins  or  lodes  lying 
within  a  placer  location  arc  owned  by  other  parties  the 
fact  should  be  distinctly  stated  in  the  application  for 
patent  and  in  all  the  notices.  But  in  all  cases  whether 
the  lode  is  claimed  or  excluded,  it  must  be  surveyed  and 
marked  upon  the  plat;  the  field  notes  and  plat  giving  the 
area  of  the  lode  claim  or  claims  and  the  area  of  the  placer 
separately.  It  should  be  remembered  that  an  application 
which  omits  or  includes  an  application  for  a  known  vein 
or  lode  therein,  must  be  construed  as  a  conclusive  decla- 
ration that  the  applicant  has  no  right  of  possession  to 


i 


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It 


126 


THE   CHICAGO   RECORDS 


M\ 


the  vein  or  lode.  Where  there  is  no  known  lode  or  vein 
the  fact  must  appear  by  the  affidavit  of  two  or  more  wit- 
nesses." 

The  section  of  the  United  States  law  relating  to  "lode" 
claims  reads  as  follows: 

"Section  2320.  Mining  claims  upon  veins  or  lodes  of 
quartz  or  other  rock  in  place,  bearing  gold,  silver,  cinna- 
bar, lead,  tin,  copper,  or  other  valuable  deposits  here- 
tofore located,  shall  be  governed  as  to  length  along  the 
vein  or  lode  by  the  customs,  regulations,  and  laws  in  force 
at  the  date  of  their  location.  A  mining  claim  located 
after  the  tenth  day  of  May,  eighteen  hundred  and  seventy- 
two,  whether  located  by  one  or  more  persons,  may  equal, 
but  shall  not  exceed  one  thousand  five  hundred  feet  in 
length  along  the  vein  or  lode;  but  no  location  of  a  mining 
claim  shall  be  made  until  the  discovery  of  the  vein  or  lode 
within  the  limits  of  the  claim  located.  Xo  claim  shall 
extend  more  t'lan  three  hundred  feet  on  each  side  of  the 
middle  of  the  vein  at  the  surface,  nor  shall  any  claim  be 
limited  by  any  mining  regulation  to  less  than  twenty-five 
feet  on  each  side  of  the  middle  of  the  vein  at  the  surface, 
except  where  adverse  rights  existing  on  the  tenth  day  of 
May,  eighteen  hundred  and  seventy-two.  render  such  lim- 
itation necessary.  The  end  lines  of  each  claim  shall  be 
parallel  to  each  other." 

"Section  2^22.  The  locators  of  all  mining  locations 
heretofore  made  or  which  shall  hereafter  be  made,  on  any 
mineral  vein,  lode,  or  ledge,  situated  on  the  public  do- 
main, their  heirs  and  assigns,  where  no  adverse  claim 
exists  on  the  tenth  day  of  May,  eighteen  hundred  and 
seventy-two,  so  long  as  they  comply  with  the  laws  of 
the  United  States,  and  with  state,  territorial,  and  local 
regulations  not  in  conflict  with  the  laws  of  the  United 
States  governing  their  possessory  title,  shall  have  the 


BOOK    B'OR    GOLD-SEEKERS. 


127 


exclusive  rip[ht  of  possession  and  enjoyment  of  all 
the  surface  included  within  the  lines  of  their  loca- 
tions, and  of  all  veins,  lodes,  and  ledges  through- 
out their  entire  depth,  the  top  or  apex  of  which 
lies  inside  of  such  surface  lines  extended  downward  ver- 
tically, although  such  veins,  lodes,  or  ledges  may  so  far 
depart  from  a  perpendicular  in  their  course  downward 
as  to  extend  outside  the  vertical  side  lines  of  such  surface 
locations.  But  their  right  of  possession  to  such  outside 
parts  of  such  veins  or  ledges  shall  be  confined  to  such 
portions  thereof  as  lie  between  vertical  planes  drawn 
downward  as  above  described,  through  the  end  lines  of 
their  locations,  so  continued  in  their  own  direction  that 
such  planes  will  intersect  such  exterior  parts  of  such  veins 
or  ledges.  And  nothing  in  this  section  shall  authorize  the 
locator  or  possessor  of'a  vein  or  lode  which  extends  in 
its  downward  course  beyond  the  vertical  lines  of  his  claim 
to  enter  upon  the  surface  of  a  claim  owned  or  possessed 
by  another." 

The  United  Statec  law  permits  miners  of  each  mining 
district  to  make  regulations  governing  location,  manner 
of  recording,  etc.,  so  long  as  the  rules  and  regulations 
do  not  conflict  with  the  federal  statutes.  The  section  giv- 
ing this  permission  reads  as  follows: 

"Section  2324.  The  miners  of  each  mining  district 
may  make  regulations  not  in  conflict  with  the  laws  of  the 
I'nited  States,  or  with  the  laws  of  the  state  or  territory  in 
which  the  district  is  situated,  governing  the  location, 
manner  of  recording,  amount  of  work  necessary  to  hold 
possession  of  a  mining  claim,  subject  to  the  following 
requirements:  The  location  must  be  distinctly  marked 
on  the  ground,  so  that  its  boundaries  can  be  readily 
traced.  All  records  of  mining  claims  hereafter  made  shall 
contain  the  name  or  names  of  the  locators,  the  date  of 


I  i 


^i-  * 


THE   CHICAGO   RECORD'S 


m 


1  ^ 


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128  

,  „M,  a  description  of  tl,c  claim  or  cla.m? 
0,e  location.  an<l  such  a  clc    r.p  ^^  ^^^  ^_.  p^^„^. 

located  by  reference    oome  na^  >^^  ^^^,,    ,^5 

„ent  motiument  as  w  11  j^"'  »  '      ^j  ,,„,„  hundred  and 
located  after  the  tenth  da>  ol  >  a  .  ^  B  ,  ^,,^^^,„,, 

Uenty-two.  and  nntd  a  patent  h-  been     ^^  ^^^^^^  ^,^^„ 

not  less  than  one  hundred  J"'  "  ;       ,,ch  year. 

be  performed  or  '"Provemen  s  ma  e  g      ^^  ^^^^^ 

On  all  claims  located  ,^r  -  ^-  ^  _,  ,„„,,,  ..orth 

eighteen  hundred  =>">'"'' ™,\-   improvements   made 
of  labor   shall  be   per  orn  ed   oj   u^l^^    ^_^^^^^,^^^,    ^„, 

bv    the    tenth    day    o     3""e.      ^  j^^  ^.^.j,    one 

seventy-ionr,   and  each  yea     the  ^^_^^.^  ^  ^^^^^^ 

hunched  feet  in    enRth  along  te  v      ,       ^^_^^_    ^^^ 
has    been    issued    there  o  u.^^^.^^^^^  ^^^  „^  „,  , 

are  held  in  common,  stic  ^^.^^^^.^  ,^  ^„,„,,,y 

upon  any  o"'"-  ''^"  '  „  ™,tim  or  mine  upon  which  such 
with  these  eoniht.uns.  the  claim  ^.^^^  ,„  ,he  same 

failure  occurred  shal  he  J?^\^^^  .^^  eve,  ".een  made-, 
manner  as  if  no  location  of  the  sa,  ^__^.^^_  ^^^ig^,. 

Provided,  that  "« ;"f' J!^'^,  ",  ^r^umed  .ork  upon  the 
or  legal  representat.ve  .  >-  '=^^°4^„  i„„Uon.  Upon  the 
claim  alter  failure  and  "^  "[^  J^^^„,„  ,„  contribute  h.s 
tailur.  of  any  one  of  sev    al  eo  o      ^^^^^  ^^^^^^^^,^  ^,_^  ^. 

proportion  of  the  e=<pen'>"^"^"/  ,^,,„,  or  made  the  im- 

Lners  «ho  have  P-/"™  ^ j  ^^t  the  year,  give  such 

provements  may.  at  the  eNP"-^'""^  ^„i,i„g  or  notice 

delinquent  co-owner  P"»™  "°;  ",Mished  nearest  the 

•    by  publication  in  "-  'f;^^  ^'^.nety  days,  and  if  at 

claim,  for  at  least  o"«/  ;\f,,  „  ,„cb  notice  in  wrumg 
the  expiration  of  n.ne ty  da  s^a  ^^^^^^^^^  ^^.^  ^^  „,  „ 

tures." 


•cd 


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BOOK   FOR   GOLD-SEEKERS. 


m 


Other  sections  of  the  United  States  law  relating  to 
mines  and  mining  are  as  follows: 

"Section  2^2^.  Where  a  tunnel  is  run  for  the  develop- 
ment of  a  vein  or  lode  or  for  the  discovery  of  mines,  the 
owners  of  such  tunnel  shall  have  the  right  of  possession 
of  all  veins  or  lodes  within  three  thousand  feet  from  the 
face  of  such  tunnel  on  the  line  thereof,  not  previously 
known  to  exist,  discovered  in  such  tunnel,  to  the  same 
extent  as  if  discovered  from  the  surface;  and  locations  on 
the  line  of  such  tunnels  of  veins  or  lodes,  not  appearing 
on  the  surface,  made  by  other  parties  after  the  com- 
mencement of  the  tunnel,  and  while  the  same  is  being 
prosecuted  with  reasonable  diligence,  shall  be  invalid; 
but  failure  to  prosecute  the  work  on  the  tunnel  for  six 
months  shall  be  considered  as  an  abandonment  of  the 
right  to  all  undiscovered  veins  on  the  line  of  such  tunnel." 

"Section  2332.  Where  such  person  or  association, 
they  and  their  grantors,  have  held  and  worked  their 
claims  for  a  period  ecpial  to  the  time  prescribed  by  the 
statute  of  limitations  for  mining  claims  of  the  state  or 
territory  where  the  same  may  be  situated,  evidence  of 
such  possession  and  working  of  the  claims  for  such  period 
shall  be  sufficient  to  establish  a  right  to  a  patent  thereto 
under  this  chapter,  in  the  absence  of  any  adverse  claim; 
but  nothing  in  this  chapter  sliall  be  deemed  to  impair 
any  lien  which  may  have  attached  in  any  way  w'hatever 
to  any  mining  claim  or  property  thereto  attached  prior 
to  the  issuance  of  a  patent." 

"Section  2326.  Where  an  adverse  claim  is  filed  dur- 
ing the  period  of  publication,  it  shall  be  upon  oath  of  the 
person  or  persons  making  the  same,  and  shall  show  the 
nature,  boundaries,  and  extent  of  such  adverse  claim,  and 
all  proceedings,  except  the  publication  of  notice  and  mak- 
ing and  filing  of  the  affidavit  thereof,  shall  be  stayed 


I 


V      »\^'$ 


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m    : 


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I 


132 


THE   CHICAGO   RECORD'S 


until  the  controversy  sliall  have  been  settled  or  decided 
by  a  court  of  competent  jurjstHction,  or  the  adverse 
claim  waived.  It  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  adverse  claim- 
ant, within  thirty  days  after  filinp  his  claim,  to  com- 
mence proceedings  in  a  court  of  competent  jurisdiction, 
to  determine  the  question  of  the  right  of  possession,  and 
prosecute  the  same  with  reasonable  diligence  to  final 
judgment;  and  a  failure  so  to  do  shall  be  a  waiver  of  his 
adverse  claim.  After  such  judgment  shall  have  been  ren- 
dered the  party  entitled  to  the  possession  of  the  claim, 
or  any  portion  thereof,  may,  without  giving  further  no- 
tice, file  a  certified  copy  of  the  judgment-roll  with  the 
register  of  the  land  office,  together  with  the  certificate 
of  the  surveyor  general  that  the  ref|uisite  amount  of  labor 
has  been  expended  or  im])rovements  made  thereon,  and 
the  descri])tion  rec|uired  in  other  cases,  and  shall  ])ay  to 
the  receiver  five  dollars  per  acre  for  his  claim,  together 
with  the  ])roper  fees,  whereupon  the  whole  proceedings 
and  the  judgment-roll  shall  be  certified  by  the  register  to 
the  commissioner  of  the  general  land  office,  and  a  patent 
shall  issue  thereon  for  the  claim,  or  such  portion  thereof 
as  the  applicant  shall  appear,  froT  the  decision  of  the 
court,  to  rightly  possess.  If  it  appeal  •;  from  the  decision 
of  the  court  that  several  parties  iirc  entitled  to  separate 
and  different  portions  of  the  claitLi,  each  party  may  pay  for 
his  portion  of  the  claim  with  the  proper  fees  and  file  the 
certificate  and  description  by  the  surveyor  general,  where- 
upon the  register  shall  certify  the  proceedings  and  judg- 
ment-roll to  the  commissioner  of  the  general  land  office, 
as  in  the  preceding  case,  and  patents  shall  issue  to  the 
several  parties  according  to  their  respective  rights.  Noth- 
ing herein  contained  shall  be  construed  to  prevent  the 
alienation  of  a  title  conveyed  by  a  patent  for  a  mining 
claim  to  any  person  whatever," 


BOOK    FOR   UOLD-SEEKERS.  ViH 

CHAPTER  \1II. 
CANADIAN  MINING  LAWS. 

IXERS  in  the  Klondike  rej^ion  must 
pay  the  Canachan  goverinnent  an  en- 
try fee  of  $15  for  tlie  first  year,  and 
an  annual  fee  of  $100  for  each  of  the 
following  years.  Xo  miner  will  re- 
ceive a  ijrant  for  more  than  one  min- 
ing claim  in  the  same  locality,  but 
the  same  miner  may  hold  any  num- 
ber (jf  claims  by  purchase. 

The  Dominion  govcrmiient  ])ro- 
poses  to  charge  a  royalty  for  the  use  of  its  land  by  gold 
miners.  This  royalty  will  amount  to  10  per  cent  on  all 
amounts  taken  out  of  any  one  claim  up  to  $500  a  week, 
and  over  that  output  20  per  cent.  The  royalty  will  be 
collected  on  gold  taken  from  streams  already  being 
worked,  but  in  regard  to  all  future  discoveries,  the  govern- 
ment proposes  that  upon  every  river  and  creek  where 
mining  locations  shall  be  staked  out,  every  alternate  claim 
shall  be  the  property  of  the  crown. 

The  regulations  governing  placer  mining  along  the 
Yukon  river  and  its  tributaries  in  the  .\orthwest  terri- 
tory, adopted  by  the  Canadian  government,  are  as  fol- 
lows: 

DEMXITKJXS: 

BAR  DIGGIXGS  shall  mean  any  part  of  a  river  over 
which  the  water  extends  when  the  water  is  in  its  Hooded 
state,  and  which  is  not  covered  at  low  water. 


'   '; 


Mm 


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134 


THE   CHICAGO    RECORD'S 


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MIXES  ON  HEXCllKS  shall  be  known  as  bench 
cligj^ings,  and  shall  for  the  ])iirpose  of  defining  the 
size  of  such  claims  be  excepted  from  dry  dij^f^injLifs. 

DRV  1)1(1(11  \(1S  shall  mean  any  mine  over  winch 
a  river  never  extends. 

IMIXICR  shall  mean  a  male  or  female  over  the  age  of 
i8,  but  not  tmder  that  age. 

CLAIM.S  shall  mean  the  personal  right  of  i)roperty  in 
a  placer  mine  or  diggings  during  the  time  for  which  the 
grant  of  such  mine  or  diggings  is  inadi'. 

LI'".(I.\L  l'()S'r  shall  mean  a  stake  standing  not  less 
than  four  feet  ai)ovc  the  ground  and  stpiared  on  four 
sides  for  at  least  one  foot  from  the  top.,  lioth  sides  so 
S(piare(l  shall  measure  at  least  four  inches  across  the  face. 
It  shall  also  mean  any  stani])  or  tree  cut  off  and  squared 
or  faced  to  the  above  height  and  size. 

CEO.Sh:  SEASO.X  shall  mean  the  i)erio<l  of  the  year 
during  which  placer  mining  is  generally  suspended.  The 
period  to  be  fixed  by  the  gold  commissioner  in  whose 
district  the  claim  is  situated. 

I^OCALl'i'N'  shall  mean  the  territory  along  a  river 
(tributary  of  tlu'  ^'ukon).  and  its  attluents. 

iMlNT'lRAL  shall  inchule  all  minerals  whatsoever  other 
than  coal. 


XATl'Rl-:  AXl)  .^IZh:  ( )!•  (LAI. MS. 

FIRST — P.ar  diggings:  A  strip  of  land  hk)  feet  wide 
at  high  watermark  and  thence  extending  along  into  the 
river  to  its  lowest  water  li'vel. 

SK('(  ).\1) — TI'.c  sides  of  a  claim  for  bar  diggings  shall 
be  two  parallel  lines  rtui  as  ni\-u-|y  as  possible  at  right 
angles  to  the  stream  and  shall  ])v  marked  by  four  legal 
posts,  one  at  each  end  of  the  claim  at  or  aboiU  high  water- 


HOOK    FOR    GOLD-SEEKEUS. 


18b 


mark,  also  one  Ti  each  cnil  of  the  claim  at  or  about  the 
vd^L'  of  the  water.  Otic  of  the  posts  at  hij^h  watermark 
shall  be  lej^ibly  marked  with  the  name  of  the  miner  and 
the  (late  upon  which  the  claim  is  staked. 

'I'lilkD — Dry  (li.l;^in^^s  shall  be  HX)  feet  s(|uare  and 
shall  have  plact'd  at  t'ach  of  its  four  corners  a  lej;al  post, 
up(Ui  one  of  which  shall  be  lei^ibly  marked  the  name  oi 
the  miner  and  the  date  upon  which  the  claim  was  staked. 

J-'OIRTI  I— (reek  and  river  claims  siiall  be  500  feet 
lon}^',  measured  in  direction  of  the  {general  course  of  the 
stream,  and  sh;dl  extend  in  width  from  base  to  base  (A 
the  hill  or  bi'ucli  on  each  side,  but  when  the  hill  or 
benches  are  less  than  km)  {vv\  apart,  the  claim  ina\  be 
100  feet  in  dipth.  'ihe  sides  of  a  claim  shall  be  two 
parallel  lines  run  as  nearly  as  possible  at  ri^dit  ant^les  to 
the  stri'am.  The  sides  sh.all  \n'  marked  with  lej^al  i)osts 
at  or  about  the  (•dj^e  of  the  \\;iter,  and  at  tin-  ri'ar  boun- 
daries of  the  cl.'iim.  (  )iu'  of  the  lej^al  posts  at  the  stream 
shall  be  lej^ibly  marked  with,  the  name  of  the  miner  and 
the  date  upon  which  the  claim  was  staked. 

N'ote. — 'ihe  re^M'iatioii  relatinj,^  to  the  lenj^th  of  a 
claim  was  ainendcd  .Xutj.  8,  by  the  dominion  government: 
the  new  re.t;ulaiioii  limits  the  length  of  a  claim  to  100 
feet,  runuin^  alon^'  the  strt;iin. 

i'"II'"ril      i'.ei'.'h  claims  sliall  be   icxi  fi'et  s(|uare. 

!^IX'ril — In  dcfinini;  the  si/r  of  cl;iinis.  they  sh;ill  be 
me.asurccl  horizontally,  irresprctive  of  inequalities  on  the 
surface  of  the  groiuul. 

.Si""A'|"'.\  ril  —  If  any  person  or  pi'rsons  shall  discover 
a  ni'w  mine,  and  such  disc(»very  shall  be  established  to 
the  satisfaction  of  ll'.'  i;<)ld  conunissioner,  a  claim  for  tlie 
bar  diggings  750  feet  in  !en<;-tli  ma\  \n'  grante<l. 

A  ni'W  stratum  of  am-iferous  earth  or  gravel  situated  in 
a  locality  ulu're  the  claims  are  abauiloned  shall,  for  this 


136 


THE  CHICAGO   RECORD'S 


purpose,  be  deemed  a  new  mine,  although  the  same  lo- 
cahty  shall  have  previously  been  worked  at  a  different 
level. 

EIGHTH — The  forms  of  application  for  a  grant  for 
placer  mining  and  the  grant  of  the  same  shall  be  those 
contained  in  forms  "H"  and  "I"  in  the  schedule  hereto. 

NIXTH — A  claim  sliall  be  recorded  with  the  gold  com- 
missioner in  whose  district  it  is  situated  within  three 
days  after  the  location  thereof,  if  it  is  located  within  ten 
miles  of  the  commissioner's  office.  One  extra  day  shall 
be  allowed  for  making  such  record  for  every  additional 
ten  miles  and  fraction  thereof. 

TEXTH — In  the  event  of  the  absence  of  the  gold 
connnissioner  from  his  office,  entry  for  a  claim  may  be 
granted  by  any  person  whom  he  may  a])point  to  perform 
his  duties  in  his  absence. 

ELEX'EXTH — Entry  shall  not  be  granted  for  a  laim 
which  has  not  been  staked  by  the  applicant  in  person,  in 
the  manner  specified  in  these  regulations.  An  affidavit 
that  the  claim  was  staked  out  by  the  applicant  shall  be 
embodied  in  form  "il"  of  the  schedule  hereto. 

TWELl'TH— An  entry  f.-e  of  $15  shall  be  charged  the 
first  year  and  an  annual  fee  of  $100  for  each  of  the  follow- 
ing years.  This  provision  shall  apply  to  the  locations  for 
which  entries  have  already  been  granted. 

Til  IRTEEXTH— After  the  recording  of  a  claim,  the 
removal  of  any  post  by  the  holder  thereof,  or  any  person 
acting  in  his  belialf,  for  the  purpose  of  changing  the  boun- 
daries of  his  claim,  shall  act  as  a  forfeiture  of  the  claim. 

l"Ol'RTl<:i:Xl  H— The  entry  of  every  holder  for  a 
grant  for  ])lacer  mining  must  be  renewed,  and  his  receipt 
relim|uishe(l  and  replaced  every  }ear,  the  entry  fee  being 
paid  each  year. 

l''ll'"Tl""EX  ril — Xo   miner  shall   receive  a  grant   for 


HOOK   FOR    GOLU-SEEKEUS. 


137 


more  than  one  niiiiiiin;  claim  in  the  same  locality;  but  the 
same  miner  may  hold  any  number  of  claims  by  purchase, 
and  any  number  of  miners  may  unite  to  work  their  claims 
in  conmion  ujjon  such  terius  as  they  may  arranjj^e,  pro- 
vided such  a.i^reement  be  rej^istered  with  the  jrold  com- 
missioner and  a  fee  of  $5  ])aid  foi  each  rej^istration. 

SlXTEl^XTll — Any  miner  or  miners  may  sell,  niort- 
t;aj^e,  or  dispose  of  his  or  their  claims,  provided  such  dis- 
posal be  rcf^istered  with,  and  a  fee  of  $2  ])aid  to  the  p^<jld 
C(jnunissioner.  who  shall  thereupon  j^ive  the  assigiue  a 
certificate  in  form  ")"  in  the  schedule  hereto. 

SE\'RXTh:i':XTll — Every  miner  shall,  during  the 
continuance  of  his  t,M"uU.  have  the  exclusive  ri^ht  of  entry 
upon  his  own  claim  for  the  miner-like  working;;  thereof, 
and  the  constructio?i  of  a  residence  thereon,  and  sh.ill 
be  entitled  exclusively  to  all  the  proceeds  realized  there- 
from:  but  he  shall  have  no  surface  rijj^hts  therein,  and  the 
t^old  conuuissioner  may  j^rant  to  the  holders  of  adjacent 
claims  such  rights  of  entry  thereon  as  may  be  absohuels 
necessary  for  the  wtjrking'  of  their  claims,  upon  such 
terms  as  may  to  him  seem  reasonable.  lie  may  al>(j 
tyrant  ])ermits  to  miners  to  cut  tindjer  thereon  for  Mr,'ir 
own  use.  U])on  payment  of  the  dues  ])rescril)ed  by  tiie 
regulations  in  that  behalf. 

EKillTEE.X'ril  —  livery  miner  sliall  be  entitled  to  tlie 
use  of  so  luuch  of  the  water  naturally  tlowing  throus^di  or 
])ast  his  claim,  and  not  already  lawfully  appropriated,  as 
shall  in  the  opmion  of  the  gold  conuuissioner.  be  neces- 
sary for  the  due  working^  thereof,  and  shall  be  entitled  to 
drain  his  own  claim  free  of  charge. 

XIXl-yrEEXTIl— A  claim  shall  be  deemed  to  be  aban- 
doned and  open  to  occupation  and  entry  by  any  per- 
son when  the  same  shall  have  remained  unworke<l  on 
working  da\  s  by  the  grantee  thereof  or  b)  some  person 

9  '       '  ' 


•.i 


138 


THE  CHICAGO  RECORD'S 


%, 

*? 


on  his  behalf  for  the  space  of  seventy-two  hours,  unit ss 
sickness  or  other  reasonable  cause  may  be  shown  to  the 
satisfaction  of  the  gold  commissioner,  or  unless  the  gran- 
tee is  absent  on  leave  given  by  the  commissioner,  and  the 
gold  commissioner,  upon  obtaining  evidence  satisfactory 
to  himself  tha^  ^.is  provision  is  not  being  complied  with, 
may  cancel  the  o  nvcn  for  a  claim. 

TWEXTIETH-  the  land  upon  which  a  claim  has 
been  located  is  not  the  property  of  the  crown  it  will  be 
necessary  for  the  person  who  applies  for  entry  to  furnish 
proof  that  he  has  acquired  from  the  owner  of  the  land 
the  surface  right  before  entry  can  be  granted. 

TWENTY-FIRST— If  the  occupier  of  the  lands  has 
not  received  a  patent  therefor,  the  purchase  money  of 
the  surface  rights  nuist  be  paid  to  the  crown,  and  a  patent 
of  the  surface  rights  will  issue  to  the  party  who  acquired 
the  mining  rights.  The  money  so  collected  will  either  be 
refunded  to  the  occupier  of  the  land  when  he  is  entitled 
to  a  patent  therefor,  or  will  be  credited  to  him  on  account 
of  payment  for  land. 

TWEXTY-SECOXD— When  the  party  obtaining  the 
mining  rights  cannot  make  an  arrangement  with  the 
owner  thereof  for  the  acquisition  of  the  surface  rights  it 
shall  be  lawful  for  him  to  give  notice  to  the  owner  or 
his  agent,  or  the  occupier  to  appoint  an  arbitrator  to 
act  with  another  arbitrator  named  by  him  in  order  to 
award  the  amount  of  compensation  to  wlrch  the  owner 
or  occupant  shall  be  entitled.  The  notice  mentioned  in 
this  secti'  ;i  shall  be  according  to  form  to  be  obtained 
upon  application  from  the  gold  commissioner  for  the  dis- 
trict in  which  the  lands  in  question  lie,  and  shall,  when 
practicable,  be  personally  served  on  such  owner  or  his 
agent,  if  known,  or  occupant,  and  after  reasonable  efforts 
have  been  made  to  effect  personal  service  without  sue- 


BOOK    FOR    GOLD-SEEKERS. 


lay 


cess,  then  such  notice  sliall  bo  served  upon  the  owner  or 
agent  within  a  period  to  be  fixed  by  the  gold  comuiis- 
sioner  before  the  expiration  of  the  time  hniited  in  such 
notice.  If  the  proprietor  refuses  or  dechnes  to  appoint 
an  arbitrator,  or  when,  for  any  other  reason,  no  arbitrator 
is  a])pointe(l  by  the  proprietor  in  the  time  Hniited  there- 
for in  the  notice  provided  by  this  section,  the  gold  com- 
missioner for  the  district  in  which  the  lands  in  ([uestion 
lie  shall,  on  being  satisfied  by  affidavit  that  such  notice 
has  come  to  the  knowledge  of  such  owner,  agent  or  oc- 
cupant, or  that  such  owner,  agent  or  occupant,  willfully 
evades  the  service  of  such  notice,  or  cannot  be  found,  and 
that  reasonable  efforts  have  been  made  to  effect  such  ser- 
vice, and  that  t'le  notice  was  left  at  the  last  place  of 
abode  of  such  owi.cr,  agent  or  occupant,  appoint  an  ar- 
bitrator on  his  behalf. 

TWEXTY-TIIIRD— (a)  All  arbitrators  appointed  un- 
der the  authority  of  these  regulations  shall  be  sworn  be- 
fore a  justice  of  the  peace  to  the  impartial  discharge  of  the 
duties  assigned  to  them,  and  they  shall  forthwith  proceed 
to  estimate  the  reasonable  damages  which  the  owner  or 
occu])ant  of  such  lands  according  to  their  several  interests 
therein  shall  sustain  by  reason  of  such  prospecting  and 
mining  operations. 

(b)  In  estimating  such  damages  the  arbitrators  shall 
deterniine  the  value  of  the  land,  irrespectively  of  any  en- 
hancement thereof  from  the  existence  of  mineral  therein. 

(c)  In  case  such  arbitrators  cannot  agree  they  may  select 
a  third  arbitrator,  and  when  the  two  arbitrators  cannot 
agree  upon  a  third  arbitrator,  the  gold  conmiissioner  for 
the  district  in  which  the  lands  in  question  lie  shall  select 
such  third  arbitrator. 

(d)  The  award  of  any  two  such  arbitrators  made  in 


"Ui| 


.1: 


i  -    '1^ 

w 


!i'i  . 


iM 


li  d 


w  J 


* 


140 


THE  CHICAGO   RECORD'S 


writing  shall  be  final,  and  shall  be  filed  with  the  gold  com- 
missioner for  the  district  in  which  the  lands  lie. 

If  any  cases  arise  for  which  no  provision  is  made  in 
these  regulations,  the  provisions  of  the  regulations  gov- 
erning the  disposal  of  mineral  lands  other  than  coal  lands 
approved  by  his  excellency  the  governor  in  council  on 
the  9th  of  November,  i88y,  shall  apply. 


CERTIFICATE  OF  ASSIGX:\IEXT  OF  A  PLACER 

MIXING  CLAIM. 

Form  "J." 

No ' 

Department  of  the  Interior. 

Agency 18.  .  .  . 

This  is  to  certify  that  (P>.  C)  has  (or  have)  filed  an  as- 
signment in  due  f'^rm  dated 18. . .  . 

and  accompanied  by  a  registration  fee  of  two  dollars,  of 

the  grant  to (A.  ?>.)  of 

of  the  right  to  mine  in 

(insert  description  of  claim)  for 

one  year  from 18.  . . . 

Tliis  certificate  entitles  the  said 

(H.  C.)  to  all  rights  and  privileges  of  the  said 

(A.  B.)  in  respect  of  the  claim  assigned,  that  is  to  say.  the 
exclusive  right  of  entry  upon  the  said  claim  for  the  miner- 
like working  thereof  and  the  construction  of  a  residence 
thereon,  and  the  exclusive  right  to  all  proceeds  there- 
from for  the  remaining  portion  of  the  year  for  which 

said  claim  was  granted  to  the  said 

(A.  }^.),  that  is  to  say,  until  the 18 

The  said  (B.  C.)  shall  be  en- 
titled to  the  use  of  so  much  of  the  water  naturally  flowing 


'•.J'fU 


BOOK    FOR    GOLD-SEEKERS. 


14a 


through  or  past  his  (or  their)  claim,  and  not  already  law- 
fully appropriated,  as  shall  be  necessary  for  the  due  work- 
ing thereof,  and  to  drain  the  claim  free  of  charge. 

This  grant  docs  not  convey  to  the  said 

(15.  C.)  any  surface  rights  in  said  claim 

or  any  rights  of  ownership  in  the  soil  covered  by  the  said 
claim,  and  the  said  grant  shall  lapse  and  be  forfeited  un- 
less the  claim  is  continually  and  in  good  faith  worked 
by  the  said  (B.  C.)  or  his  (or  their)  associates. 

The  rights  hereby  granted  are  those  laid  down  in  the 
Dominion  Mining  Regulations,  and  are  subject  to  all 
provisions  of  the  said  regulations  whether  the  same  are 
expressed  herein  or  not. 


Gold  Commissioner. 


APPLTCATIOX  FOR  GRANT  FOR  PLACER  MIN- 
ING CLAIM  AND  AFFIDAVIT  OF 
APPLICANT. 

Form  "H." 

I,  (or  we)  of hereby  apply 

under  the  Dominion  Mining  Regulations  for  grant  of  a 
claim  for  placer  mining  as  defined  in  the  said  regulations 

in (here  describe  locality) 

and  I  (or  we)  solemnly  swear: 

First — That  I  (or  we)  am  (or  are)  to  the  best  of  my 
(or  our)  knowledge ^nd  belief,  the  first  discoverer  (or  dis- 
coverers) of  the  said  deposit,  or 

Second — That  the  said  claim  was  previously  granted 
to (here  name  the  last  grantee),  but  has  re- 
mained unvvorked  by  the  said  grantee  for  not  less  than 


m 


RV-P.*'! 


1 


P. 


n 


ii&i. 


144 


THE   CHICAGO   RECORDS 


Third — That  I  (or  we)  am  (or  arc)  unaware  that  the 
land  is  other  than  vacant  Dominion  lands. 

Fourth — That  I  (or  we)  did  on  the day 

of mark  out  on  the  ground  in  accordance 

in  every  particular  with  the  provisions  of  the  mining 
regulations  for  the  Yukon  river  and  its  tributaries,  the 
claim  for  w^hich  I  (or  we)  make  this  application,  and  that 
in  so  doing  I  (or  we)  did  not  encroach  on  any  other  claim 
or  mining  location  previously  laid  out  by  any  other  per- 
son. 

Fifth — That  the  said  claim  contains  as  nearly  as  I  (or 

we)  could  measure  or  estimate  an  area  of 

square  feet,  and  that  the  description  (and  sketch,  if  any) 
of  this  date  hereto  attached  signed  by  me  (or  us)  sets  (or 
set)  forth  in  detail  to  the  best  of  my  (or  our)  knowledge 
and  ability  its  position,  form  and  dimensions. 

Sixth — That  I  (or  we)  make  this  application  in  good 
faith  to  acquire  the  clpim  for  the  sole  purpose  of  mining, 
prosecuted  by  myself  (or  us),  or  by  myself  and  associates, 
or  by  my  (or  our)  assigns. 

Sworn  before  me 

At this   day  of 

i8.... 

(Signature) 


GRAXT  FOR  PLACER  CLAIM. 

Form  "I." 

Department  of  the  Interior. 

Agency l8. . . . 

In  consideration  of  the  payment  of  the  fee  prescribed 
by  clause  12  of  the  mining  regulations  of  the  Yukon  river 


BOOK    FOR   GOLD-SEEKERS. 


146 


B.) 


and    its  tributaries  by    (A. 

accompanying  his  (or  their)  appHcation  No 

dated   i8.  . . .   for  a  mining  claim 

in (here  insert  description  of  local- 
ity), the  minister  of  the  interior  hereby  grants  to  the  said 

(A,  B.)  for  the  term  of  one 

year  from  the  date  hereof  the  exclusive  right  of  entry 
upon  the  claim  (here  describe  in  detail  the  claim). 

Granted — For  the  miner-like  working  thereof  and  the 
construction  of  a  residence  thereon,  and  the  exclusive 
right  to  all  the  proceeds  derived  therefrom.     That  the 

said  (A.  B.)  shall  be  entitled  to 

the  use  of  so  much  water  naturally  flowing  through  or 
past  his  (or  their)  claim  and  not  already  lawfully  appro- 
priated as  shall  be  necessary  for  the  due  working  thereof, 
and  to  drain  his  (or  their)  claim  free  of  charge. 

This  grant  does  not  convey  to  the  said 

(A.  B.)  any  surface  right  in  the  said  claim  or  any  right  of 
ownership  in  the  soil  covered  by  the  said  claim,  and  the 
said  grant  shall  lajjse  and  be  forfeited  unless  the  claim  is 
continuously  and  in  good  faith  worked  by  the  said 
(A.  B.)  or  his  (or  their)  asso- 
ciates. 

The  rights  hereby  granted  are  those  laid  down  in  the 
aforesaid  mining  regulations  and  no  more,  and  are  sub- 
ject to  all  the  provisions  of  the  said  regulations,  whether 
the  same  are  expressed  herein  or  not. 


li 


M 


!<  I 


Gold  Commissioner. 


m 


:||    i 


146 


THE   CHICAGO    RECORDS 


CHAPTER  TX. 
RICHNESS  OF  THE  PLACER  MINES. 

IILLIAM  D.  JOHNS  of  Chicafro.  a 
special  correspondent  of  the  CIH- 
CAGO  RI'XORI).  who  has  been  ia 
Alaska  for  two  years,  was  at  Circle 
City,  Alaska,  when  the  news  of  the 
gold  strike  of  the  Klondike  reached 
the  miners  of  that  town.  His  letter, 
detailing  the  richness  of  the  field,  and 
telling  of  the  hardshijis  and  successes 
of  the  prospectors,  was  the  first  letter  from  a  newspaper 
correspondent  to  reach  the  outside  world.  It  was 
brought  to  San  h>ancisco  by  the  Excelsior,  the  vessel 
which  brought  the  first  of  the  returning  and  successful 
miners  home.     It  was  as  follows: 

"Eourteen  miles  from  Dawson  City,  twelve  miles  up 
P.onanza  creek,  which  empties  into  the  Klondike  river 
one  and  one-half  miles  from  the  Yukon,  gold  was  dis- 
covered by  'Siwasir  (ieorge  Carmack  and  his  two  In- 
dian brothers-in-law  last  August.  The  credit  for  the  dis- 
covery really  belongs  to  the  Indians.  A  stampede  from 
Circle  City,  Porty  Mile  and  other  camps  was  the  result 
of  this  find,  but  few  had  nuich  faith  in  the  new  region 
even  after  they  were  on  the  ground,  and  in  spite  of  the 
rich  prospects  on  the  surface  it  was  generally  regarded 
as  a  'grub-stake'  strike  on  which  any  one  might  succeed 
in  getting  a  winter  outfit. 

"A  little  later,  however,  the  prospects  found  on  the  river 
called   forth  the   half-skeptical    remark   that  'if  it  goes 


BOOK    FOR    GOLD-SEEKERS. 


147 


f' 


down  it  is  tlio  greatest  thing  ou  (.■artli.'  'I'licii  a  few 
l)egan  to  believe  in  the  new  (Hggings.  hut  many  old 
miners  even  yet  wonld  not  stake  ont  claims,  thinking 
.he  creek  too  wide  for  gold.  A  nnmher  of  side  gulches 
along  the  iJonanza  were  staked,  among  them  El  Dorado, 
which  was  rich  in  gravel  near  the  month.  Hnt  so  litlle 
faith  was  manifested  in  the  region  that  cki'M  holders 
could  not  get  'grub'  from  the  stores  in  exchange  for 
their  prospects.  There  was  a  general  fear  that  these 
might  be  only  'skim  diggings.' 

"In  Dcceml)  T  bed  rock  was  reached  on  Xo.  14  E\  Dora- 
do and  fabulously  rich  pay  dirt  was  found.  Then  more 
holes  went  down  in  a  hurry.  Everywhere  were  di.icov- 
ered  prospects  on  bed  rock  ranging  from  $5  to  $150  to 
the  pan.  The  gold  was  nearly  all  coarse.  Still  the  great- 
ness of  the  strike  was  not  realized.  Some  of  the  best 
claims  were  sold  by  their  owners  for  a  few  hundreds  or  a 
few  thousands.  Drifting  was  carried  on  by  the  usual 
Vvinter  process  of  "burning,"  and  the  pay  dirt  taken  out 
as  rapidly  as  possible  under  the  difificulties  of  intense 
cold. 

"Pans  as  rich  as  $500  were  discovered,  and  nuggets  con- 
taining  gold  worth  as  high  as  $235  were  brought  to  light. 
Claims  jumped  up  enormously  in  i)rice,  but  still  many 
men  sold  for  a  small  part  of  the  value  of  their  Iv  i  'i' gs. 
They  seemed  wholly  unable  to  realize  their  good  for- 
tune. Doubts  were  still  expressed  about  the  dumps  hold- 
ing out  to  the  prospects. 

"Then  the  test — sluicing — came  in  the  spring  whei\  the 
ice  melted  and  the  water  ran  down  from  the  hills.  Then 
the  wildest  hopes  of  the  toiling  miners  were  realized. 
Despite  the  lateness  of  conniiencing  work  and  the 
scarcity  of  men  about  $1,500,000  was  taken  out  of  El 
Dorado  alone.    On  some  of  the  richer  claims  men  who 


fl^l 


(Hi 


u   14 


"1:15! 


14S 


THE    CHICAGO   RECORDS 


m 


,1 


ill 


I  I- 


secured  ji;rouiul  to  work  on  shares — 50  per  cent — cleared 
$5,ocx)  to  v$io,ooo  apiece  in  from  thirty  days'  to  two 
months'  drifting.  As  high  as  $150,000  was  drifted  out 
of  one  claim,  the  other  sums  hcing  less.  From  seventy- 
five  feet  of  ground  on  Xos.  25  and  26,  El  Dorado,  $112,- 
000  was  taken,  or  $1,500  per  running  foot,  and  the  pay 
not  cross-cut,  for  it  frequently  runs  from  vein  to  vein, 
being  in  places  150  feet  wide. 

"CJround  has  sold  here  this  spring  for  over  $1,000  a 
running  foot,  or  at  the  rate  of  $500,000  for  a  claim  of 
500  feet.  Men  on  whose  judgment  reliance  can  be  placed 
and  who  base  their  opinion  on  what  their  own  ground 
and  that  of  others  has  yielded,  tell  me  that  there  are 
claims  here  from  which  over  $1,000,000  will  come.  Last 
winter  men  on  'lays'  (percentage)  left  50-cent  dirt 
because  they  had  better  in  sight  and  only  a  limited  time 
before  spring  to  ^^et  out  ore.  Owing  to  the  large  number 
of  the  men  on  'lays'  the  jiroduction  of  almost  every  claim 
is  known,  and  no  overstatement  is  possible,  since  so 
many  are  interested  in  the  amount  of  gold  produced.  As 
soon  as  sluicing  was  fairly  under  way  the  price  of  claims 
jumped  again  and  but  few  would  sell.  It  might  almost 
be  said  that  no  one  would  part  with  a  claim  on  El  Dorado. 

"On  Bonanza,  where  the  pay.  except  on  a  few  claims, 
is  not  as  rich  as  on  El  Dorado,  owners  who  had  looked 
in  vain  for  the  $5,  $10  and  $150  pans,  which  were  plen- 
tiful on  the  rival  creek,  were  disgusted  with  their  moder- 
ate gains  and  were  willing  to  sell.  Thus  many  claims 
having  20  to  50  cent  dirt  and  three  to  seven  feet  of  it 
were  sold.  On  the  boat  which  takes  this  letter  down 
the  Yukon  will  be  many  men,  some  of  them  having  been 
in  this  country  only  a  few  months  when  the  strike  was 
made,  who  will  take  with  them  to  the  mint  from  $10,000 


BOOK    FOK   GOLU-SEEKEUS. 


149 


to  $500,000,  the  result  either  of  working  the  ground  or 
of  seMing  out. 

"Tjie  men  who  sold  were  paid  almost  entirely  out  of 
their  own  ground,  the  men  who  bought  taking  the  dumps 
and  these,  when  sluiced,  i)aying  for  the  claims  and  leav- 
ing a  handsome  margin  for  the  purchasers.  In  some 
instances  enough  gold  was  rocked  out  to  make  a  first 
payment  on  the  claims  before  sluicing  was  possible. 
Many  of  these  men,  to  my  personal  knowledge,  had 
neither  money  uor  credit  to  get  'grub'  last  fall. 

"Hut  those  chances  are  of  the  past ;  let  no  one  imagine 
that  they  still  exist.  Claims  are  held  by  their  owners 
now  up  in  the  hundreds  of  thousands,  and  those  of  less 
desirable  (piality  are  dear  in  pr(j])ortion.  To  get  a  bar- 
gain in  a  claim  is  impossible  at  this  stage  of  the  fever 
here.  One  might  as  well  stand  on  State  street  now  imd 
think  of  getting  the  Palmer  house  lot  at  a  low  rate,  be- 
cause at  some  titne  in  the  jiast  it  was  sold  for  a  song. 
The  value  of  claims  is  now  clearly  known.  Most  of 
them  have  passed  into  second  hands,  the  present  owners 
paying  for  them  in  many  cases  $20,oc«,  $3o,(xx5  or  .$50,- 
000.  and  holding  and  working  them  a.s  straight  business 
propositions. 

"That  there  will  be  other  fields  of  gold  in  other  creeks 
is  likely,  but  as  EI  Dorado  is  one  of  those  strikes  that 
are  made  only  once  in  about  a  (juarter  of  a  century,  it  is 
extremely  unlikely  that  ant)thcr  will  be  found  in  this 
region.  As  the  capacity  of  the  river  steamers  is  limited, 
and  is  likely  to  be  taxed  to  the  utmost  this  year  to  sui)ply 
the  necessities  of  those  now  here,  or  already  coming  in, 
with  the  rigors  of  the  arctic  winter  before  them,  and 
no  provisions,  and  after  September  no  way  of  getting 
out  where  they  may  be  had,  those  thinking  of  coming 
here,  attracted  by  the  marvelous  richness  of  the  strike. 


\    'n 


:| 


m4 


^  'I 


I  u 


I .  t 


ill  I '  "Li 
I!    •!n 

if] 


•I  i 


150 


THE    CHK  AOO    RECORD'S 


:;^,i, 


i  L  !, 


^■:i^ 


l!' 


I 


cannot  be  too  stronc^ly  cautioned  ap^ainst  niakinq-  the  at- 
tempt this  season.  'r';>.y  can  j^ain  nothini^,  and  !nriy 
suffer  nu'.cli. 

"The  Klondike  is  a  stream  emptying  into  the  Yukon, 
eighty  miles  above  the  boundary  line  of  Alaska,  in  the 
I'ritish  Northwest  territory.  It  is  supposed  to  be  about 
125  miles  long,  heading  in  the  Rockies,  and  is  a  rapid 
river  running  in  a  nortiierly  direction.  Honanza  ;reek, 
coming  in  one  and  one-half  miles  up  from  the  mouth,  is 
twenty-five  miles  hjng.  and  heads  at  the  Dome,  a  big 
bold  hill,  as  do  a  number  of  lesser  creeks.  It  runs  sotUh- 
wcstcrly.  El  Dorado  comes  in  twelve  miles  up,  and  is 
seven  miles  long,  running  in  the  same  general  direction 
as  does  I  bonanza. 

"The  ]Kiy  on  I'onanza  is  good  from  the  rxVs  below 
the  ])oint  of  discovery,  where  one  claim  has  20  and  25 
cent  dirt,  with  the  pay  125  feet  wide,  u])  to  .\'o.  43 
above,  claim  Xo.  41  being  very  rich,  (iold  ou  I'on.mza 
is  finer  than  that  on  El  Dorado.  There  is  noi  a  blank  up 
to  No.  38,  and  there  are  some  good  claims  above  that 
number.  The  richest  claims  are  in  the  middle  of  the 
gulch,  the  gold  there  being  coarse,  with  lots  of  nuggets. 
This,  with  the  fractions  of  claims,  makes  nearly  twenty 
mile>  of  paying  ground. 

"In  rddition  there  rre  a  mmibcr  of  side  gulches  on 
which  good  pr(>spects  have  been  discovered,  lionanza 
district,  it  is  estimated,  is  likely  to  produce  not  less  than 
$50,000,000  in  gold,  and  this  is  believed  to  be  an  under- 
estimate than  otherwise.  Hunker  creek  empties  into  tlie 
Klondike  twelve  miles  up  and  is  twenty  miles  long,  in 
places  $2  and  $3  to  the  pan  on  bedrock  have  been  found, 
and  the  indications  are  tliat  it  will  prove  a  rich-paying 
creek. 
"Gold  Bottom,  a  fork,  and  Last  Chance,  a  side  gulch, 


BOOK    FOR   GOLD-SEEKERS. 


161 


sliow  up  i.\|ually  well  for  a  considt'rabK'  distance.  These 
comprise,  witli  Hear  creek,  which  conies  into  the  Klon- 
(Hke  between  llonanza  and  Hunker,  the  e.\tent  of  terri- 
t(jr\  of  which  anything;'  certain  is  known.  (Juartz  creek 
and  Indian  creek  are  reached  from  the  heads  of  IJonan/.a 
and  Ihmker  and  they  have  aLso  some  ])rospects.  The 
country  rock  is  skite  and  mica  schist.  Many  oi  the  nuj;- 
j^l^ets  are  fall  of  (juartz.  Iron  rock  is  fcnnid  with  tli-ui, 
and  i)ieces  oi  stratified  rock  containing;  iron  arc  found 
showinj;  |)kiinly  on  their  sides  the  matrices  of  ^okl  i.uj;- 
.i^ets.  Some  fair  jj^old-hearin.q'  cpiartz  has  been  (hscov'.TCck 
but  no  rich,  free  f^oUl-ljearinj;  rock  in  pkice.  'I'he  mineral 
belt  seems  to  run  northeast  and  soutiiwest.  if  one  may 
judjj^e  from  the  creeks,  and  to  be  about  ten  miles  wide. 
It  seems  to  parallel  the  main  ranj^e  of  mountains  about 
too  niile>.  distant  frc/iu  it. 

"There  are  both  summer  and  winter  dis^tj^iii  ,'s  on  all  the 
creeks,  as  some  of  the  claims  are  capable  of  beinj.;'  Ixjth 
drifted  and  sluiced.  Some  summer  driftiiiii'  is  also  done. 
Was'es.  owinj;  to  the  scarcity  of  men  last  winter,  were  $15 
a  day  at  the  di^'f^ings,  but  they  are  likelx  to  fall  very  soon. 
The  ;  'ice  of  Hour  at  Hawson  C'it\-  last  winter  was  Si  a 
pound,  and  this  sprinj;  the  trading"  companies  advanced 
their  prices  in  some  cases  50  ])er  cent.  Canned  .neats 
were  sold  at  75  cents  a  can. 

"Meals  were  charged  for  at  ilie  .ate  of  .S1.50  apiece. 
Whisky  was  the  same  old  ])rice — 50  cents  a  drink.  Lum- 
ber, when  it  can  be  had,  is  $1,^0  a  thou.sand  feet.  Thi- 
price  for  sawing-  at  the  mills  is  $100  a  thousand  feet,  tiie 
lo.^'s  bein.tc  ftu'iiished  by  the  purchaser.  I'.e(ls  or  lodj^inj^s 
are  not  to  be  had.  If  you  can"t  tind  a  place  in  some  tent 
where  you  may  slee])  you  ina\  try  the  sakxjii  floors,  of 
which  p'.aces  there  are  a  number,  (lood  river-lrunt  lots 
in   the  center  of  the  town   ma)    be  purchased   at   from 


'i  Ji 


152 


THE   CHICAGO   RECORD'S 


$3,000  to  $5,000  each.  These  same  lots  sold  last  frill  at 
$5  apiece. 

"The  richness  and  extent  of  the  diggings  are  such  that 
if  they  were  in  any  place  less  inaccessible  than  this,  doubt- 
less tl  2  stampede  to  t'lcm  would  be  tremendous,  but  a 
great  influx  of  gold-hunters  at  this  time  would  be  a 
calamity.  The  Car.adian  government  has  sent  in  another 
detachment  of  police  and  also  a  judge  and  a  gold  com- 
missioner, who,  with  the  customs  oflficer,  constitute  the 
governing  force.  Owing  to  the  impossil)ility  of  e.-^capc 
from  the  country  such  of  the  criminal  element  as  has 
come  in  thus  far  is  very  cjuiet  and  peaceable. 

"Outside  of  a  little  stealing  of  provisions  and  similar 
petty  offenses  there  is  no  crur.'".  There  are  but  a  few 
places  where  supplies  can  be  had  in  all  this  vast  coun- 
try, and  any  offender  is  certain  therefore  of  being  caught 
and  punished.  Though  gold  has  be?n  sitting  around  in 
the  cabins  for  months  in  lard  pails,  ',)aking-i)owder  cans, 
old  boot  legs  and  buckets,  no  thefts  have  been  com- 
mitted. 

"What  the  country  needs  above  all  things  is  connnuni- 
cation  with  the  outside  world.  If  the  govermucut  at 
Washington  would  make  some  arrangement  whereby 
the  Canadians  could  get  a  ])ort  of  entry  on  the  disputed 
part  of  the  coast  it  would  be  a  great  boon  to  Alaska 
as  well  as  ^o  this  i)art  of  the  Xorthwest  territory.  Most 
of  the  men  who  "hit  it'  are  Americans,  whose  gold  will 
go  to  San  l-'rancisco  and  the  United  States,  liecause  of 
the  lack  of  adecptate  comnumication  with  the  civilized 
world  the  miners  are  in  constant  fear  lest  supplies  should 
give  out. 

"Many  articles  can  be  had  but  for  a  limited  time  after 
the  arrival  of  a  steamer,  and  those  who  are  not  fortunate 
enough  to  get  a  supply  at  that  time  nuist  do  without  for 


BOOK    FOR   GOLD -SEEKERS. 


153 


weeks  and  months,  no  matter  l.ow  much  gold  they  may 
have  to  make  purchases  with.  The  scarcity  may  be 
one  of  provisions,  window  saslies  or  p^um  l)oots,  but  al- 
ways there  is  a  scarcity  here  of  some  important  article. 

"Generally  there  is  never  enough  of  anything,  and  only 
the  opening  up  of  communication  with  the  coast  by  some 
other  route  than  the  mouth  of  the  Yukon  offers  any  pros- 
pect of  adequate  relief.  If  the  Canadians  had  a  port  of 
entry  they  would  have  conmierce  coming  down  the  river 
from  the  direction  of  Juneau,  and  the  country  would 
not  be  dependent  upon  the  scanty  supplies  coming  1,900 
miles  up  the  Yukon  from  Bering  sea." 

Since  this  letter  was  written  rejiorts  from  Dawson  City 
indicate  that  the  "rush"  to  the  gold  diggings  has  glut- 
ted the  labor  market  and  day  labor  is  (|U()ted  at  low 
figures.  It  is  reported  that  wages  mngc  from  $2  to  tj^3 
a  day. 

One  of  the  "most  meaty"  letters  thai  have  come  fmm 
the  Yukon  was  written  by  .Arthur  Perry,  a  wiU-known 
and  reliable  Seattle  man,  who  is  now  at  Dawso'  City. 
It  is  dated  Dawson  City.  June  18,  and  reads  in  full  as  fol- 
lows : 

"The  first  discovery  of  gold  on  the  Klondike  was  mad' 
the  middle  of  Auf.ust,  18(^6.  i)y  Ceorge  Carmack  on  a 
creek  emptying  iiico  the  Klondike  from  the  south,  called 
by  the  Indians  Bonanza.  He  found  $1.60  to  the  pan  on 
a  high  rim,  and  after  making  the  find  known  at  I'ort) 
Mile  went  back  with  two  Indians  and  took  out  $1,400  in 
three  weeks  with  three  sluice  boxes.  The  creek  was  soon 
staked  from  one  end  to  tlie  other  and  all  the  small  gulches 
were  also  staked  and  recorded.  About  Sept.  10  a  man 
of  the  name  of  Whipple  prospected  a  creek  emptying 
into  I>onanza  on  No.  7,  above  discovery,  and  named  it 
Whipple  creek.     He  shortly  afterwards  sold  out  and  the 


i 


:« 


I 


■M 


■M 


II I  I  '1 


P«?v;B':-i^vi,«v  '('■:■ 


bii&v%y.;;i>l 


154 


THE   CHICAGO   RECORDS 


.1   . 


N 


miners  renamed  it  El  T^orado.  Prospects  as  high  as  $4  to 
the  pan  were  fomid  early  in  the  fall.  Many  oi  the  old 
miners  from  I'orty  Mile  went  there  and  wonld  not  stake, 
saying^  the  willows  did  not  lean  the  right  way  and  the 
water  did  not  taste  right,  and  that  it  was  a  moose  pasture, 
it  being  wide  and  fiat.  Both  creeks  were  staked  princi- 
jially  by  'chechacoes'  (new^  men  in  the  country),  and  early 
as  they  could  get  provisions,  about  250  men  went  there 
and  commenced  prospecting  by  sinking  holes  to  the 
depth  of  from  9  to  24  feet,  doing  so  by  burning  down,  as 
the  ground  was  frozen  solid  to  bed  rock.  Nov  23  a  man 
of  the  name  of  Louis  Rhodes  located  on  No.  21.  above  on 
Bonanza,  got  as  high  as  $65.30  to  the  pan. 

"This  was  the  first  big  pan  of  any  importance,  and  the 
news  spread  up  and  down  the  creek  like  wildfire.  This 
news  reached  Circle  City,  300  miles  farther  down  the 
Yukon  river,  but  nobody  would  believe  it.  Soon  after 
large  pans  were  found  on  both  Bonanza  and  El  Dorado, 
and  each  creek  was  trying  to  outrival  the  other,  until  a 
man  of  the  name  of  Clarence  I'erry  got  $100  to  the  pan. 
]''rom  that  time  on  El  Dorado  held  a  high  position.  Many 
claims  from  the  mouth  up  for  a  distance  of  three  miles 
got  large  ])ans — until  they  reached  as  high  as  $280. 

"About  March  15,  1897,  I  reached  the  diggings  frcjm 
Circle  City,  having  haided  my  sled  the  whole  distance 
without  a  dog.  The  importance  of  the  new  strike  had 
become  too  significant  to  be  overlooked,  and  about  300 
men  from  Circle  City  undertook  the  jf)urney  in  midwin- 
ter. Such  an  exodus  was  never  known  before  in  the 
history  of  the  Yukon,  but  not  a  man  lost  his  life,  although 
several  had  their  faces  and  toes  nijiped  at  tii  cs.  Even 
some  of  the  most  resolute  and  dissolute  woukmi  made  the 
journey  in  safety.  I'^ancy  prices  were  jiaid  lor  dogs  by 
those  who  were  able  to  purchase,  and  as  higli  as  $175  and 


n4 


BOOK    FOR   GOLD-SEEKERS. 


155 


even  $200  were  paid  for  good  dogs.    Almost  any  kind  of 
a  dog  was  worth  $50  and  $75  each. 

"When  I  first  reached  the  new  camp  1  was  invited  by 
the  butcher  boys — Murph  Thorp  of  Juneau  and  (icorge 
Stewart  from  Stuck  X'alley,  Wash. — to  go  down  in  their 
shaft  and  pick  a  pan  of  dirt,  as  they  had  just  struck  the 
rich  streak.  To  my  surprise  it  was  $282.50.  In  fourteen 
pans  of  dirt  they  took  out  $1,565  right  in  the  Ijottom  of 
the  shaft,  which  was  4  by  8  feet. 

"March  20  Clarence  Berry  took  out  over  $300  to  the 
pan.  Jimmy  MacLanie  took  out  over  $200  to  the  pan; 
I'' rank  Phiscater  took  out  $135  to  the  pan.  The  four 
boys  from  Nanaimo  took  as  high  as  $125  to  the  pan. 
They  were  the  first  men  to  get  a  hole  down  to  bedrock 
on  El  Dorado  and  found  good  pay.  They  had  Xos.  14 
and  15. 

"In  fact,  big  pans  were  being  taken  on  nearly  every 
claim  on  the  creek,  until  $100  and  $200  pans  were  com- 
mon. April  13  Clarence  Berry  took  in  one  pan  39  ounces 
— $495 — and  in  two  days  panned  out  over  $1,200.  April 
14  we  heard  some  boys  on  Xo.  30  El  Dorado  had  struck 
it  rich  and  taken  out  $800  in  one  pan.  This  was  the  ban- 
ner pan  of  the  creek,  and  Charles  Myers,  who  had  the 
ground  on  a  lay,  told  me  that  if  h-  lad  wanted  to  pick  the 
dirt  he  could  liave  taken  100  ounces  just  as  easy. 

"Jimmy  MacLanie  took  out  $ii,0{XD  during  the  winter 
just  in  prospecting  the  dirt.  Clarence  Herry  and  his  part- 
ner, Anton  Strander,  panned  out  about  the  same  in  the 
same  manner.  Mrs.  P)erry  used  to  go  down  to  the  dumps 
every  day  and  get  dirt  and  carry  it  to  the  shanty  and  pan 
it  herself.  She  has  over  $6,000  taken  out  in  that  man- 
ner. 

"Mr.  Lippy,  from  Seattle,  has  a  rich  claim  and  his  wife 
has  a  sack  of  nuggets  alone  of  $6,000  that  she  has  picked 

10 


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BOOK    FOR    GOLD-SEEKERS.  157 

Up  on  the  (lunii)s.  When  the  (hniips  were  washed  in  the 
spring  the  dirt  yielded  better  than  was  expeeted.  Four 
hoys  on  a  lay,  \o.  2  VA  Dorado,  took  out  $49,000  in  two 
months.  J-'rank  I'hiseater,  who  owned  the  ground  and 
had  sonic  men  hired,  cleaned  uj)  $94,000  for  the  winter. 
Mr.  Lippy,  so  1  am  told,  has  cleaned  up  for  the  winter 
$54,000.  Louis  Rhodes,  No.  21  llonanza,  has  cleaned 
UJ)  $40,000.  Clarence  l?erry  and  Anton  Strander  have 
cleaned  up  $130,000  for  the  winter. 

"Enclosed  are  the  names  of  some  of  the  boys  who 
are  going  out  on  this  boat,  with  tiie  approximate 
amounts: 

Ben  Wall,  Swede,  Tacoma $50,000 

\\  illiam  Carlson,  Swede,  Tacoma 50,000 

Wm.  Sloan,  Englishman,  Nanaimo 50,000 

John  Wilkerson,   English,   Xanaimo 50,000 

Jim  Clemens,  American,  California 50,000 

I-'rank  Keller.  American,  California 35.000 

Sam  Collej,  Icelander 25,000 

Stewart  and  Hollenshead,  California 45,000 

Charles  Myers  and  partner,  Arizona 22,000 

Johnny  Marks,  Englishman 10,000 

Alex  Orr,  Englishman 10.000 

Fred  Price,  American,  Seattle 15,000 

I'Ved   Latisceura,    Frenchman 10,000 

Tim  P)cll.  American ^i.ooo 

William  Hayes,  Irish-American 35.ooo 

Dick  McXuity,  Irish-American 20.000 

Jake  Haltcrman,  American 14,000 

Johnson  and  Olson,  Swedes 20.000 

Neil  McArthur,  Scotchman  50,000 

Charles  Anderson.  Swede 25.000 

Joe  Morris,  Canadian 1 5.000 

Hank  Peterson,  Swede 12,000 

"There  are  a  great  many  more  going  out  widi  from 
$3,000  to  $10,000  that  I  do  not  know.  This  is  probably 
the  richest  placer  ever  known  in  the  world.    They  took  it 


In 


r.  nri 


;»■- ' 


mi 


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I'W' 


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%. 


158 


THE  CHICAGO   HECOUD'S 


uut  so  fast  and  so  much  of  it  that  they  (hd  not  have  time 
to  weigh  it  vvitli  gold  scales.  They  took  steelyards  and 
all  the  syrup  cans  were  filled.  It  looks  as  if  my  time 
would  come  about  the  time  I  am  ready  to  die. 

"One  man  received  word  that  his  wife  and  little  girl 
had  died  since  he  came  in  here,  and  now  he  is  going  out 
with  $25,000. 

"Another  man  was  here  waiting  for  the  boat  to  go 
home,  and  died  yesterday  with  heart  disease,  having  in 
his  possession  $17,000.  Stranger  things  than  fiction  hap- 
pen here  every  day." 


BOOK    FOR    (iOLD-SEEKERS.  16» 

CHAPTER   X. 
PAN  VALUES  OF  PAYING  CLAIMS. 

ORROriORATIVE  evidence,  which  has 
come  ill  since  the  steamer  "Enterprise" 
brought  back  the  first  of  the  men  who 
had  "struck  it  rich"  in  the  Klonchke. 
sliows  that  their  reports  were  not  exaj^- 
gerated.  The  "Alaska  Miner,"  of  July  17, 
contains  a  long  article  on  the  Klondike 
placers,  in  which  the  results  are  compared 
with  an  analysis  made  last  March  of  the  pan  value  of  the 
two  richest  creeks,  I>onanza  and  El  Dorado.  This  analy- 
sis was  based  on  talks  with  several  men  who  had  spent 
most  of  the  winter  on  the. creek,  and  saw  panning  being 
done  on  various  claims.  The  Alaska  Miner  is  regarded 
as  high  authority  on  gold  in  Alaska  and  the  Yukon  dis- 
trict. The  article,  which  shows  the  extraordinary  rich- 
ness of  the  placer  mines  in  the  Klondike  district,  reads 
as  follows: 

"We  expressed  the  opinion  that  the  El  Dorado  would 
prove  to  be  the  richer  creek,  and  our  surmises  have 
proved  to  be  correct.  How  did  we  arrive  at  this  result? 
We  carefully  ko])t  a  record  of  the  panning  results  on  both 
creeks,  and  the  average  at  that  time  was  as  follows:  On 
El  Dorado  creek  Xo.  3,  $3;  Xo.  4.  $4.60;  Xo.  5,  $8.50; 
Xo.  6,  as  high  as  $153;  Xo.  7,  about  the  average  of  Xo. 
6.  Xo.  8,  as  high  as  $60;  from  Xo.  8  to  Xo.  16,  from 
$2.50  to  $10  on  an  average,  although  $216  was 
washed  out  of  one  pan  on  the  latter  claim.  Erom 
N^o.     16    to    Xo.    37    all    the    claims    were    regarded 


n- 


ii 


:;  ,  f 


! 


''?' 


1«0 


THK   CHICAGO    RKCORD'S 


m 


as  jj^oofl,  but  tiot  enouj^li  |)anniii<j^  had  hocn  done 
to  justify  forming  any  (jpinion  of  the  averaji^c  vahic.  I'pon 
\().  37  a  nujj^jj;(.t  worth  $3^)0  of  irrc<juhir  shape  was  found. 
IVoni  Xo.  i/  t(>  rim  rock  there  had  not  been  sufficient 
prospectinpf  done.  I)Ut  the  ojiinion  then  was  that  all  the 
claims  were  good. 

"Even  as  far  back  as  last  March  the  best  developed 
claim  in  the  country  was  that  of  Clarence  Berry,  Xo.  6 
on  El  Dorado,  in  which  he  then  owned  a  half  interest.  He 
also  owned  one-third  interest  in  Xos.  4  and  5.  He  em- 
ployed twelve  men  all  the  winter  taking  out  pay  dirt  and 
depositing  it  upon  the  dump.  To  give  an  idea  of  the 
richness  of  the  claim  we  cannot  do  better  than  say  that 
lierry  paid  his  men  $1.25  an  hour  until  someone  otifercd 
more,  and  that  every  night  he  melted  ice  in  his  cabin  and 
panned  out  sufficient  gold  from  the  frozen  dirt  to  pay  the 
wages  of  his  men. 

"I'erry  knew  where  there  was  very  rich  ground  on  his 
claim  and  he  very  often  panned  out  from  $10  to  $50  to  the 
pan.  When  recpiiring  money  it  was  only  necessary  for 
the  owner  of  the  claim  to  take  out  some  of  his  rich  ground 
and  wash  it.  We  have  had  all  kinds  oi  estimates  of  the 
amount  which  I'erry's  dump  would  jiroduce.  and  the 
highest  we  heard  was  $100,000,  so  that  in  announcing 
the  result  as  $140,000  it  goes  to  show  what  a  rich  coun- 
try has  been  discovered. 

"We  gave  figures  in  the  winter  which  showed  that  the 
lower  portion  of  llonanza  creek  averaged  all  the  way 
frtjin  $10  to  $50  to  the  jian,  up  to  Xo.  56  below  discovery. 
From  discovery  to  Xo.  12  above,  the  value  was  from  $5 
to  $40.  Then  from  there  to  Xo.  25  the  average  was  from 
$40  to  $10.  b'rom  Xo.  25  to  Xo.  53  the  average  is  from 
$10  to  50  cents.    From  this  point  up  the  creek  there  has 


BOOK    FOR    (lOLD-SEKKP^RS. 


Itil 


not  been  enough  prospci-tint;  (lone  <»n  which  to  base  anv 
average. 

"We  hope  soon  to  be  in  a  position  to  give  the  results 
from  tlie  various  elaitns  on  I'onanza  which  may  be  de- 
pended upon  and  we  can  then  compare  them  with  the 
panning  average  of  early  in  the  summer  as  given  above. 
We  know  that  T'ihodes  has  taken  out  probably  $150,000 
from  his  claim,  but  then  it  was  well  developed  and  we  are 
expecting  big  results  from  there,  but  we  want  to  get  the 
information  from  a  number  of  claims,  so  as  to  get  the 
right  idea  of  the  general  value  of  the  creek,  and  prove  the 
assertion  so  often  made  of  its  continued  richness  from 
end  to  end. 

"One  thing  has  been  learned  in  the  Klondike,  and  that 
is  that  production  is  proportionate  to  development.  We 
have  found  that  the  yield  of  gold  follows  the  work  done  on 
a  claim.  When  Rhodes  made  such  a  good  showing  on 
tlie  start  it  encouraged  others  to  open  up  their  claims, 
and  quite  a  number  changed  hands  at  Bonanza  creek 
and  the  owners  left  there  for  the  coast  to  obtain  sufficient 
supplies  to  last  them  for  a  long  period.  Then  came  th.c 
big  returns  from  Xo.  6  on  Kl  Dorado,  and  the  great 
excitement  was  transferred  to  that  creek,  and  there  were 
fewer  absentee  owners  and  in  consequence  more  work 
was  done,  the  evidence  of  which  we  have  had  ample 
demonstration  of  in  the  big  sacks  of  gold  which  ha\r  been 
washed  out. 

"The  largest  results  attract  the  most  attention,  there- 
fore most  of  the  stories  which  have  reached  the  coast 
cluster  around  the  few  big  producers,  and  of  the  sales 
made  only  those  involving  large  sums  are  spoken  of. 
There  are  a  great  many  smaller  sums  than  the  ones 
spoken  of  which  have  been  taken  from  El  Dorado.  But 
properties  which  in  any  other  country  on  the  face  of  the 


ill 


'Mi  „ 


lt)2 


THK    (MIICACO    KKCORDH 


earth  would  attrart  universal  attiMitioii  arc  almost  lost 
sij^lit  of  in  till-  Kloiidiki-.  hi-oausr  tlu'v  liavi-  only  yioldod 
$io.oo(^  $i5,(xxi  and  $20,000.  Xext  fall  tlu-so  samo 
c'lainis  will  ho  so  far  dcvflopod  as  to  hold  their  own  with 
till'  rest  of  the  creek,  lierry  had  a  jj^ood  start,  and  after 
reachinj^  hcd  roek  ooidd  command  sufficient  funds  to 
hire  men  and  pay  them  waj^es  e(|ual  to  the  production  of 
an  ordinary  placer  mine.  We  have  no  particular  reason 
to  assume  that  other  claims  will  prove  less  productive 
than  his  when  they  have  had  the  same  amount  of  lahor 
ex])en(led  upon  them.  Several  men  from  Seattle  went  in 
with  the  first  party  this  springy,  and  they  are  interested 
on  Bonanza  creek  and  intend  to  prosecute  work  with  all 
the  men  they  can  profitably  employ. 

"If  a  comparatively  few  men  in  the  limited  time  at  their 
disposal  are  able  to  produce  a  million  dollars  from  dirt 
raised  to  the  surface  durin.t;'  the  winter  months 
with  jiractically  no  preparation  at  all,  what  will 
be  the  result  when  all  the  claims  are  being  vigor- 
ously developed  with  plenty  of  labor  to  draw  from?  This 
is  a  very  im])ortant  (|uestion,  and  is  one  fraught  with  con- 
siderable interest  to  the  great  number  of  men  now  on 
their  way  to  the  mines.  If  we  think  a  moment  that  there 
has  not  yet  been  a  barren  claim  on  either  of  the  creeks 
the  possibilities  of  the  future  are  tremendous.  Let  us 
make  this  a  little  clearer.  The  panning  in  the  winter 
gave  promise  of  exceedingly  rich  results.  These  rich 
results  have  been  attained  in  every  instance  where  the 
claim  has  been  worked.  We  have  therefore  the  right  to 
assume  that  similar  results  will  reward  the  efforts  of  the 
owners  of  other  claims  on  the  same  creeks  which  have 
been  so  ])roductive  this  season. 

"The  only  evidence  one  had  of  the  probable  value  of 
a  claim  was  the  amount  of  gold  obtained  in  a  single 


^ 


VN 


BOOK    FOR    dOl.D-HKKKKllS. 


1«8 


pan.  Suppose  wc  follow  this  idoa  out  for  a  nionu-nt.  Xo. 
ft  on  Kl  Dorado  creek  panned  out  as  h\^\\  as  $15.^  to  the 
pan  last  winter  before  work  was  done  on  it.  This  is  the 
elaitn  which  prodnced  $I40,(XX)  from  the  wintiT  dump. 
Xow,  then,  Xo.  7,  next  to  it.  yielded  precisely  the  same 
results  to  the  pan.  Why  will  not  .\o.  7.  when  it  is 
opened  up  as  much  as  Xo.  6  has  been,  j^ive  tlie  same  re- 
sults? There  is  simply  no  answer  to  the  (|uery.  Then, 
ap^ain,  the  next  claim,  Xo.  8.  ])amied  out  as  h\^h  as 
$60  to  the  pan.  The  same  arjj^ument  applies  to  this.  The 
average  of  the  panning  from  Xo.  8  to  Xo.  16  is  from 
$2.50  to  $10  to  the  pan.  This  would  make  any  of  these 
claims  from  Xo.  7  to  Xo.  16  i)roduce  as  much  gold  as  Xo. 
6  did  with  the  same  amount  of  labor  expended  on  them. 
What  would  this  mean? 

"As  a  simple  {piestion  of  mathematics  it  would  mean 
several  million  dollars  alone  for  these  few  claims.  This 
takes  no  account  of  claims  Xo.  17  to  Xo.  37,  all  of  which 
are  reported  to  be  rich,  but  little  work  has  been  done  upon 
them  so  far. 

"When  all  the  claims  are  in  working  order  and  pro- 
ducing gold  in  proportion  to  their  development,  we  shall 
see  a  state  of  things  at  Hie  Klondike  unprecedented  in  the 
world's  history.  The  man  who  took  $<)0.ooo  from  45  feet 
of  his  ground  last  winter  and  has  450  feet  left  yet,  and  so 
far  as  he  knows,  of  the  same  average  value,  can.  1)\  put- 
ting enough  men  to  work,  clean  up  half  a  million  next 
season.  If  this  be  true,  then  there  are  others  who  have 
panned  out  from  $5  to  $40  in  ])rospecting  who  have  every 
reason  to  think  that  their  claims  will  yield  in  like  manner. 

"We  noticed  as  men  went  through  here  this  spring 
that  there  were  large  numbers  who  expect  to  hire  out, 
and  thus  obtain  a  stake  so  that  they  may  in  turn  si)end 
some  time  in  prospecting  with  an  equal  chance  of  dis- 


,11   M 

i  ■ 


i:- 


v'l 


161^  THE   CHICAGO   RECORD'S 

covering  soniclliing  ^oih\  for  themselves.  Their  place 
will  he  taken  by  other  arrivals,  and  the  work  of  securing 
the  gold  will  go  on  and  much  country  will  be  examined 
by  men  who  will  be  encouraged  and  stimulated  by  the 
success  of  others.  A  man  who  can  afford  to  hire  men 
and  pay  them  $12  a  da\,  will  get  the  advantage  of  a  quick 
return.  These  diggings  are  essentially  winter  ones.  l'i)()n 
a  claim  o^  500  feet  a  large  numl><.'r  of  pros])ect  holes  can 
l)e  sunk  at  the  same  time,  and  the  pay  dirt  deposited  on 
the  dump,  and  next  spring  the  owr.er  of  the  claim  will  be 
in  a  position  to  realize  enormous  amounts  of  money  from 
his  i)ro])erty. 

"The  Klondike  diggings  may  be  regarded  as  permanent 
to  the  extent  (jf  several  million  dollars,  and  we  have  no 
hesitation  in  recommending  men  with  some  means  to  go 
and  try  t'.eir  fortunes  in  the  gold-lined  creeks  o*  the  far 
north,  where  endurance,  ])erseverance,  grit  and  a  good 
outfit  will  be  their  best  friencK'  " 

i'"ollowing  are  some  of  the  men  who  "struck  it  rich"  in 
the  Klondike,  most  of  tin  claims  located  on  lionanza  and 
El  Dorado  creeks: 

Clarence  I>erry  and  Anton  .Strander $130,000 

James   McLanie    1 1,000 

]*>ank  i'hiscater    94,000 

]''our  men  on  No.  2  El  Doradcj 49,000 

Louis  Rhodes   40,000 

Thomas  Cross 10,000 

I 'en  Wall   50,ocxd 

William  Carlson   so.oo 

William    Sloan    50.000 

John  Wilktrson    50,000 

James  Clemens   50,000 

I'rank  Keller 35-000 

Sanniel  Cellej    25,000 

Charles  Myers  and  partner 22,000 

John  Marks 10,000 


0 


}h 


BOOK    FOR    GOLD-SEEKERS.  165 

f'>e(l  Latisccura    10,000 

Tiniotliy    lU'll    3i,(xio 

William  Hayes   35.000 

Richard  McXulty   20,000 

Jacob   Haltennan    14,000 

Johnson  and  Olson    20,000 

Charles  Anderson 25,0a) 

Joseph    Morris    15,000 

Henry  Peterson    1 2,000 

Henry    1  )ore    50,000 

\'ictor  Lord   1 5,000 

William  Stanley    1 12,000 

James   McAIahon    15,000 

Jacol)  Home   6.000 

J.  J.  Kelly   10.000 

T.  S.  Lii)py  65,o(X) 

F.  G.  H.  Ijowker 90,000 

J'     La  Due  10,000 

|.  r>.  Hollint^shead  25,000 

William  Kiilju   i7,ajo 

Albert  Galbraith   15,000 

Neil  McArthur   1 5.000 

Dou.c^las   McArtliur   1 5.000 

T'ernard  Anderson   14,000 

Robert  Krook   14.000 

Fred  Lendesser   13,000 

Alexander  Orr    1 1,500 

Thomas  Cook   10,000 

M.  D.  Xorcross 10,000 

J.  Ernnier<Ter 10,000 

Con  Stamatin   8,250 

Albert  Fox   5.100 

Grcii;  Stewart 5,000 

J.  O.  Hestwood 5.000 

Thomas  Flock 6.000 

Louis  P..  Rhodes 5.000 

Fr  h1  Price    S-^^^ 

Alaska  Commercial  company 250.000 

Gov.    H.   C.    Mcintosh,    of   the    Northwest    territory, 
comprising  the  Canadian  Yukon,  estimates  that  the  Klon- 


i 


Mm 


I 


'  if 


^w^ 


t 


KM 


THE   CHICAGO   RECORD'S 


(like  district  will  yield  $10,000,000  diiriiif^  1897.  Gov. 
Mcltitosli,  in  speaking  of  the  Klondike  find,  said: 

"We  are  only  on  the  threshold  of  the  greatest  discovery 
ever  made.  ( Jold  has  been  l^ilin"^  up  in  all  these  innum- 
erable streams  for  hundreds  of  years.  Much  of  the  terri- 
tory th'  foot  of  man  has  never  trod.  It  would  hardly  be 
possible  for  one  to  exaggerate  the  richness,  not  only  of 
the  Klondike,  but  of  other  districts  in  the  Canadian  Yu- 
kon. At  the  same  time  the  folly  of  thousands  rushing 
in  there  without  proper  means  of  subsistence  and  in 
utter  ignorance  of  geographical  conc'itions  of  the  country 
should  be  kept  ever  in  mind. 

"There  are  fully  9,000  miles  of  these  golden  waterways 
in  the  region  of  the  Yukon.  Rivers,  creeks  and  streams 
of  every  size  and  description  are  all  rich  in  gold.  I 
derived  this  knowledge  from  many  old  Hudson  Bay  ex- 
plorers, who  assured  me  that  they  considered  the  gold 
next  to  inexhaustible. 

"In  1894  I  made  a  report  to  Sir  John  Thompson,  then 
premier  of  Canada,  who  died  the  same  year  at 
Windsor  castle,  strongly  urging  that  a  body  of  Cana- 
dian police  be  established  on  the  river  to  maintain  order. 
This  was  done  in  1895,  and  the  Hritish  outpost  of  I'ort 
Cudahy  was  founded. 

"I  have  known  gold  to  exist  there  since  1889,  conse- 
quent upon  a  report  made  to  me  by  W.  Ogilvie,  the  gov- 
ernment exjjlorer.  Many  streams  that  will  no  doubt  prove 
to  be  as  rich  as  the  Klondike  have  not  been  explored  or 
prospected.  Among  these  I  might  mention  Dominion 
creek,  llootaliiuiua  river,  Stewart  river,  Liard  river  and 
a  score  of  other  streams  comparatively  unknown. 

"It  is  my  judgment  and  opinion  that  the  1897  yield  of 
the  Canadian  Yukon  will  exceed  $10,000,000  in  gold.  Of 
course,  as  in  the  case  of  the  Cariboo  and  Cassiar  districts 


BOOK    FOR    GOLD-SEEKERS. 


Iti7 


years  ago,  it  will  be  impossible  accurately  to  estimate  the 
full  amount  taken  out. 

"There  is  now  far  in  excess  of  $1,000,000  remaininj;'  al- 
ready mined  on  the  Klondike.  It  is  in  valises,  tin  cans 
and  lying  loose  in  saloons,  but  just  as  sacredly  guarded 
there  and  apparently  as  safe  as  if  it  were  in  a  vault.  Al- 
ready this  spring  we  have  official  knowledge  of  over  $2,- 
000,000  in  gold  having  been  taken  from  the  Klondike 
camps.  It  was  shipped  out  on  the  steamships  Excelsior 
and  Portland. 

"Incidentally  I  may  say  we  have  data  of  an  official  na- 
ture which  lead  us  to  believe  that  the  gold  output  of  the 
Rossland  and  Kootenai  districts  for  1897  will  be  in  excess 
of  $7,000,000.  I  should  have  said,  and  I  have  no  hesi- 
tancy in  asserting,  that  within  the  course  of  five  years 
the  gold  yield  of  the  three  districts  named  will  exceed 
that  of  either  Colorado,  California  or  South  Africa." 


r 


168 


THE   CHICAGO   RECORD'S 


<% 


CHAPTER  XI. 
DANGERS  OF  THE  CHILKOOT  PASS. 

_^  NDURAXCE.  nerve  and  perseverance 
are  reciuired  of  tlie  adventurer  who  sets 
out  to  make  his  fortune  in  the  El  Dora- 
do of  the  north.  Henry  De  W'incU.  the 
famous  correspondent,  was  a  compan- 
ion of  Omer  Maris  in  the  journey 
through  Chilkoot  pass.  His  letter  to 
the  London  Times  shows  two  sides  of  the  picture,  and 
is  a  valuable  contribution  to  the  literature  of  the  Klon- 
dike.    Part  of  his  letter  follows: 

"The  Chilkoot  pass  is  difficult,  even  dangerous,  to 
those  not  possessed  of  steady  nerves.  Toward  the  sum- 
mit there  is  a  sheer  ascent  of  i,ooo.  feet,  where  a  slip 
would  certainly  be  fatal.  At  this  point  a  dense  mist  over- 
took us,  but  we  reached  Lake  Lindeman — the  first  of  a 
series  of  five  lakes — in  safety,  after  a  fatiguing  tramp  of 
fourteen  consecutive  hours  through  half-melted  snow. 
Here  we  had  to  build  our  own  boat,  first  felling  the  tim- 
ber for  the  purpose.  The  journey  down  the  lakes  occu- 
pied ten  days,  four  of  which  were  passed  in  camp  on 
Lake  Bennett  during  a  violent  storm,  which  raised  a 
iieavy  sea.  The  rai)ids  followed.  One  of  these  latter, 
the  'Grand  Canyon,'  is  a  mile  long,  and  dashes  through 
walls  of  rock  from  50  to  100  f^et  high;  six  miles  below' 
are  the  'White  Horse  rapids.'  a  name  which  many  fatal 
accidents  have  converted  into  the  'Miner's  Grave.'  P)Ut 
snags  and  rocks  are  everywhere  a  fruitful  source  of  dan- 
ger on  this  river,  and  from  this  rapid  downward  scarcely 


i   !  ' 


BOOK    FOR    GOLD-SEEKERS. 


iBy 


a  (lay  passed  that  one  did  not  sec  some  cairn  or  wot'xleii 
cross  marking  the  last  rvsting-placc  of  some  drowned 
pilgrim  to  the  land  of  g(jld. 

"The  journey  to  the  Alaskan  gold  fields  is  a  liarfl  one 
for  the  well-equipped  explorer,  who  travels  in  light 
marching  order.  The  gold  i)r()  j)cctor,  on  the  other  hand, 
must  carry  a  winter's  su])plies.  dearly  purchased  at 
Juneau,  to  he  transported  at  ruinous  prices  over  the  Chil- 
koot  pass.  He  nuist  construct  his  own  boat  (often  single- 
handed)  on  Lake  Lindeman,  and  assuming  that  he  ar- 
rives at  his  destination  must  secure  lodgings  at  a  price 
that  would  startle  a  West  End  landlord.  And  all  this 
on,  perhaps,  a  capital  of  $i.ooo.  not  including  a  ticket 
to  Juneau  from  the  Golden  Gate  or  elsewhere.  Xo  won- 
der that  the  annals  of  t'le  Alaska  Commercial  company 
bear  witness  to  the  fact  that  within  the  last  five  years 
hundreds  of  starving  miners  have  been  sent  c.^  of  the 
country  at  the  company's  expense,  and  these,  as  I  can 
testify,  are  but  a  percentage  of  those  who  have  perished 
from  actual  .starvation  in  the  dreary  purlieus  of  Circle 
City  and  Forty  Mile  creek. 

"There  is,  however,  a  brighter  side  to  this  gloomy  pic- 
ture, for  there  are  fortunately  other  approaches  to  the 
Yukon  valley  besides  the  dreaded  Chilkoot.  The  chain 
of  mountains  of  which  the  latter  forms  a  part  is  cut  by 
three  other  passes — the  Takou,  the  Chilkat  and  the  White 
pass.  Of  these,  the  two  former  may  be  dismissed  as  being, 
on  account  of  their  length  and  other  difficulties,  almost 
as  impracticable  as  the  Chilkoot,  over  which  it  would 
be  (juite  impossible  to  lay  a  bridle  path;  but  the  White 
pass  offers  no  serious  obstacles  to  the  construction  of 
a  railway.  The  White  pass  is  at  least  i.ooo  feet  lower 
than  the  Chilkoot,  and,  unlike  the  latter,  is  timbered  the 
entire  length.    The  salt-water  terminus  of  this  pass  is 


ti. 


ii 


it 


170 


THE   CHICAGO   RECORD'S 


I.  ~  1/* 


in  Skaf^uay  I)a\.  eip-hty-fivc  miles  from  Jutieau.  Here 
ocean  steamers  can  run  up  at  all  times  to  a  wharf  which 
has  heen  constructed  in  a  sheltered  position,  and  there 
is  an  excellent  town  site  with  protection  from  storms. 

■■'riie  pass  lies  through  a  box  canyon  surrounded  by 
hifj^h  {granite  peaks,  and  is  comparatively  easy.  It  has 
already  been  used  by  miners  who  report  favorably  upon 
the  trail,  and  when  it  is  considered  that  the  adoi)tion  of 
this  route  obviates  the  dangers  and  expenses  of  the  Chil- 
koot.  avoids  Lakes  Lindcnian  and  Bennett  (the  stormiest 
and  most  perilous  of  the  whole  chain),  shortens  and  great- 
ly diminishes  the  expense  of  the  journey  to  the  Yukon 
valley,  and.  above  all.  can  be  used  throughout  the  year 
(tlie  interior  of  Alaska  is  now  completely  cut  off  from  the 
world  for  nine  months  in  the  year),  there  can  be  little 
reasonable  doubt  that,  the  White  pass  is  the  best  and  most 
practicable  route  to  the  Yukon  gold  fields. 

"ft  is  said  that  a  scheme  is  now  in  progress  to  open  uj) 
the  White  pass  and  facilitate  the  transport  of  miners  and 
stores  t(j  the  mining  settlements,  and  this  is  earnestly  to 
l)e  wished  for.  An  English  company,  the  British  C(jlum- 
bia  development  association,  limited,  has  already  estab- 
lished a  landing  wharf,  and  is  erecting  a  wharf  and  saw- 
mills at  .^kagway.  whence  it  is  proposed  (as  soon  as  feas- 
ible) to  lay  down  a  line  of  rail  some  thirty-five  miles  long, 
striking  the  ^'ukon  river  at  a  branch  of  the  Teslin  lake, 
about  I  GO  miles  below  Lake  Lindeman,  which  is  the  de- 
bouchure of  the  Chilkoot  pass.  By  this  means  the  tedious 
and  difhcidt  navigation  between  these  two  points  will  be 
avoided,  and  the  only  dangerous  parts  of  the  river  below, 
viz.:  the  Grand  Canyon  and  White  Llorse  rai)ids.  will 
be  circumvented  by  a  road  or  rail  portage.  Light-draught 
steamers  will  be  put  on  from  Teslin  lake  to  the  canyon, 
and  from  the  foot  of  the  latter  to  all  the  towns  and  camps 


U 


■J-, 
r. 


-I 

if 


!,•  ■"!• 


A' 


,^   »'^  ■   !■ 


wwwaiwi^tl 


m 


» I 


'n 


BOOK    FOR    UOLU-SEEKERS. 


iv:{ 


on  the  river.  Arraiitjements  w  ill  also  be  made  tor  direct 
eoniiiuinieatioii  with  Skaj^way  by  the  existing  Hues  of 
steamers,  which  now  only  call  at  Juneau,  whence  trans- 
shipment is  necessary. 

"It  is  stated  that  this  route  will  be  open  for  use  and 
traffic  in  a  few  months'  time,  when  the  cost  of  transport- 
ing^ freij;ht  and  passengers  will  be  very  considerably  re- 
duced and  the  diffictdties  of  transit  iM-aclically  eliminated. 
Much,  however,  depends  upon  the  Canadian  government, 
which,  in  view  of  the  incl'easing  rush  (jf  miners  to  the 
Yukon  valley  (many  of  whom  nnist.  umler  existing  con- 
ditions, inevitably  starve  during  the  coming  wiiUer), 
should  lose  no  time  in  constructing  a  wagon  road  over 
the  White  pass. 

"When  the  above  scheme  has  been  carried  out  the  pros- 
pector (even  of  limited  means)  may  reasonably  hope  to 
reach  his  claim  in  safety  and  at  a  comparatively  moderate 
outlay.  At  present  I  should  certainly  reconnnend  all 
those  intending  to  try  their  luck  in  Alaska  to  defer  tlu'ir 
journey  until  a  less  hazardous  route  than  that  via  the 
Chilkoot  i)ass  is  open  to  them.  It  is  with  the  object  of 
warning  Englishmen  who  may  be  deceived  by  the  allur- 
ing advertisements  of  unscru])ulous  agents  that  I  have 
addressed  you  this  letter.  That  there  is  gold  in  large 
quantities  on  the  Yukon  has  been  conclusively  proved, 
but  the  wealth  of  the  Indies  would  not  compensate  the 
risks  now  attendant  on  the  journey.  As  an  old  Yukon 
miner  remarked  to  me  at  Jimeau:  '( )ne  thousand  dollars 
a  day  would  not  fetch  me  over  the  Chilkoot  again,  but 
open  up  the  White  pass  and  we  will  soon  have  another 
Johannesburg  at  Forty  Mile  creek.'" 

"Jack"  Carr.  the  Yukon  mail  carrier,  in  answer  to  the 
hundreds  of  inquiries  received  by  him  from  people  all 
over  the  coimtry.  wrote  as  follows: 

11 


ill! 


174 


THE   CHICAGO   RECORD'S 


my 


'''< 

!•?; 


fl'i 


"No  one  should  think  of  leaving-  Seattle  for  the  Klon- 
dike later  than  Septeniher  i,  and  even  at  that  date  he 
would  re(|uire  to  have  his  wliole  outfit  paeked  over  th.e 
mountain.  From  Dyea  to  Lake  Lindeman,  or  from  Skag- 
way  to  Windy  Arm,  the  two  passes  now  used,  the  round 
trip  re(iuires  three  days,  and  it  takes  a  good,  husky  man 
to  pack  ICO  pounds  over  eitlier  route.  As  the  necessary 
outfit  for  a  man  will  weigh  fully  i,ooo  pounds,  you  can 
easily  see  that  it  would  take  him  thirty-six  days  to  pack 
his  outfit  unaided  over  either  of  the  passes  alone. 

"The  distance  from  Dyea  over  the  Chilkoot  pass  to 
the  head  of  Lindeman  is  twenty-four  miles.  From 
."^kagway  to  the  head  of  Windy  Arm,  over  the  White  pass, 
the  distance  is  thirty-one  miles.  A  horse  cannot  go  the 
full  distance  over  the  Chilkoot  pass,  but  the  Wiiite  pass 
is  passable  for  a  horse  the  entire  distance.  According  to 
the  latest  information  I  have,  George  Rice  will  have 
about  forty-five  pack  horses  on  the  White  trail. 

"Now,  anybody  who  thinks  of  leaving  for  the  Klon- 
dike late  in  the  season  should  be  warned  of  the  great 
peril  he  will  encounter.  If  he  should  be  frozen  in  at  any 
point  between  the  pass  and  Dawson  he  would  be  there 
till  spring.  I  can  easily  demonstrate  just  how  that  would 
be.  He  has  with  him  i,ooo  pounds  of  dead  weight.  To 
move  this  in  winter  is  almost  impossible.  The  snow  is 
dry  and  frosty,  and  a  sleigh  pulls  very  hard  over  it.  The 
best  a  man  could  hope  to  do  would  be  to  haul  200  pounds, 
and  with  this  he  could  make  about  fifteen  miles  a  day. 
Say  he  starts  from  a  given  point,  takes  200  pounds  of 
his  freight  for  seven  and  a  half  miles,  and  then  comes 
back  after  his  other  stufif,  thus  making  his  round  trip  for 
the  day  fifteen  miles.  You  can  see  that  it  would  take  him 
five  days  to  make  seven  and  a  half  miles.    The  total  dis- 


fi. 


BOOK    FOR    GOLD-SERKBRS. 


175 


taii'X'  from  IJyea  or  Ska^way  U)  Dawson  City  is  578 
miles. 

"If  a  person  should  have  the  misfortune  to  he  frozen 
in,  my  adviee  to  him  is  to  j^o  ashore  at  once,  build  a  small 
eabin,  and  prospect  any  small  creeks  in  tin  vicinity.  'I'liis, 
of  course,  is  on  the  supposition  that  he  is  not  alone,  but 
is  a  member  of  a  party  of  several. 

'■(  )f  course,  a  man  should  bear  in  mind  that,  as  to  the 
river  itself,  it  never  freezes  over  smooth.  The  ice  forms 
in  p;reat  rouj.:[h  masses,  which  render  travel  impossible. 
The  river  freezes  up  by  pKiober  15." 


-;  < 


176  THE    CHICAGO    HECORD'S 

CHAPTER  XTI. 
THE  "BACK  DOOR"  ROUTE. 

HE  "BACK  DOOR"  route  to  the  Klon- 
dike country  is  the  higlnvay  of  the 
Hudson's  Bay  company.  The  Mac- 
kenzie river  stretclies  its  length  of  i,- 
450  miles  most  of  the  distance,  and 
gold-scekcrs  can  float  on  its  waters  to 
one  of  the  several  rivers  which  offer 
ways  to  reach  the  western  slope  of  the 
divide,  far  up  under  the  Arctic  circle. 

It  is  interesting  to  note  that  the  "back  door"  route  to 
the  Klondike  follows  the  first  continental  route  across 
Xorth  America.  This  way  was  vliscovered  by  Mackenzie 
in  1785.  when  he  paddled  his  canoe  from  Grent  Slave 
lake  down  the  river  which  bears  his  name  to  the  Arctic 
ocean,  which  Mackenzie  supposed  was  the  Pacific  ocean. 
The  next  year  after  making  the  same  trip,  he  went  up 
the  Peace  river  and  crossed  over  the  divide  to  the  western 
slope,  which  now  is  Alaska,  thence  to  Bering  sea. 

The  Northwest  territory  includes  the  basins  of  the 
Athabasca,  Mackenzie  and  Great  Fish  rivers.  The  first 
exploration,  purely  geograjihical  in  character,  in  this  dis- 
trict was  made  by  .*^amuel  Hearne,  who  was  sent  in  1770 
by  the  Hudson's  Bay  company  northward  in  the  direc- 
tion of  the  Arctic  waters.  He  reached  the  Arctic  ocean 
and  wrote  an  account  of  his  journey,  but  this  important 
document  was  held  by  the  Hudson's  Bay  company  for 
20  years  before  it  was  published.  A  Canadian  family 
of  the  name  of  P>caulieu  founded  a  settlement  north  of 
Lake  Athabasca,  and  in  1778  a  fort  was  erected  there. 


nOOK    FOR    GOLD-SEKKEKS. 


177 


Xcxt  an  Englishman,  named  Pond,  pui<k'd  1)\  tlii'so 
lialf-castcs,  advanced  as  far  as  the  Great  Slave  lake,  and 
7  years  later  Mackenzie  entered  upon  his  exi)lorati()ns. 
After  Mackenzie's  expedition  no  voyaj^e  of  discovery  was 
undertaken  until  1820,  when  Sir  John  l">anklin  e\i)lt)rc'd 
the  Northwest  territories  between  Lake  Winnipej;  and  the 
Arctic  ocean.  After  this  the  trappers  and  half-hreeds  in 
the  employ  of  the  N'orthwcst  Hudson's  I'ay  company 
traveled  all  over  the  Xortliwest  territories. 

The  p^old-seeker  who  takes  the  "hack  door"  route  to 
the  Klondike  fields  will  travel  tliroup;h  a  coinitry  which 
has  been  placed  in  sonji^  and  story  by  those  who  sanj^ 
and  wrote  of  the  deeds  done  by  the  trappers,  voyaj^^eurs 
and  other  adventurers  in  the  employ  of  the  fiu"  coni- 
l)anies.  The  route  (described  in  preceding^  ])af,a's  of  this 
book)  starts  from  EdnioiUon.  which  is  a  terminal  of  a 
spur  of  the  Canadian  Pacific  railroad  from  Caljj;ary  on 
the  main  line,  and  is  1,772  miles  frf)m  Chicafj^o.  f'"or  the 
first  forty  miles  toward  tic  placer  mines  of  the  Klondike 
the  gold-seeker  will  travel  over  a  well  made  stage  road 
to  Athabasca  landing,  aixl  here  he  will  strike  the  waters 
which,  eventually,  will  find  their  way  into  the  Arctic 
ocean. 

The  Athabasca  river,  which  is  tiie  main  upper  l)ranch 
of  the  Mackenzie,  has  its  remotest  southern  source  in 
the  little  lake,  on  the  east  side  of  Mt.  Prown  in  the  Rocky 
mountains,  which  passes  under  the  name  of  the  "Conniiit- 
tee's  punch  bowl."  That  is  one  of  its  names,  for  in  com- 
mon with  all  the  other  lakes  and  rivers  and  streams  in 
the  Xortliwest  territory,  it  has  anywhere  from  2  to  7 
names,  as  every  watercourse  has  been  named  by  English 
and  Canadian  trappers  and  the  Indian  tribes  that  are  lo- 
cal to  the  vicinity.  The  term  Athabasca  is  not  often  used. 
The  Canadians  calling  it  the  "Biche."    On  some  English 


it  •*  I 


^^m 


178 


TilK    CHICAGO    IIECOIIUS 


iiuii)s  it  pa:  st'S  under  ihi.'  naiiK'  of  "\i\k  river."  The  Ath- 
abas:a  receives  tlie  drainage  of  the  lesser  Slave  lake  as 
well  as  the  overflow  of  several  other  lakes  from  the  west. 
At  the  foot  of  liark  mountain  the  Athabasca  runs  over  tlie 
"Great  rapids."  which  is  an  inclined  plane  about  Ck) 
miles  Ion','',  unbroken  by  any  falls  or  cataracts,  ar.d  only 
occasic/ually  is  the  water  ruflled  by  rocks  projecting  al)ove 
the  surface. 

The  Athabasca  enters  Lake  Athabasca  550  miles  from 
its  source.  At  present  the  alluvial  delta  extends  towards 
the  northwest  aboui  30  miles,  having  many  channels 
which  cluiuge  their  direction  and  size  with  every  inunda- 
tion. Athabasca  lake  stands  about  500  feet  above  the 
sea  level.  It  is  in  the  f;)rm  of  a  crescent,  with  the  convex 
side  facing  north,  thi'  shores  are  very  irregular  and  have 
man>  dee])  inlets.  The  lake  receives  its  chief  tributary 
from  the  west,  and  here  also  is  the  outlet,  so  that  the 
(klla  is  cunnnon  io  both  the  allUient  and  eftluent.  The 
Athabasca  and  I'eace  rivers  uniting  form  the  (jreat  Slave 
river,  which  is  a  very  large  stream,  but  its  passage 
througli  the  Caribou  hills  is  so  obstructed  by  rapids  that 
boatmen  liave  to  make  7  portages  between  the  Dog 
river  from  the  east  and  the  Salt  rivi'r  from  the  west. 

Ilelow  these  rapids  the  true  Mackenzie,  or  the  "rireat" 
river,  as  the  natives  call  it,  begins  its  1,450  miles  journey 
to  the  Arctic  ocean.  L'p  to  the  ( ireat  Slave  lake  into 
which  it  em|)ties  it  passes  between  wooded  hills  'i'he 
( ireat  Slave  lake  is  one  of  the  largest  in  .\cjrth  America; 
it  is  not  less  than  300  miles  long,  60  miles  at  its  widest 
part  and  has  an  area  of  aboiu  10,000  scjuare  miles.  In 
the  west  it  is  shallow,  but  its  eastern  end  is  b(jrdered  1)\- 
steep  cliffs  and  high  bluffs  and  the  waters  there,  it  is  said, 
are  650  feet  deei).  The  (')Tf(\  parallel  cross(>s  the  northern 
waters  of  Great  Slave  lake.    The  Mackenzie  esctpes  from 


BOOK    FOR    GOLD-SEEKERS. 


17» 


the  lake  at  the  northwest.  It  first  widens  into  hasins  that 
are  almost  stap^nant.  and  tlu-n  its  !)anks  come  tojj^ether. 
and  the  'iver  bed  falls  rapidlv  to  where  the  Liard  comes 
in  from  the  south. 

Below  the  confluence  of  the  Liard  the  .Mackenzie  main- 
tains a  width  of  2,000  yards;  at  many  ])oints  th<'  banks 
arc  4  to  5  miles  ajiart.  Several  rajiids  occur,  of  uhich 
but  one,  the  San^.-.Saut.  offer  any  dans^ers  to  navirjatii 'U. 
The  delta  of  the  Mackenzie  extends  north  and  S(nUh  a 
distance  of  <;o  miles,  with  an  area  of  .),(XK)  square  miles. 
This  delta,  however,  is  common  also  to  the  IV  el  nr 
Plumee  river,  which  comes  in  from  the  west. 

The  Athaliasca-Mackenzie  river,  whicli  has  a  total 
length  of  nearly  2,~(.:)0  miles,  has  a  basin  of  at  least  460.- 
000  Sfjuare  miles,  has  been  used  regtdarly  for  the  trans- 
port of  ])rovisions  and  mercliandise  since  1XS7.  Steamers 
from  Lake  Winnipeg  ascend  the  Saskatchewan  river  to 
a  large  rapid,  which  is  evaded  by  a  short  railroad,  beyond 
which  navigation  again  is  restimed.  .A  wagon  road  100 
miles  long  runs  to  the  Athabasca  river,  which  is  descend- 
ed by  steamers  and  fiat-bottome(l  boats,  according  to  the 
nature  of  the  waters,  to  l'"or  l^mith,  on  tin  ( ireat  >lave 
river.  At  this  point  is  a  ponage  u  miles  long.  lUytjiid 
the  portage  steamers  which  ilraw  5  feet  regularly  ])ly  on 
the  Mackenzie  to  its  estuary,  as  well  as  on  the  Peace  and 
Liard  rivers,  and  on  Lake  Oease.  This  gives  tlu'  united 
Saskatchewan  and  Athabasca-Mackenzie  l)asins  a  water- 
wav  of  7,500  miles,  almost  ever^  mile  of  uhicli  is  navi- 
gable, and  bevond  which  navig.ation  cm  be  contimiefl 
along  the  Arctic  seaboard  ti)  I'.ering  strait  for  three 
months  in  the  year. 

The  forts  and  settlements  along  tlie  Athabasca-Mac 
kenzie  route  have  aciuired  a  certain  celebrity  in  connec- 
tion with  the  stories  of  adventure  and  tales  of  romaiu-f' 


I  't 


I  'I, 


0  '-Vv^, 


— *- .::«;- — . ^"- 

HA(  K    liOOK     KOITK    VIA    A  I  HA  I1AS(  A    AN!)    MAfKtN/II-.    tJVl.H'. 


/SCALE   Of  MILES 

500 


3j)o<x;        -te. 

1 i:t 


HACK     noon     KOI  Tl.    via    -ASKATCHKWAN    and    M\(KI\/n-    KIVKWS. 


182 


THE   CHICAGO    RECORDS 


which  arc  connected  with  the  names  of  Mackenzie. 
I'rankhn,  Hack.  Kicliardson  and  other  noted  exi)lorers. 
I'ort  Mc.Murray  stands  at  the  coi  tluence  of  the  Atha- 
basca and  Ckarwater  rivers  at  tli  ■  famous  La  Loche 
portaf^e,  wliich  lias  been  the  main  route  of  Canadian  trav- 
elers and  trappers  for  a  century. 

I'fjrt  Cliippewayan  stands  at  the  western  extremity  of 
Lake  Athal)asca.  The  sliiftings  of  the  alhivial  deka  have 
cc)mpelled  the  trappers  to  move  I-'ort  Chippewayan  sev- 
eral times.  I'ort  I'mith  is  at  the  end  (jf  the  pfjrtat^e  from 
Smith's  landinj:,^  between  Lake  Athal)asca  and  CJreat 
Slave  lake,  and  l)e\ond  are  Iwjrt  Resolution  and  h'ort 
I'nnidence,  on  the  (Ireat  Skivc  lake,  all  of  them  famous 
in  connection  with  Sir  John  I'Vanklin's  ex])edilion,  just 
as  Fort  Reliance  has  accpiired  fame  because  of  its  asso- 
ciation with  the  exjjloits  and  adventures  of  liack.  J'"(jrt 
Reliance,  however,  has  been  abandoned. 

In  the  region  between  the  (ireat  Slave  and  Tlreat  I'ear 
lakes  is  k'cjrt  Siinps<jn,  the  chief  station,  which  stands  at 
the  junction  of  the  Liard  and  Mackenzie  rivers,  c(jm- 
mandinp^  also  the  route  from  the  sources  of  the  Stikeen 
river  to  South  Alaska.  I'ort  Wri^ley  is  the  next  station 
above  Fort  .Simpstjn.  then  comes  I'ort  Xorman,  wliicii 
stands  at  the  juncture  of  the  Mackenzie  and  the  Hare- 
skin  rivers;  still  further  north  is  I'ort  i'lnoCi  IIoj)e,  and 
then  comes  I'ort  .Mcl'hersfjn,  the  most  northern  of  the 
posts,  which  stands  at  the  junction  of  the  Reel  and  the 
Mackenzie  rivers,  and  which  has  been  maintained  in  a 
state  of  defense  since  1848. 

The  gold-seeker  nuist  be  prepared  to  staiul  cold  weather 
as  well  as  hot  weather  on  this  "back  door"  route,  depend- 
ing on  the  time  of  the  year  he  mak..s  the  trip.  The  Hud- 
son's Bay  company  trappers  traverse  this  whole  district 
from  one  end  of  the  vear  to  the  other.     Snow  seldom 


if* 


n  :' 


BOOK    FOR    GOLD-SEEKERS. 


1«8 


falls  (luriiif^f  intensely  cold  weather.  At  Fort  ChiiJpe- 
vvayan,  which  is  in  5(S  dej^M^ees  43  minutes  north  latitude, 
the  mean  temperature  is  2y  de^M-ees  V'ahr. ;  extreme  ui 
cold,  49  degrees  hc.ow  zero:  extreme  of  heat,  <S6  dej;rees 
above  zero.  At  l'"(jrl  Good  1  lope,  which  is  66  dejjjrees  20 
minutes  north  latitude,  the  thermometer  sinks  62  degrees 
below  zero,  and  for  six  months,  that  is  from  ( )ctober  17 
to  A])ril  24,  the  average  temperature  at  l'"ort  Confidence, 
which  is  in  practically  the  same  latitude  as  h'ort  (jood 
Hope,  is  14  degrees  below  zero. 

At  h'ort  Simpson,  which  is  62  degrees  north  latitude, 
a  boat  is  hjaded  every  year  with  ])otatoes  grown  there  to 
su])ply  the  station  of  Fort  Good  I  lope  (jn  the  Lf)wer  .Mac- 
kenzie; at  I'ort  Simpson  also  barley  is  in  the  ear  75  days 
after  being  s(jwn,  although  the  ground  i-  permanently 
frozen  for  a  depth  of  at  least  7  feet  10  to  12  feet  beUnv  the 
surface.  Snow,  however,  is  seld(jm  more  than  ,^  fi-et  deep 
in  winter,  and  horses  ])ass  the  season  theri'  in  the  open. 

The  half-caste  tra])])ers  iu  the  service  <>\  the  Hudson's 
l>ay  comi)any  are  noted  the  world  over  for  their  physical 
strength,  their  >kill.  imlifTt-rence  to  cold  and  liard>i  t])s. 
and  coolness  in  the  presence  of  danger.  Ii^  all  pri.lja- 
bilitv  the  rush  of  the  g^old-seekers  next  spring  will  tear 
down,  in  a  good  measure,  the  veil  of  romance  and  nr  — 
tery  which  has  hidden  this  land  from  {\u-  outside  world 
for  so  mianv  \  ears.  It  mig:ht  be  of  service  to  tin  tiien 
who  intend  t<.  take  the  "ba'-k  door"  route  to  know  that 
the  principal  food  of  the  trapj)ers  and  Indians  of  the 
Xorthwe<  c  juntry  is  peiimiican,  "jerked  beef,"  whicV  it 
is  saifl.  contains  more  nutritious  elements,  bulk  ff»r  hulk, 
than  any  similar  preparation.  The  normal  ration  >i  pem- 
mican  for  one  day  for  one  man  is  but  two  and  n  half 
pounds:  that  seems  to  satisfy  even  the  Indians.    Pemnii- 


m 


184 


THE   CHICAGO    HECOKU'S 


can  is  made  from  the  round  of  beef,  cut  in  strips  and  dried, 
and  then  shre<ldcd  or  mixed  with  beef  tallow  and  raisins. 

Craft  W.  Ilis'jT^ins  of  Chica.q'o,  one  of  the  promoters  of 
the  i'.ritish  Pacific  railway,  which  is  intended  to  open  up 
and  develop  the  rich  Caribou  gold  country,  and  who  was 
all  through  British  Columbia  and  the  Northwest  territory 
in  1892-3,  and  afterward  made  a  trij)  to  the  Yukon,  is 
one  authority  for  the  statement  that  the  back  dcxjr  route 
was  not  only  the  most  practicable,  but  the  most  feas- 
ible of  the  overland  routes;  entailed  less  hardships  than 
that  through  the  Chilkoot  pass,  did  not  take  near  so  long 
a  time  as  the  other  routes,  and  that  transportation  of  su])- 
])lies  was  much  easier.     Mr.  Iliggins  said: 

"The  jum])ing-off  jilace  is  at  Kdmonton,  1.772  miles 
from  Chicago,  on  the  Canadian  Pacific  railway.  A  stage 
line  runs  from  there  to  Athabasca  landing,  on  the  Atha- 
basca river,  and  the  Canadian  Pacific  intends  to  extend 
its  line  north  fr(jm  lidmonton  to  that  ])oint.  At  Edinon- 
tor.  the  Canadian  Pacific  owns  very  large  coal  mines. 
I'Yom  Athabasca  landing  you  can  take  a  canoe  and  go 
down  with  the  current  to  Athabasca  lake,  and  then  into 
Great  SlaVc  lake,  through  which  runs  the  Mackenzie 
river,  by  which  you  reach  the  Arctic  ocean.  When  the 
mouth  of  the  Mackenzie  is  reached  the  Peel  river  can  be 
taken  south  to  the  Rocky  mountains,  which  are  crossed 
by  trail.  When  across  the  range  the  Stewart  river  opens 
the  way  to  the  near-by  Klondike  regions. 

"I'rom  Edmonton  to  the  mouth  of  the  .Mackenzie  the 
distance  is  i,8<S2  miles,  as  given  by  the  Hudson's 
Bay  comi)any,  which  has  a  number  of  trading  posts, 
well  stocked  witli  i)rovisions  and  su])plies  of  all  kinds, 
at  short  intervals  along  the  route,  as  it  has  been 
using  this  trail  for  the  last  100  years.  The  port- 
ages   are    all    short,    with    the    exception    of    one    at 


BOOK    FOR    GOLD-SEEKERS. 


185 


Smith's  latuliiij^j  of  about  sixteen  miles,  Init  tliis  is 
very  easy  to  make.  One  can  take  the  si)leii(li(l  tram- 
way whicli  the  Hudson's  r»ay  company  has  buiU.  Xone 
of  the  other  ])orta^"es  is  more  than  a  few  hundred  yards  in 
lenjj^tli.  The  iri])  is  down  grade  all  the  way,  and  wherever 
there  is  water  of  any  depth  at  all  small  freight  steamers 
are  c(jntimiall}'  plying  back  and  f(jrth.  'Ihe  trip  can  be 
made  from  Edmcjnton  to  the  mouth  of  the  .Mackenzie 
in  less  than  Ck)  days,  but  if  Peel  river  is  frozen,  dog  trains 
will  have  Uj  be  taken  from  there  to  the  Klondike;  but 
even  with  those  the  (lisad\antages  and  hardships  will  not 
be  half  those  to  be  overcome  in  g<jing  by  way  of  Dyea. 
One  great  advantage  of  this  route  is  tluit  it  is  an  (organ- 
ized line  of  travel,  and  the  inunerous  ])ost>  of  the  I  ludson's 
i'ay  comjjany  ran  furnish  prospectors  wiiii  ample  sup- 
plies, enabling  them  to  travel  very  light,  as  <  i>n\\  sufiicic-nt 
supplies  are  necessary  to  last  from  on<'  post  t«)  another. 

"1  would  nt)t  like  to  say  just  exactly  what  the  cost  of 
the  trip  via  the  'back  door  route'  would  be,  l)ut  I  th\n\<  it 
could  be  made  for  less  money  than  any  of  the  others  which 
are  now  so  popular.  Canoes  can  be  (obtained  readily  from 
the  Indians,  but  it  is  not  advisable  to  attempt  to  use  thcnn 
without  the  assistance  of  an  Indian  wiio  is  familiar  with 
the  frail  birch-bark  canoes.  These  canoes  can  be  sccure<l 
to  carry  several  tons.  The  Iludsoi^'s  l'>ay  company  also 
contracts  to  take  freight  north  on  their  steamers  during 
the  season  of  open  navigation. 

'"With  a  small  expetiditurc  of  UKjnoy  this  route  can  bo 
improved  and  the  facilities  increased  so  that  any  amount 
of  freigln  and  any  number  of  passengers  can  be  taken 
to  the  gold  regions.  I  was  told  at  Edmonton  that  still 
south  of  the  international  boundary  line  the  mountains 
were  very  high,  but  that  the  elevation  continually  lowered 
northward  until  there  remained  only  a  high  plateau.     In 


:l« 


I- ill! 


m  ri 


I 


,  .r 


18« 


THE   CHICAGO   UECOUDS 


VI 


fact,  the  pass  through  the  Rocky  mountains  which  the 
l>ritish  Pacific  will  use  is  some  2(X)  miles  north  of  the 
Canadian  Pacific  and  only  about  2,200  feet  high,  being  the 
lowest  elevation  at  which  any  transcontinental  road  cross- 
es the  divide. 

"In  talking  with  members  of  the  Hudson's  I'ay  posts 
and  officers  of  the  Canadian  mounted  i)olice  at  Calgary 
and  Edmonton,  and  also  at  Victoria  and  up  in  the  famous 
Caribou  country,  I  was  told  that  several  years  ago  some 
j>6o,ooo,ooo  in  g(jld  was  taken  out;  that  the  mines  were 
being  worked  by  hydraulic  mining;  that  all  the  beds  of 
the  small  streams  from  the  60th  parallel  to  the  mouth  of 
the  Mackenzie  river  were  filled  with  gold.  A  great  num- 
ber of  those  running  west  from  the  Mackenzie  river  even- 
tually emj>ty  into  the  Yukon.  When  J  was  told  this,  of 
course,  I  did  not  pay  so  much  attention  to  it,  because  the 
gold  fever  was  not  so  rampant  as  at  present.  The  Cassiar 
and  ( )minaca  districts  have  long  been  known  to  be  ex- 
tensively rich  in  gold,  and  if  one-half  of  what  has  beiMi 
titld  to  me  is  true  they  will  not  only  rival  but  surpass  the 
now  famous  Klondike.  1  have  seen  any  number  of  the 
most  beautiful  specimens  of  white  (|uartz  filled  with  gold, 
and  when  the  method  of  fjuartz  mining  is  perfected  up 
in  that  far  north  the  present  placer  claims  will  soon  seem 
wonderfully  i)oor  in  comparison. 

"Dr.  Dawson,  the  eminent  geologist  of  the  Canadian 
government,  who  only  a  tew  years  ago  made  an  extensive 
and  exhaustive  geological  survey  of  the  northwestern 
provinces  of  Canada,  told  mc  that  he  considered  the  rea- 
son for  the  gold  being  found  in  the  small  streams  was  due 
to  th.t  breaking  and  grinding  action  of  the  glaciers  more 
than  for  any  other  cause.     Gold  undoubtedly  exists  in 


pi 


aces  in  large  and  paying  (|uantitics,  but  (|uartz  mining^ 


.r, 


BOOK    FOR    GOI.D-SEEKERS. 


187 


re(|uircs  inacliiticry  and  uidik'n-,  and.  of  c(»iirsc,  is  not  the 
poor  man's  |)roi)f)sition,  as  is  ])laiH'r  niininjj^." 

M,ij^r.  Clut,  the  missionary  auxiliary  bishoji  of  Atha- 
basca and  Mackenzie,  has  been  in  tliat  far  off  land  for 
many  _\cars,  laborinf^  as  an  Oblat  father  and  siibscfiuently 
as  bishoj).  lie  is  (|nite  familiar  with  the  coiuitry  which  is 
IKJW  attracting  such  numbers  of  ^Ji'old-seekers,  and  a  (|uar- 
ter  of  a  century  aj^o  he  journeyed  throujj^h  the  whole  Yu- 
kon country..  Althouf^h  no  one  dreamt  of  K<M  deposits 
then,  and  Mj,^r.  Chit  knew  nothing  of  the  mineral  re- 
sources of  the  rej.5;i(jn  till  afterward,  he  kncnvs  all  about 
climatic  ctjuditions  of  the  Vuk(jn  district,  and  Ikjw  best 
it  can  be  reached. 

In  the  sprinj:;^  of  1S72,  l-'rancois  Mercier,  now  of  Mon- 
treal, returned  to  San  l'"rancisco  from  Alaska,  where  he 
had  been  represeiUing"  the  C(jnnnercial  company  of  Alas- 
ka, and  re])orte(l  that  the  Indians  were  becominj.,'  so 
troid)lesome  as  to  obstruct  trade  'llie  company  proiuised 
to  send  up  a  coupU'  of  liiuidred  armed  men  to  protect  the 
traders,  but  Mr.  Mercier  suj^'fj^ested  that  two  or  three 
roman  catholic  missionaries  WDuId  do  more  u[ooii  than 
as  many  hundred  soldiers.  an<l  so  hather  Clut  was  asked 
to  go.  Accompanied  by  several  I'rench  Canadian  repre- 
sentatives of  the  company,  he  set  out  on  August  ^,0.  1S72, 
and  did  not  return  till  ."^eijtiiidjer  <S,  iHy^,  wintering  at 
k'ort  \'ukon. 

Speaking  of  the  experiences  of  that  trip,  which  was  a 
long  and  difficult  one,  Mgr.  Clut  said  emphatically  that 
it  would  be  more  than  folly  for  any  one  to  attempt  to 
reach  the  Klondike  without  being  able  to  take  along  with 
him  plenty  of  warm  clothing,  as  well  as  a  good  suppl\ 
of  food,  lie  had  alread\  dissuaded  a  good  many  people 
whom  he  had  met  during  the  present  visit  east,  from  start- 
ing off  at  r)nce  for  the  so  called  land  of  gold.     It  would 


,||:i| 


188 


THE   CHICAGO    llECOUU'S 


be  simply  impossible  for  j^old-lumtin^  t(j  be  acconipli.>lR(l 
(luriiii;  the  winter  uilli  snow  on  the  hard,  frozen  jrrcnind. 

As  to  the  best  means  of  reaching;  the  countrw  I'.islKtp 
Chit  is  of  the  opinion  that  the  route  by  the  Mackenzie 
river  is  by  far  the  safest  and  most  practicable.  Of  this 
ronti-  he  said;  "it  may  take  longer,  but  the  difficulties 
the  prospector  will  have  to  overcome  .u'oinj.^  via  I'ort  Mac- 
pherson  will  be  certainly  very  much  less  than  in  .i^oinj.;; 
through  the  passes  from  I  )yea  on  the  coast.  After  leav- 
injj^  Macphcrson  the  Rocky  mountains  have  to  be  crossed, 
the  distance  to  what  is  called  Lapierre  house  being  about 
80  miles,  and  this  is  the  only  portage  to  be  met  with,  save 
one  of  16  miles  after  leaving  Athabasca  landing.  60  miles 
from  Edmonton." 

According  to  men  who  have  traveled  the  Mackenzie 
river  route,  $200  is  sufficient  to  cover  transportation  ex- 
penses from  Chicago  to  the  Klondike  cijuntry. 

To  travel  over  it  i)assengers  must  go  to  St.  Paul  and 
there  take  train  over  the  Canadian  Pacific.  Leaving  St. 
I'anl  at  9  o'clock  in  the  nujrning.  the  international  boun- 
dary at  I'ortal  will  be  crossed  at  4  o'clock  the  next  morn- 
ing. At  2:22  the  following  morning  the  Chicagoan  will 
find  himself  at  Calgary,  where  he  will  leave  the  main  Hne 
of  the  Canadian  Pacific  and  travel  to  Edmonton,  a  point 
1,772  miles  from  Chicago,  and  where  the  rail  portion  of 
the  journe\-   ends.     The  railroad   fare  from   Chicago  is 

A  stage  ritle  of  40  miles  will  bring  him  to  Athabasca 
landing.  Here  he  will  find  a  continuous  waterway  for 
canoe  travel  to  h'ort  .Macpherson  at  the  north  mouth  of 
the  Mackenzie  river,  from  which  i)oint  the  Peel  river  leads 
south  to  the  gold  regions.  l'"rom  Edmonton  to  Eort 
.Macpherson  is  1.882  miles. 

A  recent  letter  from  a  missionary  declared  the  ice  had 


BOOK    FOR    GOLD-SEEKERS. 


18!! 


only  (.•Diiiimiurd  tn  niii  in  llu'  Peel  river  Sepl.  ■i^o  la>t 
year.  The  Peel  river  is  the  water  route  southeast  from 
I'Ort  .Maepherson  into  tlu'  '^j^iAd  regions. 

Tiavelers  need  not  carry  any  more  food  than  will  take 
ilu'm  from  one  Hudson's  liay  post  to  the  next,  and  there 
is  abundance  of  fish  and  wild  fo  \1  a!onj.j  the  route.  They 
can  al>(j  t,U't  assistance  at  the  ]H>y<i$  in  case  of  sickness  or 


accK 


lent. 


If  lucky  enouj^h  to  make  their  "pile"  in  the  Klondike 
the\  can  come  I)ack  by  the  dof^-sled  route  in  the  winter. 
There  is  one  mail  to  h'ort  Macpherson  in  ilu'  winter. 
Dojjs  for  teams  can  be  boujii^ht  at  any  of  the  llu(lson'> 
P.a\  posts  which  form  a  chain  of  roadhouses  on  the  tri]). 

Parties  travelin,;.;  alf)ne  will  need  no  t^^uides  luitil  the\- 
.net  near  I'ort  .Macpherson.  the  route  from  Ivlmonton  be- 
inj.:^  so  well  defined. 

It  is  estimated  that  a  party  of  three  could  ])rovide  them- 
selves with  food  for  the  canoe  trip  <")f  two  UKJUths  for  $,^3. 
pork,  tea,  Hour  and  l)akin,^  powder  would  suffice. 

Parties  should  consist  of  three  men.  as  that  is  the  cri'w 
of  a  canoe.  It  will  take  600  pounds  of  food  to  carry  thri'e 
men  over  the  route.  The  paddlin.jj;'  is  all  done  down- 
stream except  when  they  turn  south  up  Peel  river,  and 
sails  should  be  taken,  as  there  is  often  a  favorable  wind  for 
da\s.  There  are  larj:^e  scows  on  the  line  manned  by  ten 
nien  each,  and  known  as  "sturj^con  heads."  They  are  like 
canal  boats,  but  are  |)tmted  alon.q',  and  arc  used  by  the 
Hudson's  bay  jieople  for  taking  sui)]:)lies  to  the  forts. 

This  is  the  wa\'  one  enthusiastic  advocate  oi  the  "back- 
door" route  puts  the  pro))osition : 

"Let  the  voyager  build  his  boat  at  Pargo,  X.  ]).,  or 
Moorhead.  Minn.,  on  the  Red  River  of  the  Xorth,  float  it 
down  stream  (north)  to  Pake  Winnipeg,  then  cross  Lake 
Winnipeg  to  the  mouth  of  the  Saskatchewan  river,  then 

12 


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IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


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m 


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1.0 


I.I 


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U    IIIIII.6 


Photographic 

Sciences 
Corporation 


V 


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^ 


23  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  14580 

(716)  872-4503 


190 


THE  CHICAGO   RECORD'S 


If 


I'* 


i> 


m. 


i\ 


I; 


I   ; 


1 


follow  that  river  up  stream  to  the  forks,  where  the 
north  branch  empties  its  waters  into  the  Saskatchewan. 
Follow  from  there  the  North  branch  up  stream  to  White 
Whale  lake.  Here  is  the  first  transfer  overland,  lo  miles 
westward  to  Pembina  river.  T'.ien  float  down  stream  on 
the  Pembina  river  to  the  Athabasca,  thence  down  stream 
to  Lake  Athabasca,  crossing  it  and  taking  the  Slave  river 
down  stream.  Crossing  the  Great  Slave  lake,  take  the 
Mackenzie  river  northward  (down  stream)  until  the 
mouth  of  the  Liard  or  Mountain  river  is  reached.  Fol- 
low the  Liard  or  Mountain  river  up  stream  to  Simpson 
lake,  where  the  second  and  last  transfer  by  land  occurs, 
50  miles  northward  to  Francis  lake,  which  is  the  head- 
waters of  the  Pclly  river.  Float  down  this  Pelly  river  to 
the  Yukon,  thence  down  the  Yukon,  prospecting  as  you 
go,  until  your  El  Dorado  is  reached. 

"A  boat  25  feet  long.  5  feet  wide,  2|  feet  deep,  built  of 
wood  or  sheet  iron,  rigged  for  two  pairs  of  timber  wheels, 
or  with  an  iron  axle  made  to  fit  the  bottom  of  the  boat, 
with  which  to  transport  it  across  the  land,  could  easily 
carry  six  men  and  their  supplies  for  a  year,  allowing  3 
men  to  rest  while  the  other  3  manage  the  boat.  Take  four 
pairs  of  good,  strong  oars,  four  long  poles,  a  sail  and 
about  1. 000  feet  of  U-incli  strong  rope  for  cordelling  pur- 
in)ses  on  some  of  the  streams  wliere  you  go  against  the 
current. 

"All  the  land  you  traverse  after  reaching  .the  British 
possessions  is  where  the  Hudson's  Bay  company  has  its 
many  outposts  and  trading  houses.  This  country,  until 
Great  Slave  lake  is  reached,  is  filled  with  all  sorts  of 
game. 

"It  will  probably  take  no  longer  to  go  this  route  than 
it  will  to  go  by  vessel  from  Seattle  to  St.  Michael,  at  the 
mouth  of  the  Yukon,  and  thence  2,000  miles  up  vhe  Yu- 


BOOK    FOR   OOLD-SEEKERS. 


191 


kon  on  the  very  small  steamers  in  use  on  that  river,  and 
as  there  will  be  little  opportunity  to  use  or  spend  money 
on  this  route,  it  being  one  in  which  the  voyager  'works 
his  way.'  it  will  no  doubt  prove  the  popular  overland  route 
to  the  gold  fields  by  the  class  of  hardy  spirits  not  over- 
burdened with  cash. 

"A  light  steam  vessel  or  steam  launch  could  tow  15 
of  these  boats  as  far  as  the  depth  of  water  would  permit, 
and  at  the  two  places  where  transportation  by  land  is  re- 
quired it  will  not  be  long  before  some  sturdy,  enterpris- 
ing man  will  locate  at  each,  with  horses  or  oxen,  with 
wheels  rigged  especially  to  transfer  these  boats  and  their 
cargoes  from  one  stream  to  the  other,  thus  rendering  the 
voyage  one  of  only  ordinary  lal;or  of  from  3  to  5  weeks  t<j 
complete. 

"Ihe  prospects  are  that  enough  hides  and  furs  can  be 
taken  while  in  transit  to  pay  all  the  exj)enses  of  the  excur- 
sion. These  rivers  are  solidly  frozen  until  March  or 
April.  Leaving  Fargo  v.hen  the  ice  breaks,  these  boats 
can  follow  it,  and  as  fast  as  the  ice  runs  out  of  the  Mac- 
kenzie you  follow,  which  will  permit  you  to  reach  the 
gold  fields  while  the  Yukon  ice  is  running  out,  at  least 
one  month  before  any  steamer  can  ascend  it.  You  can 
carry  your  guns,  axes,  saws  and  supplies  for  a  year  with 
you.  The  steamers  on  the  Pacific  and  the  Yukon  will  not 
carry  a  pound  of  any  sort  of  freight  for  a  miner,  but  com- 
pel them  to  purchase  everything  they  desire  from  the 
stores  belonging  to  the  company  that  owns  the  vessels, 
and  at  prices  that  almost  amount  to  confiscation." 

Another  man  who  believes  in  the  "back  door"  route  is 
".Si"  Malterner  of  Canton.  X.  Y..  who,  for  the  third  time, 
is  on  his  way  to  the  .\rctic  ocean  by  way  of  the  lordly 
Mackenzie. 

Just  before  leaving  home  he  said: 


I  ' 


!  i  i 


M 


f ,' 


<ii 


n 


If 


s 


192 


THE   CHICAGO   RECORD'S 


I'r 


|.  r 


Ht''^ 


m 


i .' 


i 


IS". 


i    I 


I 


"Take  the  Canadian  Pacific  to  Calgary  and  the  branch 
hnc  to  Edmonton.  A  stage  ride  will  place  you  at  Atha- 
l)asca  landing,  on  water  that  empties  into  the  Arctic 
ocean.  From  there  you  pass  through  the  Great  Slave 
lake  into  the  Mackenzie  river.  Float  down  that  stream 
about  1,100  miles  to  the  mouth  of  the  Peel  river.  Go  up 
the  Peel  about  15  miles  to  the  mouth  of  the  Husky.  Fol- 
low up  this  stream  to  the  divide.  A  portage  of  4  niTles  will 
put  you  on  the  Porcupine  river.  I'roni  there  you  paddle 
up  stream  past  Cudaliy  atul  Circle  City  to  Klondike,  or 
rather  Dawson  City. 

"I  will  make  the  trip  alone.  Two  years  ago  I  weiu  with 
a  parly  from  the  lake  to  the  ocean  and  back.  Last  year 
1  went  alone.  I  left  the  landing  May  i,  and  landed  at  the 
mouth  of  the  river  July  30.  The  Mackenzie,  from  the 
lake,  is  from  3  to  8  miles  wide.  Where  it  is  joined 
by  the  Peel  it  widens  to  15  miles,  and  at  its  mouth  it  must 
be  about  60  miles  wide.  I'rom  lake  to  ocean  is  about  i,- 
400  miles.  Tiiere  arc  some  bad  places  in  the  stream.  One 
of  these  consists  (»f  a  succession  of  dangerous  rapids  ex- 
tending for  100  miles,  that  no  one  should  attempt  unless 
under  the  direction  of  an  experienced  guide.  The  cur- 
rent is  strong  and  ra])id.  1  made  t!ie  trip  in  a  seventeen- 
foot  Petersborough  canoe. 

"The  country  through  which  the  river  runs  is  rolling 
antl  has  considerable  timber  along  the  low  pls'X's.  There 
is  ci^nsiderable  game,  including  moose,  caribou,  sheep, 
birds  and  moscjuitoes.  The  latter  deserve  to  be  classed 
;is  game,  though  the  man  is  the  hunted,  not  the  hunter, 
in  their  case,  in  sunnner  it  is  hot  along  the  river.  Near 
the  .Arctic  circle  tin  thermometer  sometimes  stood  at  75 
;ind  80.  The  sun,  of  course,  shines  all  summer,  so  there  is 
no  ihance  to  cool  nfi. 

"There  is  btU  one  way  to  get  back,  and  that  is  to  «^raw 


BOOK    FOR    GOLD-SEEKERS. 


!!»:{ 


your  boat  by  a  rone  and  walk  aU)ii^  the  bank  a  la  oaual- 
boat.  The  Hudson  ^  Ray  company  operates  an  Hofoot 
boat  from  the  mouth  of  the  Peel  river  to  Fort  Smith.  2(X) 
miles  this  side  of  Great  Slave  lake,  but  does  not  accept 
passengers  or  freight.  Tiiis  company  also  has  stations 
every  200  or  300  miles  along  the  river." 

P.  J.  Curran  of  5818  Aberdeen  street.  Chicago,  will 
start  for  Alaska  about  March  i.  lie  expects  to  go  "cross 
lots"  and  to  get  there  in  seven  weeks. 

Mr.  Curran,  who  is  employed  at  the  stock  yards,  was  a 
member  of  the  Canadian  mounted  police  patroling  the 
British  Northwest  territory  for  8  years.  He  is  familiar 
with  the  country  and  the  needs  for  a  journey  and  will 
lead  a  party  of  four  from  Chicago  to  the  Klondike  gold 
fields.  Mrs.  Curran,  who  was  a  teacher  and  missi(tiia:\ 
among  the  Indians  of  the  northwest  for  15  years,  wears 
two  bright  gold  rings  which  were  molded  by  a  frdutier 
blacksmith  from  gold  paimed  by  lier  husband  from  tlie 
Saskatcliewan  river. 

Gold  is  found,  according  to  Mr.  Curran.  in  all  of  the 
streams  of  the  northwest  in  varying  (|uantities  and  iki> 
beeri  mined  in  a  desultory  way  for  many  years. 

During  his  residence  in  the  territory  Mr.  Curran  says 
prospecting  parties  frequently  pushed  north,  but  tlu' 
policy  of  the  Hudson's  I'ay  company,  which  has  grown 
rich  from  trading  with  the  Indians  since  the  time  of 
Charles  II.,  has  been  to  discourage  white  men  from  get- 
ting a  foothold. 

Mr.  Curran  outlined  his  plans  as  folhjws: 

At  Edmonton  we  will  ])urchase  a  dog  tean',  and  travel 
north  with  these  swift  rumiers  along  the  system  of  lake-; 
and  rivers  which  find  their  outlet  into  the  Arctic  oeeati 
through  the  Mackenzie  river. 

"From  some  point  on  the  upper   Mackenzie  we  wiJi 


1 J 


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BOOK    FOR    GOI.D-SEEKKKS. 


IW 


turn  our  course  overland,  and  thus  make  the  journe\  to 
the  gold  fields  of  the  Klondike. 

"Starting  from  Edmonton  March  i,  we  will  make  the 
journey  after  the  most  rigorous  part  of  the  winter  has 
softened  under  the  inHuences  of  the  lengthening  days, 
but  before  any  of  the  waterways  have  broken  u]),  so  that 
the  journey  may  be  made  all  the  way  with  dog  sledges. 
We  expect  to  be  on  tlie  grounils  by  the  time  spring  pros- 
pecting opens." 

Mr,  Curran  said  that  many  of  the  prospectors  were  not 
taking  coiuisel  of  wisdom  in  selecting  their  outfits.  "I 
see  no  reason  why,"  he  said,  "the  miners  cannot  live  fur  a 
season  on  tlie  kind  of  rations  which  the  Canadian  police 
thrive  on  all  of  the  year.  A  pound  of  flour  and  a  pound  of 
bacon  a  day  sustains  the  life  of  those  in  the  government 
service,  and  often  sends  them  back  living  pictures  I'f 
heahii  to  their  friends,  who  had  seen  them  leave  tlich" 
eastern  homes  frail  and  delicate.  Caimed  goods  are  out 
of  place  in  the  traveler's  outfit  for  the  reason  they  take 
up  room  and  are  not  valuable  as  food. 

"For  supplies  to  last  one  man  400  days  I  would  take 
400  pounds  of  flour,  400  pounds  of  bacon — fat  meal  is 
necessary  to  sustain  life  in  a  cold  climate — 75  pounds  of 
beans,  50  pounds  of  evaporated  apples,  60  pounds  of 
sugar,  12  pounds  of  tea.  Tea  is  better  as  a  drink  in  cold 
countries  than  coffee.  Xorthern  natives  and  white  trad- 
ers use  lea  as  the  staple  drink. 

"My  clothing  outfit  will  be  two  suits  of  heavy  under- 
wear, two  heavy  tlaimel  shirts,  six  pairs  of  socks,  two 
pairs  of  long  stockings,  two  pairs  of  moleskin  trousers. 
one  pair  of  heavy  boots,  four  pairs  of  moccasins,  two 
pairs  of  drutTels,  leather  mittens,  wool  mittens,  fur  cap, 
a  Canadian  toque,  four  pairs  Hudson  bay  blankets  and 
a  bearskin  robe." 


\i 


rr 


\H 


in.- 
if ' 


IM 


THE   CHICAGO    RECORDS 


!■ 


Tlic  things  doscrihcd,  with  pick,  shovel,  tools  and  a 
canvas  canoe,  will  comprise  the  load  which  Mr.  Curran 
expects  his  dog  team  can  haul  over  the  track  at  the  rate  of 
50  miles  a  day.  A  good  dog  team,  he  thinks,  should  be 
purchased  at  Edmonton  for  $60.  unless  dogs  have 
"boomed"  since  he  priced  them  in  that  city.  Mr.  Curran 
estimates  the  expense  of  the  trip  at  $600.  He  will  pur- 
chase his  entire  outfit  at  Edmonton  and  not  try  to  ob- 
tain anything  from  the  stores  and  stations  of  the  Hud- 
son's Ray  company  which  are  scattered  along  the  way. 

The  country  through  which  he  will  travel  abounds  with 
game — deer,  moose,  elk,  red  deer,  ducks  and  geese,  and 
black  and  grizzly  bear  are  common  enough,  so  that  the 
tourist,  armed  with  shotgun  and  rifle,  need  not  want  for 
fresh  meat. 

Mr.  Curran  is  of  the  opinion  that  this  overland  and 
fresh-water  route  will  be  the  popular  line  of  march  when 
gold-hunters  become  familiar  with  its  merits. 


BOOK    FOR    GOLU-SBEKERS. 


m 


CHAPTER  XIII. 

A  YUKON  DELICACY. 

OLD  SEEKERS  wlio  take  the  all-wator 
riJUtc  to  the  (hgp[inj;s  will  have  plenty  of 
opportunity  of  eatinj;  a  delicacy  that  is 
characteristic  of  the  N'ukon  river.  .\  part 
of  the  rej^ular  fare  on  the  Yukon  steam- 
boats is  wild  fToose.'  At  the  first  meal 
one  is  likely  to  approach  this  rare  bird 
with  a  feelinjj  of  thankfulness  that  one's 
lines  arc  cast  in  such  favored  places.  lUit  this  resjionsive 
condition  of  mind  does  not  hold  its  place  very  \ou^.  for 
wild  goose  soon  ceases  to  be  a  joy.  and  becomes  one  of  tlie 
hardships  of  the  country.  The  bird  is  taken  durint;  its 
nesting  season,  or  at  its  conclusion,  and  is  preserved  in 
brine  as  pork  is  pickled.  The  trade  in  "goose-breasts," 
as  the  product  is  called,  and  in  the  eggs  has  become  a  con- 
siderable item  of  local  commerce.  Seven  or  eight  varie- 
ties of  ducks  and  the  different  kinds  of  swans  also  are 
taken  and  sold  under  the  same  comprehensive  name. 

The  sunmier  haunts  of  the  waterfowl  of  North  America 
extend  over  a  wide  area  of  P.ritish  America  and  Alaska. 
Wherever  there  are  stretches  of  marsh  land  they  come 
in  greater  or  less  numbers,  but  their  favorite  nesting 
places  arc  along  the  shore  of  Bering  sea,  where  there 
are  many  thousand  scpiarc  miles  of  low  swamp  or  grass 
land,  called  tundra.  The  numbers  of  waterfowl  of  all 
kinds  are  decreasing,  but  it  is  only  within  the  last  few 
years  that  this  fact  has  become  more  apparent,  s'arious 
gun  clubs  are  becoming  interested  in  the  question.    The 


198 


THE   CHICAGO   RECORD'S 


1) 

mi 

m 


in 


"I 


I    1     ! 


^ii! 


fish  and  fjanic  commission  of  the  state  of  California  is 
making  an  investigation  in  the  hope  of  finiUng  a  remedy 
to  save  them  from  extermination. 

Any  one  with  an  idea  that  the  guns  of  the  sportsmen 
are  any  sort  of  a  factor  in  the  extermination  of  the  birds 
should  visit  Alaska  during  the  nesting  period.  I*"rom 
time  immemorial  the  Eskimos  have  taken  eggs  and  fowls 
during  the  short  season  they  were  available.  There  is 
no  system  of  "candling"  eggs  to  determine  their  grade 
in  vogue  among  the  natives.  An  egg  is  an  egg  to  them 
at  any  i)eriod  of  incubation,  and  as  long  as  tiie  season 
lasts  they  live  in  riotous  ])lenty. 

Formerly  they  were  contented  with  what  they  could 
eat  during  the  season,  but  since  they  have  come  into 
closer  contact  with  white  people  they  have  learned  more 
thorough  methods,  and  now  they  provide  eggs  and  birds 
to  last  the  whole  year  through.  They  dry  or  pickle  the 
flesh,  and  the  eggs  arc  preserved  in  barrels  of  muckaluck 
— walrus  oil.  An  addled  goose  egg  kept  about  a  year  in 
rancid  oil  appeals  strongly  to  an  Eskimo's  peculiarly  cul- 
tivated taste. 

Of  late  years  the  outlet  for  the  product  of  waterfowl 
has  become  extended  and  the  eggs  and  geese  have  be- 
come regular  articles  of  sale.  In  addition  to  their  natu- 
ral craftiness  in  hunting,  the  natives  have  learned  system 
from  the  whites.  An  egg  taken  at  any  time  during  the 
season  is  eatable,  but  to  be  salable  it  must  be  fresh,  so  the 
Eskimos  divide  their  territory  among  themselves  and 
make  a  systematic  round  of  the  nests  each  day  during 
the  laying  season.  They  get  an  egg  every  day  from  each 
goose's  nest,  and  finally,  when  her  spirit  is  broken  and 
she  refuses  to  yield  longer,  she  is  snared  with  a  noose 
of  sinew  and  goes  into  pickle,  while  her  nest  is  left  oflf 
the  route. 


B4' 


BOOK   FOR   U0LD-8EEKERS. 


vn 


The  geese  do  not  fly  during  the  period  of  nesting,  but 
the  marsh  grass  and  low  bushes  offer  a  place  of  refuge 
from  their  pursuers.  That  they  ore  not  exterminated  in 
one  season  is  due  to  the  fact  thai  there  are  not  enough 
natives  to  cover  the  whole  ground  systematically.  As 
it  is,  they  make  excursions  daily  in  their  muckaluck 
canoes  into  new  fields  arJ  in  a  few  hours  are  able  to  load 
their  little  boats.  They  take  many  young  goslings  be- 
fore they  are  old  enough  to  run.  The  fresh  eggs  and 
the  old  birds  are  traded  to  various  white  dealers,  the 
cost  of  the  eggs  to  the  latter  being  about  25  cents  a 
hundred,  yet  last  fall  they  were  shipped  to  Forty  .Nfile 
and  sold  at  $1  a  dozen.  Another  outlet  for  the  product 
is  among  the  whalers  who  touch  at  Hcring  sea  points. 
It  is  also  traded  to  the  Yukon  Indians  for  furs  and  sal- 
mon or  even  sold  back  to  the  Eskimos  after  they  have 
exhausted  their  own  supply. 

On  the  broad  expanses  of  tundra  at  the  delta  of  the 
Yukon  and  along  the  coast  either  way  from  the  river 
the  wild  fowl  have  been  particularly  plentiful,  but  are 
year  by  year  becoming  less  so.  It  is  the  habit  of  the 
birds  to  return  to  their  native  place  for  nesting,  and.  as  a 
consequence,  when  the  stock  of  any  locality  is  exhausted 
there  are  none  to  take  their  place,  and  over  much  coun- 
try where  there  were  formerly  endless  flocks  now  there 
are  none.  The  Eskimos  are  at  great  pains  every  year  to 
find  out  good  hunting  grounds,  in  spite  of  the  fact  that 
with  their  light-draft  boats,  rigged  with  sails,  they  are 
able  to  patrol  a  vast  deal  of  coast  line,  penetrating  innu- 
merable inlets  that  otherwise  would  be  free  from  intru- 
sion. 

Although  the  ducks  are  raided  and  suffer  depletion, 
they  are  more  wary  than  the  geese,  changing  their  nests 
if  disturbed,  or,  if  pursued  tou  closely,  moving  to  another 


l! 


J!J 


il 


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■ 

M 

i 
I 

T 

ii 


if^ 


'200 


THE   CHK'A(K)    RECORDS 


» 


J 1 

!/ 

I! 

i'S 


f, 


locality,  riu"  lakes  far  itilaiid  arc  their  favorite  hreedinp 
places,  and  nohody  knows  how  many  such  bodies  of 
water  there  are  in  Alaska.  They  are  a  part  ol  every  river 
system — beautiful  lakes,  with  shores  abounding  in 
jj;rasscs  and  succulent  herbage. 

The  only  salvation  for  the  waterfowl  of  North  Amer- 
ica seems  to  be  in  the  government  of  the  L  nitcd  States 
co-operatinpf  with  Canada  for  their  protection.  If  the 
tiatives  were  prohibited  from  taking  the  eggs  at  any  time 
it  would  change  the  jiresent  iate  of  extermination  into  a 
percei)tible  increase  in  the  size  of  the  Hocks.  Eskimos 
are  obedient  and  law-abiding  when  they  understand  their 
duty,  and  a  few  gmie  wardens  could  maintain  the  restric- 
tions over  a  great  territory. 

Archdeacon  Canham  of  the  Church  of  England  mis- 
sion at  Kampart  house  on  Porcupine  river,  has  a  curious 
fossil  which  the  Indians  found  in  the  alluvial  deposits 
along  the  Porcupine.  It  was  the  skull  and  iiorns  pre- 
sumably of  an  extinct  variety  of  bison.  It  differed  in 
some  respects  from  the  head  of  an  ordinary  buffalo,  tlie 
horns,  for  one  thing,  being  straighter.  Their  diameter  at 
the  base  was  3  inches,  and  the  skull  at  the  eyes  measured 
13.J  inches  in  width. 

The  Indians  claimed  to  recognize  it  as  a  species  of 
water  buffalo,  sea-cow  or  other  animal  of  aquatic  habits, 
the  like  of  which,  they  assert,  is  still  living,  but  this 
assertion  may  be  classed  with  another  that  is  sometimes 
made,  to  the  effect  that  there  are  mammoths  still  alive 
in  Alaska,  as  being  more  than  doubtful.  lUit  the  valley 
of  the  middle  Yukon  is  a  vast  bone-yard.  From  the  great 
variety  of  fossil  remains  found  in  the  country  it  is  easy 
to  imagine  that  it  once  contained  almost  every  animal 
known  to  science  and  more. 

The  traveler,  standing  upon  the  deck  of  one  of  the 


BOOK    FOR   GOLD-SEEKERS. 


2U1 


small  stem-wheel  boats  laboriously  pushing,'  its  way 
aj^ainst  the  povvcrful  current  of  the  Yukon  river,  will  be 
struck  with  the  innncnse  area  of  aHuvial  soil,  which  has 
been  carried  bodily  for  centuries  and  ajjes  from  the  far 
interior  to  the  verpe  of  I'erinR  vp  The  land  there  is 
beinjj  made  and  unmade  constantly.  The  ice-laden 
freshets  of  each  returninj;  sprinj;  m  vrr  leave  unchanged 
the  contour  of  the  shores  whic'i  but  i  'iperffitly  confine 
the  rushing  waters.  A  solid  cake  of  ice,  caught  in  an 
eddy  and  set  into  swirling  motion.  ;,rrinds  against  tlie 
loosely  constructed  bank  and  upfiermines  it  until  a  mass 
of  sand  or  clay  falls  down  ui)on  it. 

The  impetus  given  by  the  precipitated  earth  drives  the 
ice  cake  out  of  the  eddy  and  sends  it  adrift  upon  the  cur- 
rent, to  be  carried  on  and  on,  until  stranded  again  upon 
the  low  beaches  of  the  delta  or  some  distatU  island  of 
the  sea,  when  its  cargo  of  soil  will  be  deposited  as  a  ^ift 
from  the  great  Yukon.  On  the  (Jther  hand,  land  making 
is  going  t)n  just  as  constantly.  The  accidental  lodgment 
of  one  of  the  gnarled  giants  of  the  inland  forests  on  its 
way  seaward  may  cause  the  formation  of  a  muddy  bar 
or  island  witliin  the  space  of  a  few  years. 

Thickets  spring  up  from  twigs  of  willow  depcjsited  b\ 
the  passing  flood,  or  from  seed  carried  by  the  wind  antl 
strengthen  the  new  ground,  binding  toj^ether  its  com- 
ponent i)arts  with  their  roots  until  it  can  resist  the  ordi- 
nary pressure  of  rushing  flood  and  ^rindinj;  ice.  l-'ven 
then  a  sudden  rise  of  a  few  feet  in  the  water,  or  an  un- 
usually heavy  formation  of  ice  on  the  upper  river  may 
undo  in  a  few  moments  what  nature  has  been  years  in 
creating.  The  little  island  will  then  dissolve  like  snow 
before  the  sun  and  its  componeiu  parts  be  torn  away 
and  carried  suspended  in  the  raging  flood  utitil  the  neu- 
tralizing action  of  opposing  tides  cause  them  to  settle 


,4 


202 


THE   CHICAGO    RECORDS 


and  scatter  broadcast  over  the  shallow  hottoni  of  Bering 
sea  contiguous  to  the  great  river's  mouth. 

I'nder  more  congenial  skies  this  vast  accumulation  of 
the  richest  soil  \vt)uld  doubtless  attract  a  teeming  popula- 
tion; and  who  knows  whether  this  mighty  water  power 
may  not  be  now  building  for  the  future,  when  some  slight 
deviation  in  the  axis  of  the  whirling  globe  may  unlock 
the  icy  fetters  that  now  bind  the  land.  ct)mpelling  man  to 
rely  ui)on  the  products  of  the  sea  alone  for  his  subsistence, 
and  teaching  him  to  look  for  but  scanty  favors  from  moth- 
er earth.  Should  that  time  come  in  some  far  distant  per- 
iod, there  will  be  in  the  Yukon  valley  a  field  for  agricul- 
tural wealth  and  greatness  surpassing  in  range  and  possi- 
bilities that  of  the  ancient  Nile.  The  vory  sea  is  aiding, 
building  up  and  emiching  this  possible  granary  of  future 
geologic  ages  by  sending  its  finny  denizens  by 
countless  millions  up  into  every  vein  and  artery  of  the 
vast  surging  and  throbbing  water  system,  impregnating 
both  soil  and  water  with  minijte  deposits  of  highly  fer- 
tilizing (|ualities. 

The  few  settlements  scattered  over  the  large,  flat  is- 
lands of  the  Yukon  delta  are  perched  upon  the  rare  points 
of  vantage  to  be  found  in  tins  land  of  desolation  and 
periodical  submersion.  An  elevation  of  from  lo  to  15 
feet  above  the  ordinary  flood  line  is  considered  sufficient 
for  a  village  site,  especially  when  further  protected  by 
adjacent  sloughs,  through  which  the  waters  of  freshets 
many  escape  from  the  main  channel  and  spreail  at  will  over 
the  tenantless  "tundra."  The  first  section  of  a  site  is  prob- 
ably guided  also  by  the  presence  of  a  protecting  r/icrnux- 
dc-frise  of  drift  logs,  affording  partial  security  from  the 
attacks  of  ice  floes;  l)Ut  the  shiftless  iidiabitants  can  not 
withstand  the  temptation  to  use  u])  their  safeguard,  and  in 
tb.o  cotirse  of  a  few  years  their  homes  arc  unprotected 


BOOK    FOR    GOLD-SEEKERS. 


2U3 


and  they  scour  the  rivi-r  hanks  for  miles  to  gather  fuel 
for  their  fires. 

Tiiough  careless  and  short-sighted,  these  people  are 
made  industrious  by  necessity.  Any  relaxation  of  their 
daily  elTorts  in  pursuit  of  seals,  beluga,  mink,  and  musk- 
rats,  as  well  as  any  failure  tt)  secure  their  cjuota  of  salmon 
and  other  fishes,  simply  means  starvation,  and  such  per- 
iods of  distress  as  do  occur  can  always  be  traced  to  cor- 
responding ones  of  idleness  indulged  in  by  these  supersti- 
tious pagans  at  the  behest  of  their  crafty  "shamans,"  or 
medicine  men.  Living  as  ihey  do  in  the  direct  path  of  ice 
gorges  and  floods,  it  is  not  sur])rising  to  fmd  traditions 
among  them  of  the  disappearance  of  whole  villages  within 
a  night  carried  awav  by  evil  spirits,  according  to  their  be- 
lief. 

Along  tlie  Ap-hun,  or  northern  mouth  of  the  \'ukon, 
through  which  light-draft  steamers  from  St.  Michael  en- 
ter the  river,  the  banks  are  somewhat  higher,  antl  the 
small  settlements  more  ])ermanent  in  character.  At  Kot- 
lik  and  Pastolik  trading  stations  have  been  in  operation 
for  many  \ears.  At  the  former  place,  which  is  situated  at 
the  head  of  a  blind  slough,  the  improvements  consist  of 
st'.bstantial  log  buildings  surrounded  by  a  stnmg  stock- 
ade, including  a  neat  chapel  erected  by  the  Russian  trader 
for  the  convenience  of  his  family. 

To  the  traveler  by  boat  or  canoe  in  sunnner  or  with 
dog  teams  in  winter,  Kotlik  has  ever  ])een  a  welcome 
place  of  shelter  and  refuge,  and  many  would  have  per- 
ished but  for  the  ready  hospitality  of  this  iiasis  in  the  ice 
desert. 

The  seasiMi  of  rejoicing  and  prosperity  with  the  ilwell- 
ers  in  the  delta  lands  begins  with  the  flisapi)eaiaiuc  of 
the  ice,  which  is  simultaneous  with  the  advent  of  the  sal- 
mon.    The  sun  of  the  long  .\rctic  summer  da\    stands 


h 


f! 


a 


if  ! 


m^ 


mmm 


if 


204 


THE   CHICAGO   RECORD'S 


'mr\ 


hriglit  in  the  licavcns,  and  under  its  j^cnial  glare  the  har- 
ve.^t  of  fish  goes  on  witliout  interruption,  and  as  ever\ - 
body  can  once  more  revel  in  the  richest  food,  the  pang> 
of  hunger  of  the  winter  just  past  are  forgotten  Childreii 
roll  and  tuiuhle  over  the  mossy  hummocks  of  the  "tun 
dra"  searching  for  eggs;  for  nature,  having  once  thrown 
ofY  the  austere  garb  of  winter,  fairly  showers  her  blessings 
on  the  wartls  upon  whom  she  grudgingly  bestows  her 
>cantiest  gifts  for  S  months  of  the  year. 

llusy  as  they  are,  both  man  and  beast,  gathering  and 
consuiuing  food,  they  do  not  miss  the  first  faint  whistle 
of  the  steamboat,  still  far  away,  battling  with  the  shifting 
shoals  that  beset  the  entrance  to  the  river.  Through  the 
stillness  of  the  sunnuer  air  the  churning  and  puffing  of 
the  boat  can  be  heard  far  away,  and  as  it  finally  rounds 
the  last  bend  the  joyous  shouts  of  woiuen  and  childri'ii 
are  joined  In'  the  piercing  but  dolorous  \ell  of  the  «logs, 
who  resent  all  arrivals  and  departures. 

The  steamer  to  these  people  meauh  tobacco,  f)ow(ler. 
lead  and  caps  in  exchange  for  mink  and  muskrat  skins. 
It  also  means  tfour  and  some  calico  for  the  women,  with 
the  few  enterprising  individuals  who  have  piled  up  a  few 
cords  of  wood  on  the  river  bank  to  sell  to  the  captain  at 
$_^  a  cord.  The  captain  woidd  gladly  buv  a  great  deal 
more  at  that  price,  but  the  supply  is  limited  by  the 
amount  of  energy  and  and)ition  latent  among  the  men 
of  these  scattered  conununities.  The  boat's  furnaces  are 
arranged  for  wood,  and  wood  the  captain  nuist  have; 
therefore  he  finds  himself  compelled  to  carry  a  numbi-r  of 
axmen.  some  on  small  wagi's  and  some  working  their 
passage,  but  all  to  be  fed. 

With  a  crew  mmd)ering  from  jo  to  ,^o  it  takes  from  lO 
to  13  hoiu's  to  wood  up.  and  each  cord  of  fuel  i.s  tuade  to 
cost  nmch  ntore  than  .$3.    With  one-half  the  energy  pos- 


BOOK    FOR    GOLD-SEEKEHS. 


M'o 


sosstul  by  thf  I'lilingil  tribes,  tlie  men  living  on  the  lower 
readies  of  tbe  river,  where  driftwood  is  piled  up  in  hup;e 
wiiirows,  coukl  earn  niuney  enough  each  season  to  bet- 
ter their  condition  in  many  ways  and  place  them  beyond 
the  reach  of  want  and  starvation.  ( )n  ascending  the  river, 
winding  slowly  through  the  innumerable  bends,  dry  land 
still  ai)pears  insignificant  in  area  when  compared  with 
the  boundless  watery  surface,  until  the  first  hills  appear 
not  many  miles  below  Andreafsky  station.  IVom  tiie 
blurt*.  (|uite  insigni^'cant  in  height,  above  the  small  vil- 
lage of  Kahmiut  can  he  seen,  at  a  single  glance,  die  man\ 
broad  outlets  of  the  Yukon  from  this  poi'it. 

.\ndreafsky.  formerly  a  fortified  trading  post  of  the 
Russians  of  considerable  importance,  and  once  the  scene 
of  sunnuary  vengeance  inflicted  ui)on  a  band  of  Ingalik 
for  d(.predations  connnitted  on  the  upper  river,  is  now  bm 
a  shadow  of  its  former  >elf.  The  strong  stockade  has 
i)eeu  laid  low  and  has  i)rol)ably  fed  the  fires  of  the  Scan- 
dinavian trader,  who  for  many  years  collected  the  furs  of 
the  river  and  adjoining  "tundra."  claiming  as  his  field 
of  operations  the  vast  triangle  between  the  Ikogmiut 
mission,  the  northern  mouth  of  the  Yukon,  and  Cape 
\'aiKH)uver. 

His  large  "bidars."  laden  with  goods  or  skins,  could 
then  be  seen  on  river,  slough  and  lake  throughout  the 
summer,  and  in  the  winter  his  dog  teams  were  known 
in  every  village.  \ow  what  there  is  left  of  the  trade 
passes  through  native  chatmels  to  .^t.  Michael,  the  head- 
»|uarters  of  the  Alaska  Connnercial  company  in  the  Yu- 
kon district,  and  the  former  trader,  now  a  full-fledged 
steand)oat  captain,  with  a  gold  band  around  his  cap. 
passes  his  winters  in  retirement  at  the  scene  of  his  former 
activity. 

The  summer  ira\eler  who  camps  al  An«lreafsk\  beholds 

13 


It 


i 


^iil 


'  If 


206 


THE    CHICAGO    RECORDS 


u 


h 


a  picture  of  neglect  and  desolation,  relieved  by  two  i}r 
three  log  cabins  kept  in  repair,  with  windows  and  doors 
shuttered  and  barred.  The  surrounding  buildings  are 
wrecks,  with  falling  roofs  and  gaping  walls.  A  ware- 
house built  by  the  Russians,  of  huge  logs  that  still  resists 
decay,  bereft  of  its  doors,  contains  a  heterogenious  mass 
of  rusty  ironware,  oil  casks,  coal-oil  cans,  and  broken 
traps. 

From  Andrcafsky  upward,  the  habitations  of  the  na- 
tives exhibit  an  entire  change  in  character  and  construc- 
tion. They  are  nearly  all  above  ground,  with  walls  of 
upright  logs  and  planks  and  slanting  roofs  covered  with 
grass  and  sods.  The  only  entrance  is  a  round  or  square 
aperture  in  the  ceiui-r  of  the  front  wall  i8  inches  or  two 
feet  from  the  ground.  Low  platforms  line  three  sides 
of  the  houses,  which  are  from  15  to  20  feet  scjuare.  A  fire- 
place and  corresponding  smoke-hole  occupy  the  center, 
and  all  the  available  space  t)vcrhead  is  filled  with  sticks 
and  rods,  from  which  dried  fish  are  suspended,  making  it 
impossible  to  move  about  in  an  erect  ])osition  under  the 
malodorous  festoons,  from  which  pellucid  drops  of  oil 
fall  gently  upon  the  inmates.  Many  of  these  attractive 
homes  are  also  i)rovi(led  with  excavated  additions  for 
places  of  refuge  during  extremely  cold  weather. 

The  "kuggats."  or  storehouses,  in  all  these  villages  are 
large  and  strongly  built,  a  sure  sign  that  food  is  plentiful. 
()ccup\irig  a  prominent  position  midway  between  the 
dwellings  and  the  beach,  these  caches  are  all  that  the 
passing  traveler  sees  of  a  village,  and  as  they  are  thickly 
hung  with  drying  salmon  throughout  the  summer  they 
appear  from  a  distance  like  bright  crimson  spots  upon  the 
green  banks  of  the  river. 

The  inhabitants  of  this  region  could  easily  gain  their 
subsistence  by  devoting  their  time  to  the  catching  and 


y. 

2 


til 


;! 
ill 


il 


&m?^' 


4,1  :      '}< 


BOOK    FOR    GOLD-SEEKEKS. 


2oy 


curing  of  salmon  during  the  season,  but  they  have  many 
other  sources  of  supply.  Both  seals  and  beluga  ascend 
the  deep,  wide  channels  of  the  river.  The  marshes  on 
both  sides  of  the  river  are  fairly  alive  with  wild  fowl, 
ducks,  geese,  swans  and  cranes;  minks,  nuiskrats.  land 
otters  and  arctic  foxes  yield  marketable  furs,  and  ')an(ls 
of  reindeer  still  pay  occasional  visits  to  their  old  feeding 
grounds. 

Many  populous  settlements  are  located  in  this  vicinity, 
the  largest  being  the  village  of  Kinegmagmiut  (the  Ra/.- 
boinitskaya,  or  robber's  village,  of  the  Russians).  On 
approaching  the  neighborhood  of  Ikogmiut,  the  Russian 
mission,  long,  wooded  ridges  come  in  sight  on  the  north- 
ern bank  of  the  river,  the  villages  become  more  freciuent. 
and  no  eddy  or  oth'jr  point  of  vantage  along  the  shores 
is  withctut  its  fish-traps,  for  which  the  willow  thickets  of 
the  sandy  islands  furnish  am])le  and  most  excellent  ma- 
terial. I)irch-bark  canoes  here  begin  to  make  their  ap- 
pearance, and  are  used  in  preference  to  kayaks  for  fishing 
or  for  gathering  wood  or  berries. 

The  Russian  mission  buildings  nestle  among  the  hills 
on  the  right  bank  of  the  river,  looking  ilown  upon  the  half 
dozen  large  native  houses  and  a  store  and  warehouse  on 
the  sandy  shore.  I-'rom  Ikogmiut  upward  the  scenery 
along  the  main  banks  of  the  river  becomes  (|uite  attrac- 
tive, alternating  between  wooded  hills  and  towering  cliffs 
of  sandstone  worn  into  fantastic  shapes  by  flood  and 
weather.  The  middle  of  the  river  is  dotted  with  low  is- 
lands, divided  by  muddy  sloughs  and  covered  with  dense 
tliickets  of  jioplar,  willow  and  stmUed  spruce. 

J'Vom  the  confluence  of  the  Yukon  with  the  C'hagtluk 
slough  and  Innoko  river,  to  the  mouth  of  its  largest  tribu- 
tary, the  Tanana,  its  banks  are  settled  l)y  a  branch  of  the 
Atha{)ascan  family,  known  as  the  "Ingalik."   I'nlike  their 


;'il,i 


N 


V 


!)t^^ 


%  ■ 


210 


THE   CHICAGO   RECORD'S 


kin  on  the  upper  river  and  in  tlie  interior,  tlicse  people 
(Upend  more  ui)on  fish  for  their  subsistence  than  upon 
i^aine.  Tin-  close  vicinity  of  the  Eskimo,  with  whom 
they  have  intermarried  (in  former  times  by  forcible  abduc- 
tion) has  afYected  their  mode  of  life  and  to  a  certain  ex- 
tent modified  their  tribal  characteristics,  although  >  to 
a  very  recent  time  there  was  but  very  little  friendl\  iter- 
course  with  their  neighbors.  They  have  adopted  the  oil 
of  the  seal  and  beluga  (which  the  ui)per  tribes  abhor)  as 
an  article  of  food,  and  in  many  of  their  villages  are 
found  public  structures  corresponding  to  the  Eskimo 
kasliga. 

in  intelligence,  mechanical  skill  and  ingenuity  the  In- 
galik  excel  the  Eskimo.  They  manufacture  clay  dishes 
and  vessels,  and  weave  strajis  for  dog  harness  and  small 
mats  from  the  wool  of  the  mountain  goat,  or  from  any 
textile  material  at  their  connnand.  When  furnished  with 
models.  tlu'\-  carve  in  wood  with  the  most  j^rimitivc  tools 
very  creditable  imitations  of  artistic  ornaments  or  even 
statuary.  With  pro]ier  teaching  the  Ingalik  children  of 
both  sexes  acquire  the  English  language  in  a  very  short 
time.  and.  unlike  the  Eskimo,  they  are  not  ashamed  to 
use  it  when  once  mastered. 


i'i   '! 


BOOK  FOK  (;ui.i»-si:i:kkus. 


ai 


CHAPTRR   XIV. 
INTERNATIONAL  BOUNDARY  DISPUTE. 

XI'".\V  foaturt'  of  tlie  l)oiin(lary  (|ucstion 
has  arisen  om  of  tlic  inability  of  the  fjjoo- 
^  grapliica!  cnniinission  of  the  Initcd 
/^  States  to  aj^roe  with  the  (k'terniination 
of  tlic  CaiuuHan  land  surveyor.  William 
Ogilvie.  as  to  the  exact  location  of  the 
141st  meridian  line,  which,  by  the  treaty 
of '.St.  I'eterslnirg,  divides  Alaska  from 
the  I'ritish  possessions.  This  seems  to 
the  unscientific  a  very  trivird  thing  to 
dififer  upon,  as  the  whole  amount  of  land  involved  is  at 
the  most  a  strip  of  a  few  hundred  feet,  and  in  face  of  the 
fact  that  the  real  issue  is  the  location  of  the  coast  boun- 
dary. 

Mr.  Ogilvie  has  had  the  matter  in  Iiand  since  1887. 
and  his  work  has  been  very  thorough  and  doubtless  con- 
scientious. It  has  become  necessary  smce  the  valuable 
discoveries  on  Forty-Mile  creek  to  rtx  the  line  definitely 
and  for  some  reasc-n — iiatriotism,  real  or  mistaken,  or  a 
difference  in  calculations — the  commission  has  so  far 
failed  to  agree  on  the  exact  hjcation  of  the  meridian. 
During  the  spring,  snnuner  and  autumn  the  continuous 
twilight — at  midsunuuer  daylight — renders  invisible  the 
stars  that  are  necessary  for  accurate  observation.  Were 
telegraphic  conmumication  established  wuh  the  south 
and  east  the  portion  of  the  meridian  practically 
necessary  tio  locate  could  be  laid  down,  with  a  ])rol)- 
able  error  of  not  exceeding,  say,  ten  feet;   but  with  the 


■  1  !■.  ,  ^ 


'1' 
i 


4  a 


I  ! 


tf 


'!. 


L'l:'  THE    ('HI('A(50    RECORDS 

only  means  at  prcsont  available  tin-  result  of  a  season's 
<)l)scrvati(jn  by  two  of  the  most  experienced  observers 
may  differ  many  hundred  yards.  I'nfavorable  meteor- 
olojTJcal  conditions  are  also  serious  obstacles  to  the  work- 
in  hand. 

The  first  attempt  at  defininp^  the  Alaskan  boundary' 
was  made  by  Lieut.  Schwatka,  who  in  1883  made  a  ronpjh 
and  necessarily  crude  survey  of  the  Lewes  and  Pelly- 
N'ukon  rivers  from  their  head  to  [-"ort  Yukon,  situated 
near  the  mouth  of  Porcupine  river,  a  distance  of  about 
500  luiles.  Lieut.  Schwatka  determined  the  position  of 
this  meridian  line  from  his  survey  and  located  it  at  the 
mouth  of  what  is  now  known  as  Mission  or  American 
creek,  on  the  headwaters  of  which  valuable  discoveries 
of  jjold  were  made  on  the  Alaskan  side. 

lUit  in  consec|uence  of  numerous  representations  to 
the  Canadian  j^overniuent  and  British  demands  for 
claims  in  the  gold  fields  of  the  Yukon  basin,  it  was  de- 
termined to  send  in  a  joint  geograi)hical  and  geological 
survey  to  thoroughly  examine  that  portion  of  the  Yukon 
region  lying  in  British  territory.  I'or  this  purpose  Dr. 
G.  M.  Dawson,  director  of  the  geographical  survey  of 
Canada,  was  deputed  to  make  the  geological  and  Mr. 
Ogilvic  the  geographical  survey.  Dr.  Dawson's  obser- 
vations were  confined  to  the  Felly  and  Lewes  rivers,  but 
Mr.  Ogilvie  carefully  examined  the  entire  country  from 
Pyramid  island  and  Chilkat  inlet — at  the  head  of  the 
Lvim  canal — to  the  head  of  Dyea  inlet,  thence  over  the 
Chilkoot  pass  and  down  the  lakes  and  rapids  of  the 
Lewes  and  Yukon  rivers  to  the  vicinity  of  the  141st  me- 
ridian. The  result  of  Mr.  Ogilvie's  observations  was  to 
fix  the  meridian  fifteen  miles  higher  up  the  Yukon  river 
and  nine  miles  farther  east  than  Lieut.  Schwatka's  deter- 
mination, which  latter,  however,  is  not,  from  the  nature 


I  II 


UOOK    KOK    (JOI.D-SKKKKUS. 


::i;i 


of  the  survey,  entitled  to  consideration  as  a  practical 
line. 

In  1889  our  government  decided  to  verify  Mr.  Ojj^il- 
vie's  determination  and  dispatched  two  members  of  the 
coast-survey  staff — Messrs.  McCJratli  and  Turner — to 
Alaska  to  determine  by  astronomical  observation  the  i)o- 
sition  of  the  much-soup^ht  meridian  line  on  the  \'uk(in 
and  also  on  the  Porcu])ine  river.  The  result  of  the  ob- 
servations was  at  first  in  favor  of  Canada,  as  at^ainst  .\Ir. 
Ogi'vie's  determination,  and  located  the  l)t)un(lary  con- 
siderably farther  west — otherwise,  into  Alaska — than  the 
latter  gentleman  had  done.  Lately,  however,  a  revision 
of  Mr.  McGrath's  computations  locates  the  disj)uted  line 
at  a  point  far  east  of  Mr.  Ogilvie's,  which  circumstance 
has  largely  contributed  to  the  present  difficulty. 

With  the  rapid  development  of  this  locality  it  is  unfor- 
tunate that  this  lint  has  not  been  fi.xed,  but  the  real  rea- 
son for  the  present  uncertain  condition  of  things  is  in 
the  isolation  and  lack  of  means  of  communication. 

In  the  meantime  the  Canadian  moun  ,  i  police  are 
maintaining  order  and  making  judicial  awards  in  mining 
disputes,  without  any  particular  regard  for  the  line.  In 
relation  to  this  question  the  wish  is  often  expressed  that 
the  contention  will  be  finally  settled  by  our  government 
buying  all  the  Canadian  territory  west  of  the  Mackenzie 
and  north  of  Portland  canal. 

It  has  always  been  currently  reported  and  believed 
that  the  international  line  crossed  at  about  Forty  Mile 
post,  leaving  that  point  just  within  Canadian  territory. 
but  instead  of  this  Mr.  Ogilvie's  observations  reveal  that 
the  meridian  at  this  latitude  is  nearly  forty  miles  up  the 
creek,  thus  giving  to  his  government  fully  one-half  of 
this  particular  placer  district.     Much  disapi)ointment  is 


i. 


^  SI, 


■-  '.  1 


IP" 


!il4 


THK    ('HI('A(!()    UKCOKhS 


c'xprt'ssfd  at  this  rcvflatifni.  as  niost  of  tlu-  inim-rs  art* 
Aiiu'ricans. 

The  I'nitcd  States  officials  at  W'ashiiipjtoti  say  that 
there  is  no  necessity  for  the  miners  in  the  Klon(Uke  dis- 
trict to  mix  jingoism  with  placer  mining.  Tliey  say 
there  is  no  manner  of  doubt  but  that  the  Klondike  (hg- 
gings  are  far  enough  east  of  the  "nternational  bounchiry 
line  to  bring  them  wholly  within  the  Xorthuest  terri- 
tory. The  Dominion  cabinet  insists  that  there  is  int 
necessity  for  any  discussion  whatever  in  regard  to  the 
location  of  the  boundary  line  so  far  as  the  Klondike 
region  is  concerned,  and  the  Canadian  officials  are  col- 
lecting a  license  tax  of  $15  from  each  prospector  and  will 
collect  an  annual  fee  of  $100  for  each  claim  worked  in 
the  Klondike  district.  The  customs  officials  are  collect- 
ing quite  a  revenue  by  making  the  American  miners  pay 
an  importation  tax  on  the  personal  belongings  brought 
into  the  Klondike  district. 

The  boundary-line  dispute,  while  it  is  a  matter  of  live 
interest  to  the  people  of  Alaska,  has  never  been  taken 
very  seriously.  It  is  freely  conceded  that  the  Canadians 
may  change  their  maps  any  way  they  like  to  suit  their 
taste  in  such  matters,  and  may  afterward  get  what  con- 
solation they  can  cut  of  such  maps.  The  line  which  has 
been  practically  recognized  in  matters  pertaining  to  cus- 
toms and  to  all  other  frontier  relations  begins  at  the 
south  end  of  Prince  of  Wales  island,  at  the  natural  divi- 
sion afforded  by  Dixon  entrance,  and  runs  thence  east- 
ward in  open  water  to  the  entrance  of  Portland  canal, 
or,  as  it  was  termed  in  the  original  a^jreement,  Portland 
channel.  The  line  follows  up  this  inlet  to  its  head,  which 
happens  to  be  at  its  intersection  with  the  56th  parallel, 
and  so  that  degree  of  latitude  w-as  agreed  upon  as  a 
corner.    To  this  point  the  boundary  could  hardly  admit 


HOOK     KOIl    COLD-SKKKKUS.  L'tri 

(if  any  conlrovrrsy.  It  is  inu-  that  tlir  Caiiadiaiis  i-laiin 
that  I'l'htii  canal  was  im-aiit  iiistiad  ui  ihi-  rortlaud,  Imi 
that  is  very  miliki-Iy.  as  lUhin  laiial  ha««  im  particular 
Ill-ad.  bfiii},'  a  strait  instead  of  an  inKt,  and  nut  Idin;^ 
r  natural  division  as  is  the  linr  that  has  always  luin 
r<  coj^Miizcd. 

At  the  tinu'  this  lino  was  cstahlislud.  which  was  in  tin- 
year  1825.  the  I'.n^iish  had  no  concepiion  of  the  vahu' 
or  of  the  topo}^'rapli\  of  tin-  countr\.  It  was  necissary 
to  fix  a  delinite  line,  hut  the  territory  was  estitnii'd  of 
no  value,  and  the  motives  j^'overnin^;  the  tr.uisactiou 
were  sentimental  rather  than  practical.  Irom  the  p(»int 
at  the  intersection  of  the  5r)th  parallel  it  \\a>  tlionj^dit  fair 
to  continue  on  natural  lints.  The  coast  ran<4c  of  moim- 
tains  was  known  to  be  the  continental  di\i<le  or  water- 
shed between  t!ie  Pacific  and  .\rcti<-  oceans.  It  was  as- 
sumed that  the  summit  was  a  comi)aratively  rej.,'ular  line 
parallel  with  the  coast  and  only  a  few  miles  back  from 
it.  and  so  the  agreement  was  made  on  this  basis,  with 
the  jirovision,  however,  that  the  Russian  territory  was 
not  to  extend  more  than  ten  lea;^ues  inland.  This  thirty- 
mile  strip  was  to  continue  up  the  coast  about  700  miles 
to  another  natural  corner  which  had  been  previously  rec- 
o}j;nized  in  Mount  St.  JClias:  or  to  the  intersection  of  this 
coast-strip  limit  with  the  141st  decree  oi  west  loii}.jitU(le. 
h'rom  Mount  St.  Klias  the  line  is  due  north  to  the  frozen 
ocean. 

This  coast  strip  or  pan-handle  of  Alaska  is  the  part 
that  has  been  in  contentic^n.  Since  the  aj.(reement  of 
1825  it  has  developed  that  the  natural  line  which  was 
evidently  contemplated  by  the  convention  is  so  irre}.^ular 
as  to  be  wholly  impractical,  or.  rather,  includes  more  ter- 
ritory than  we  have  ever  claimed,  'i'lie  continental  di- 
vide is  a  zigzag  line  thai  miglit  easily  be  3.0CXJ  miles  hjiig 


i  :'! 


' ; 


m:  ■  J 


h'' 


mam^ 


216 


THE   CHICAGO    RECORD'S 


and  still  ho  within  the  corners  mentioned,  and  varying 
from  twenty  to  500  miles  inland.  In  only  one  or  two  in- 
stances does  it  approach  to  within  thirty  miles  of  the 
coast,  and  the  average  width  of  the  Pacific  slope  wouUl 
hardly  fall  below  100  miles. 

It  is  reasonable,  however,  to  think  that  this  is  the 
natural  line  that  both  parties  to  the  convention  thought 
they  were  providing  for  a  boundary,  and  it  is  obvious 
that  if  they  had  possessed  full  knowledge  of  the  country 
the  line  would  have  followed  as  nea'"ly  as  possible  the 
sunuiiit  of  the  range,  giving  Alaska  a  strip  two  or  three 
times  wider. 

As  it  was  imjjopsible  to  follow  the  watershed,  it  was 
likewise  impractical  to  parallel  the  coast  line.  Alaska  is 
indented  by  thousands  of  inlets,  straits  and  arms.  As  it 
was  impossible  to  describe  a  margin  that  would  follow 
closely  all  these  iideis,  the  boundary  that  has  always  been 
recognized  as  a  com])aratively  even  line  based  on  points 
thirty  miles  inland  from  the  heads  of  the  principal  inlets. 
To  take  anything  less  than  that  for  a  basis — as,  for  in- 
stance, a  line  drawn  from  headland  to  headland — would 
give  Alaska  only  the  chain  of  islands  and  a  few  rocky 
promontories,  with  the  coast  line  broken  in  a  hundred 
places. 

Any  concession  that  our  government  might  make  to 
the  Canadians  would  be  purely  gratuitous,  and  would 
be  detrimental  to  the  progress  of  the  country.  It  would 
make  very  little  difference  in  practice  to  any  individual 
whether  the  country  was  all  owned  by  Great  Britain  or 
by  the  United  States.  In  practical  affairs  there  would  be 
no  hardships  experienced  in  living  under  either  govern- 
ment. lUit  the  people  of  Alaska  are  very  loyal  and  in- 
tensely American,  and  out  of  pure  sentiment,  if  for  no 
other  reason,  would  oppose  any  concession  whatever; 


BOOK    FOR    GOLD-SEEKERS. 


Zli 


and  aside  from  sentiment  they  would  have  very  practical 
reasons  for  opposing  a  broken  coast  line. 

Boundary  lines  are  demoralizing  and  expensive  any- 
where, and  are  especially  so  in  thinly  settled  and  isolated 
countries.  Customs  regulations  cannot  be  enforced,  or. 
if  they  are  maintained,  they  cost  much  more  than  they 
"come  to."  As  a  practical  illustration,  some  enterpris- 
ing individuals  shipped  by  way  of  the  Chilkoot  pass, 
through  American  territory,  a  consignment  of  150  ton- 
gallon  kegs  of  liquor  in  bond.  A  special  officer  of  the 
revenue  department  was  sworn  in  to  accompany  the  ship- 
ment to  the  British  Columbia  line  at  Lake  Bennett, 
where  it  was  released  from  bond.  There  was  absolutely 
no  secret  about  the  whole  plan.  There  was  enough 
whisky  in  the  shipment  to  keep  every  man  on  the  Cana- 
dian side  hilariously  drunk^for  fifty  years.  When  it  was 
released  they  loaded  it  into  barges  at  their  convenience 
and  quietly  floated  it  down  Lewes  river  to  the  Yukon 
and  to  Forty  Mile  j.ost,  and  then  on  into  American 
territory  again  to  Circle  City  and  all  the  lower  Yukon 
mining  districts,  where  they  retailed  it  to  the  miners  and 
Indians.  Thus  they  evaded  the  •'' deral  customs  duty  and 
also  defeated  the  licjuor  regulations  of  the  district.  It  is 
estimated  that,  ac(|uitting  them  of  any  intention  of  adul- 
terating their  stock,  the  shipment  yielded  $48,000. 

With  a  broken  coast  line  the  revenue  laws,  the  liciuor 
and  imniigraii<,)n  restrictions  would  be  almost  a  dead 
letter,  and  Alaska,  instead  of  being  a  valuable  possession 
to  our  government  and  an  attractive  field  for  legitimate 
enterprise,  would  be  a  thorn  in  her  side  and  a  veritable 
Cuba  for  corruption. 

The  claims  of  Great  Britain  to  a  big  share  of  Alaska 
promise  to  occupy  a  large  amount  of  public  attention 
for  some  time  to  come.    The  claim  is  regarded  by  gov- 


^islaii 


■ :  ri 


ma 


218 


THE   CHICAGO    lU-X'OIlDS 


m 


III 


i:mi 


eminent  officials  here  as  prepostcrons.  The  senate,  be- 
fore which  the  boundary  question  was  brou^lit  as  the 
outcome  of  a  treaty  negotiated  by  Secretary  Ohiey  and 
Sir  Juhan  Pauncefote,  did  not  place  itself  on  record  in 
the  matter,  however.  Before  a  vote  was  taken  congress 
adjourned,  so  that  the  location  of  the  divisional  line, 
which  has  been  in  dispute  since  1884,  is  no  nearer  settle- 
ment than  it  has  been  at  any  period  in  the  last  thirteen 
years. 

A  United  States  government  official  said  in  regard 
to  the  international  boundary  line  dispute: 

"On  all  maps  from  1825  down  to  1884  the  boundary 
line  had  been  shown  as  in  general  terms  parallel  to  the 
winding  of  the  coast,  and  thirty-five  miles  from  it.  In 
1884,  however,  an  official  Canadif  .  map  showed  a 
marked  deflection  in  this  line  at  its  south  end.  Instead 
of  passing  up  Portland  channel  this  Canadian  map 
showed  the  boundary  as  passing  up  Behm  canal,  an 
arm  of  the  sea  some  sixty  or  seventy  miles  west  of  Port- 
land channel,  this  change  having  been  made  on  the  bare 
assertion  that  the  words  'Portland  canal.'  as  inserted, 
were  erroneous.  By  this  change  the  line,  and  an  area 
of  American  territory  about  equal  in  size  to  the  state  of 
Connecticut,  was  transferred  to  British  territory.  There 
are  three  facts  which  go  to  show  that  this  map  was  in- 
correct. In  the  first  place,  the  British  admiralty,  when 
surveying  the  northern  limit  of  the  British  Columbian 
possessions  in  1868,  one  year  after  the  cession  of  Alaska, 
surveyed  Portland  canal,  and  not  Behm  canal,  and  thus 
by  implication  admitted  this  canal  to  be  the  boundary 
line.  Second,  the  region  now  claimed  by  British  Colum- 
bia was  at  that  time  occupied  as  ^  n  ilitary  post  of  the 
United  States  without  objection  or  protest  on  the  part 
of  British  Columbia.    Third.  Annette  Island,  in  this  re- 


m 


BOOK    FOR    GOLD-SEEKERS. 


2ia 


gion,  was  by  act  of  Congress  four  years  ago  set  apart 
as  a  reservation  for  the  use  of  the  Metlaktala  Indians, 
who  sought  asylum  under  the  American  flag.  The  very 
latest  Canadian  map,  published  at  Ottawa  within  a  few 
days,  while  it  runs  no  line  at  all  southeast  of  Alaska, 
prints  the  legend,  British  Columbia,  over  portions  of  the 
Lynn  canal  which  are  now  administered  by  the  United 
States." 

A  recent  report  of  the  United  States  surveyors  as  to 
the  boundary  line  in  this  region  said:  "In  substance, 
these  delimitations  throw  the  diggings  at  the  mouth  of 
Forty  iMile  creek  within  the  territory  of  the  United 
States.  The  whole  valley  of  Birch  creek,  another  most 
valuable  gold-producing  part  of  the  country,  is  also 
in  the  United  States.  Most  of  the  gold  is  to  the  west 
of  the  crossing  of  the  141st  meridian  at  Forty  Mile  creek. 
If  we  produce  the  141st  meridian  on  a  chart  the  moutli 
of  Miller's  creek,  a  tributary  of  Sixty  Mile  creek,  and  a 
valuable  gold  region,  is  five  miles  west  in  an  air  lino, 
or  seven  miles,  according  to  the  winding  of  the  stream, 
all  within  the  territory  of  the  United  States.  In  sub- 
stance the  only  places  in  the  Yukon  region  where  gold 
in  quantity  has  been  found  are  therefore  all  to  the  west 
of  the  boundary  line  between  Canada  and  the  United 
States,  with  the  exception  of  the  Klondike  region." 

Nothing  can  be  done  mere  than  already  has  Ijcen  done 
toward  marking  the  boundary  line  between  Alaska  and 
the  British  possessions  along  the  141st  meridian  until 
the  senate  passes  upon  the  boundary  treaty  now  before 
it.  There  is,  however,  no  doubt  of  the  location  of  tlie 
line  along  this  meridian,  and  most  people  in  the  locality 
know  where  it  is.  The  demarkation  work  was  sujierin- 
tended  by  General  Duftield,  superintendent  oi  the  coast 
and  geodetic  survc\,  on  behalf  of  the  United  States.    He 


t  1- 


'n. 


Hi 


I  .i 


THE   CHICAGO    RECORD'S 

expresses  the  opinion  that  a  railroad  can  be  easily  con- 
structed from  Takou  inlet  to  the  Klondike  gold  fields,  and 
believes  that  the  enterprise  will  be  worth  undertaking, 
because  of  tlic  richness  of  the  mines. 

"The  gold,"  said  General  Dufifield,  "has  been  ground 
out  of  the  quartz  by  the  pressure  of  the  glaciers,  which 
lie  and  move  along  the  courses  of  the  streams,  exerting 
a  tremendous  pressure.  This  force  is  present  to  a  more 
appreciable  extent  in  Alaska  than  elsewhere,  and  I  be- 
lieve that  as  a  consequence  more  placer  gold  will  be 
found  in  that  region  than  in  any  other  part  of  the  world." 

General  Duffield  thinks  the  gold  hunters  on  the  Amer- 
ican side  of  the  line  have  made  the  mistake  of  prospect- 
ing the  large  streams  instead  of  the  small  ones.  "When 
gold  is  precipitated."  he  said,  "it  sinks.  It  does  not  float 
far  down  the  stream.  It  is  therefore  to  be  looked  for 
along  the  small  creeks  and  about  the  head  waters  of  the 
larger  trilnitaries  of  the  Yukon.  There  is  no  reason  why 
as  rich  finds  may  not  be  made  on  the  American  side  of 
the  line  as  in  the  Klondike  district." 

Prof.  George  Davidson,  for  many  years  at  the  head  of 
the  United  States  geodetic  survey  on  the  Pacific  coast, 
speaking  of  the  boundary  line  dispute,  said: 

"The  main  features  of  the  boundary  line  between 
Alaska  and  Canada  are  the  irregular  line  extending  from 
the  head  of  Portland  inlet,  in  latitude  56  degrees,  around 
the  waters  of  the  great  archipelago  Alexander  at  a  dis- 
tance of  not  greater  than  ten  marine  leagues  from  the 
continental  shore,  to  the  141st  meridian  west  of  Green- 
wich, and  the  straight  line  running  thence  to  the  Arctic 
ocean  on  that  meridian.  Where  this  irregular  line  meets 
the  141st  meridian  rises  the  great  Mount  St.  Elias,  which 
is  in  latitude  60  degrees  17  minutes  and  34.4  seconds  and 
longitude  140  degrees  55  minutes  and  19.6  seconds.    This 


BOOK    FOR    GOLD-SEEKERS. 


2V1 


peak  is  about  twenty-seven  statute  miles  from  the  ocean 
shore.  From  a  point  on  the  141st  meridian  and  prohably 
in  nearly  the  same  latitude  as  Mount  St.  Elias,  the  boun- 
dary line  runs  through  north  to  a  demarkation  point  on 
the  Arctic  shores,  a  distance  of  660  statute  miles.  In  this 
great  distance  the  line  crosses  comparatively  few  large 
streams.  At  100  miles  it  crosses  the  headwaters  of  the 
White  river,  a  tributary  of  the  Yukon,  flowing  to  the 
north-northwest;  at  205  miles  an  unnamed  tributary  of 
the  White  river;  at  the  last  distance  on  the  boundary 
line  the  Yukon  river  lies  forty  miles  to  the  eastward,  at 
a  point  known  as  the  Upper  Ramparts.  The  river  con- 
tinues on  a  northerly  course,  nearly  parallel  with  the 
boundary  li  \e  for  seventy-five  miles,  to  old  Fort  Reli- 
ance, near  the  Klondike,  and  thence  trends  seventy-five 
miles  to  the  northwest  by  north,  where  the  boundary 
line  crosses  it  at  335  miles  from  Mount  St.  Elias, 

"The  headwaters  of  the  main  tributary,  the  Lewes 
river,  reach  into  Alaskan  territory  at  the  White  pass,  the 
Chilkoot  pass  and  the  Chilkat  pass,  just  north  of  Lynn 
canal.  The  geographical  position  of  Fort  Reliance,  an 
old  station  of  the  Hudson's  Day  company,  on  the  right 
bank  of  the  Yukon  river,  is  latitude  64  degrees  13  min- 
utes, longitude  138  degrees  50  minutes,  or  fifty  statute 
miles  east  of  the  boundary  line  of  the  141st  degree.  The 
stream  named  Klondike  creek  enters  the  Yukon  about 
six  or  eight  miles  higher  up  than  Fort  Reliance,  and  on 
the  same  side  of  the  river.  So  far  as  known  it  comes  from 
the  east-northeast  for  about  100  miles,  and  is  reported 
navigable  by  canoes  for  forty  or  fifty  miles  from  its 
mouth. 

"Whatever  doubt  has  been  cast  upon  the  positioi>  of 
the  whole  Klondike  district  being  in  Driiish  Columbia 
nuist  have  arisen  from  a  misunderstanding  of  the  dispute 


»*?■ 


i  ^' 


■1 1.  ', 


;: 


t 


Mr 


mmmmm 


ma 


I  i  ■ ' 


Ifi 


ii: 


\i 


THE   CHICAGO   RECORD'S 

existing  upon  the  proper  location  of  that  part  of  the 
boundary  Hne  lying  eastward  and  southward  of  Mount 
St.  Elias.  The  north,  or  meridian  line  of  the  boundary 
has  been  accurately  determined.  The  latest  information 
places  the  independent  determinations  of  this  meridian 
made  by  the  two  governments  at  the  boundary  line  with- 
in the  width  of  a  San  Francisco  pavement.  So  there  can- 
not be  much  if  any  friction  between  the  two  governments 
upon  this  question.  The  only  local  dispute  that  could 
possibly  arise  would  be  in  the  Forty-Mile  creek  district, 
because  the  boundary  line  crosses  sharp,  steep  mountain 
ridges  of  2,500  and  3.000  feet  elevation,  and  inferior  in- 
strumental means  might  cause  a  slight  doubt  of  the 
direction  in  some  instances.  However,  no  dispute  has 
arisen  in  the  district,  nor  is  it  likely  that  any  will  occur. 
There  is  no  doubt  that  the  line  has  been  satisfactorily 
laid  down." 

Canadian  ofificials  say  that  recent  publications  relating 
to  the  claims  of  (ireat  P.ritain  to  a  large  share  of  Alaska 
are  due  to  a  misconception  of  the  meaning  of  the  desig- 
nation. "TJritish  Columbia"  and  "undefined  boundary"  as 
printed  on  the  map  issued  recently. 

"We  refrained  from  plotting  any  boundary  line  in  that 
part  of  the  territory  constituting  the  coast  strip  running 
south  and  east  from  Mount  St.  Elias,"  said  the  surveyor- 
general  of  Canada.  "In  fact,  the  map  was  issued,  as  is 
well  understood  in  Toronto,  at  the  earnest  demand  of  the 
public  for  reliable  data  as  to  the  location  of  the  newly  dis- 
covered gold  fields  and  the  best  routes  of  access  thereto. 
It  is  compiled  from  the  latest  information  and  surveys 
in  our  possession,  and  in  so  far  as  the  physical  features 
of  the  country  are  concerned  may  be  taken  as  correct. 
S(»,  too,  is  it  absolutely  correct  as  to  the  boundary  be- 
tween Alaska  and  our  Northwest  territories. 


h 


i^OOK    FOR    GOLD-SEEKEKS. 


1  He  determination  of  the  noinf  „t  ■ 
«est  coast  Iwundarv  ]i„e  'vhl   H  """«''--tio„  „f  „„. 

'"  "ave  been  jointlv'ag  oed  n  ol,  '1'"  ""-'"''""  ■"'■""» 
'">"  "fficiak  for  /,  h!s  been  amr  ":'"""  ••"'"  L'^"'^- 
'I'c  peak  of  Monn,  St.  E  ia^^  alw  "'  T'""'^'''^'  '"""'  '''^" 
•states,  was  fonnd  to  beabont  '"  ,"""'  '"  ""'  L'"""! 
f  Jc.  of  the  point  of  ituersmion  r,,  ■■''  °"  '""  ^'""a'l'an 
'"",  ">"    Great    Hritai,    had  r'"""""-^''"-. 

P™^-  "f  the  .mountains  o  IrkT'"  '°  ^"""'  '"^' 
"»n  "f  tlie  coast  an.l  n.eridL?  bn  "■'  '"'"'  °'  "'"■■■•^^■'•■- 
s"rvevo„  have  marked  teh^r"'    '"■'"    '-^■'"-'-" 

"--  .X' rl-  b,e':^.f-  ■-->-  shows  that 
"o.-  of  the  two  parti  .'o  :::;„!'"'"'  ""-■  "^"e. n,ina- 
»'c  liirch  creek  marke<l  w^olK  T  'T  "'""'  ■™"  "ill 
"'  it  l>einfr  s„„,e  ,50  me,  1    'r,'^''^''"-  '"'  '"""'l> 

»»  »e  have  laid  it  down  neel^  ^  """  '""'"''"■ 
••■^  '"  .l.e  bottndary  cros.,  ^  "r.  ;::  '^^  "'  '"'  "^^'"'^ 
I  "«,■  tell  you  the  exact  difference  ther^^  ''''"■'■  '"  ''"'• 
^•■■veys  is  six  feet.    There  is     1  .7     '"''"'  "''  '>™ 

foundation  for  this  reviv.  I  of    ;,.f'r  ""  "''""''■  "' 
d.an  land  grabbing  -  "-  "'""'''''  '''"O  oi  Cana- 


■iilA    1 


,     t 


M 


Il^i 


224 


THE  CHICAGO  RECORD'S 


IMj 


IPii 


tensiik'd     in 
tries      by 
frinjT^e      of 


111 


CHAPTER  XV. 

COLD  WINTERS  AND  SHORT   SUMMERS. 

XDER  the  direction  of  Secretary  of  Agri- 
culture Wilson,  Prof.  Moore,  chief  of  the 
weather  bureau,  has  made  public  a  state- 
ment in  regard  to  the  climate  of  Alaska. 
He  says: 

"The  climates  of  the  coast  and  of  the 
interior  of  Alaska  are  unlike  in  many  re- 
sjiccts  and  the  differences  are  in- 
this  as  perhaps  in  few  other  coun- 
exceptional  physical  conditions.  The 
islands  that  separates  the  mamland 
from  the  Pacific  ocean  from  Dixon  sound  north 
and  also  a  strip  o^  the  mainland  for  possibly  twenty  miles 
back  from  the  sea,  following  the  sweep  of  the  coast  as  it 
curves  in  a  northwesterly  direction  to  the  western  ex- 
tremity of  Alaska,  forms  a  distinct  climatic  division, 
which  may  be  termed  temperate  Alaska.  The  tempera- 
ture rarely  falls  to  zero-  winter  does  not  set  in  until  De- 
cember I.  and  by  the  last  of  May  the  snow  has  disap- 
peared, except  on  the  mountains.  The  mean  winter  tem- 
perature of  Sitka  is  32.5  degrees — but  little  lower  than 
that  of  Washington,  D.  C. 

"The  rainfall  of  temperate  Alaska  is  noted  the  world 
over,  not  only  as  regards  the  quantity  that  falls,  but  also 
as  to  the  manner  of  its  falling — in  long  and  incessant 
rains  and  drizzles.  Cloud  and  fog  naturally  abound, 
there  being  on  an  average  but  sixty-six  clear  days  m  the 
year.     North  of  the  Aleutian  islands  the  coast  climate 


BOOK    FOH   GOLD-SEEKEKS. 


»26 


becomes  more  rigorous  in  winter,  but  in  summer  the  dif- 
ference is  much  less  marked. 

"The  chmate  of  the  interior,  including  in  that  desig- 
nation practically  all  of  the  country  except  a  narrow- 
fringe  of  coast  margin  and  the  territory  before  referred 
to  as  temperate  Alaska,  is  one  of  extreme  rigor  in  winter, 
with  a  short  but  relatively  hot  sunnuer,  especially  when 
the  sky  is  free  from  cloud. 

"In  the  Klondike  region  in  midwinter  the  sun  rises 
from  9:30  to  10  a.  m.  and  sets  from  2  to  3  p.  m.,  the  total 
length  of  daylight  being  about  four  hours.  Remember- 
ing that  the  sun  rises  but  a  few  degrees  above  the  horizon 
and  that  it  is  wholly  obscured  on  a  great  many  days,  the 
character  of  the  winter  months  may  easily  be  imagined. 
We  are  indebted  to  the  United  States  coast  and  geodetic 
survey  for  a  series  of  six  months''  observations  on  the 
Yukon,  not  far  from  the  site  of  the  present  gold  dis- 
coveries. The  observations  were  made  with  standard 
instruments  and  arc  wholly  reliable. 

"The  mean  temperatures  of  the  months  from  ( )ctober. 
1889.  to  April.  i8<;)o.  both  inclusive,  are  as  follows: 

"October,  j^^  degrees;  Xovember,  8  degrees;  Decem- 
ber. II  degrees  below  zero;  January,  17  below  zero; 
I'ebruary.  15  below  zero;  March,  6  above;  Ai)ril,  20 
above.  'I!ie  daily  mean  temperature  fell  and  remained 
below  the  freezing  i)oint  (^2  degrees)  from  Xovember  4, 
1889.  to  April  21.  i8()0,  tluis  i^iving  168  days  as  the  length 
of  the  closed  season  of  1889-90,  assuming  that  outdoor 
operations  are  controlled  by  temperature  only.  The 
lowest  temperatures  registered  during  the  winter  were 
32  degrees  below  zero  in  Xovember,  47  below  in  Decem- 
ber, 59  below  in  January,  55  below  in  February,  45  below 
in  March  and  26  below  in  April.  The  greatest  continu- 
ous cold  occurred  in   February,   1890,   when  the   daily 


!  l!fv 


II 


rrtJ 

i 


226 


THE    CHICAGO    KECOUDS 


' '  :i  ■ 


iiK-an  for  five  consecutive  days  was  47  dcj^recs  below 
zero. 

"(ireater  cold  than  that  here  noted  has  been  experi- 
enced in  the  United  States  for  a  very  sliort  time,  but 
never  has  it  continued  so  very  cold  for  so  long  a  time. 
In  the  interior  of  Alaska  the  winter  sets  in  as  early  as 
September,  when  snowstorms  may  be  exjiected  in  the 
momitains  and  passes.  Headway  durinp;  one  of  those 
storms  is  imjjossible,  and  the  traveler  who  is  overtaken  by 
one  of  them  is  fortunate  if  he  escapes  with  his  life.  Snow- 
storms of  great  severity  may  occur  in  any  month  from 
Sei)tember  to  May,  inclusive. 

"The  changes  of  temperature  from  winter  to  summer 
are  rapid,  owing  to  the  great  increase  in  the  length  of 
the  day.  In  May  the  sun  rises  at  about  3  a.  m.  and  sets 
about  9  p.  m.  In  June'  it  rises  at  1 130  o'clock  in  the  morn- 
ing and  sets  about  10:30  o'clock,  giving  about  twenty 
hours  of  daylight,  and  tliffuses  twilight  the  remainder  of 
the  time.  The  mean  sunnner  temperature  in  the  interior 
doubtless  ranges  between  60  and  70  degrees,  according 
to  elevation,  being  highest  in  the  middle  a. id  lower  Yu- 
kon valleys." 

The  average  temperature  at  l'"ort  Cudahy,  as  reported 
by  the  Xorth  American  Transportation  and  Trading 
comixmy,  during  the  months  of  Xovember,  December, 
January  and  I'ebruary  last  year,  was  very  close  to  20 
degrees  below  zero.  The  average  for  Xovember  was 
\y\  degrees  below  zero;  for  December  and  January.  22 
below,  and  for  h'ebruary  about  20  below.  The  lowest 
temj)erature  recorded  was  70  degrees  below  zero.  The 
temperature  for  the  month  of  September  was  about  zero. 

The  snowfall  in  the  vicinity  of  Fort  Cudahy  is  only 
about  two  feet  during  the  winter,  although  it  is  as  much 


BOOK    FOR    tJOLD-SKKKKIlS.  22V 

as  twenty  feet  aloujj;  the  coast.  uIhtc  the  ititliieiui'  ol  tlie 
japan  current  is  felt. 

The  mean  tenijierature  of  the  air  and  of  the  surface 
sea-water  and  the  precipitation  for  each  month  of  the 
year  at  Sitka  are  thus  ^iven  hy  the  I'nited  States  coast 
and  geodetic  survey  in  its  Alaska  ■■C*t)ast  Pilots"  of  iMX^ 
and  iS(ji: 

Temp,  of 
Temj).  of       surface        I'recipita- 
the  air.      sea- water.       tion. 

January 31.4  39.0  7.35 

I-'ebruary i2Aj  39.0  6.45 

March 35.7  35.5  5.29 

April 40.8  42.0  5. 1 7 

May 47.0  46.5  4. 1 3 

June 52.4  48.0  3.62 

July 555  490  4«9 

August 55.9  50.0  r).(/) 

September 51.5  51.5  ().C)C> 

October 44.')  48.(>  1 1.83 

Xovember 38.1  44.4  8.65 

December 33.3  41.7  8.31) 

Year 43.3  45.0  81. 6() 

Assistant  Surgeon  A.  K.  Wells  of  the  Northwestern 
mounted  police,  in  his  report  to  the  Canadian  govern- 
ment, 1895,  wrote:  "It  may  be  of  interest  to  mention 
something  concerning  the  climate.  mo<le  of  living  of  the 
people  generally,  and  diseases  met  with. 

"The  climate  is  wet.  The  rainfall  last  sunmicr  was 
heavy.  Although  there  is  almost  a  continuous  sun  in 
summer  time,  evaporation  is  very  slow  owing  to  the 
thick  moss  which  will  not  conduct  the  heat,  in  conse- 
quence the  ground  is  always  swampy.  It  is  only  after 
several  years  of  draining  that  ground  will  become  suffi- 
ciently dry  to  allow  the  frost  to  go  out,  and  then  only  for 


'  \ 


I  i 


'.'  k 


228 


TlIK   CHICAGO    FtRCORIVS 


rir 


j.i,    I 
It*  I ' 


m 


a  k'w  fcft.  Duritiji;  tlu"  winter  months  the  cold  is  in- 
tense, with  usually  considerable  wind. 

"A  heavy  mist  rising;  from  open  i)laces  in  the  river 
settles  down  in  the  valley  in  calm  extreme  weather.  This 
(lam])ness  makes  the  cold  to  be  felt  nnich  more  and  is  con- 
ducive to  rheumatic  pains,  colds,  etc. 

'Miners  are  a  very  tuixed  class  of  people.  They  rep- 
resent many  nationalities  and  come  from  all  climates. 
Their  lives  are  certainly  not  enviable.  The  regulation 
'miners'  cabin'  is  twelve  by  fourteen  feet,  with  walls 
six  feet  and  gables  eight  feet  in  height.  The  roof  is 
heavily  earthed,  and  the  cabin  is  generally  very  warm. 
Two,  and  sometimes  three  or  four  men,  will  occupy  a 
house  of  this  size.  The  ventilation  is  usually  bad.  Those 
miners  who  do  not  work  their  claims  during  the  winter 
confme  themselves  in  these  small  huts  most  of  the  time. 

"X'ery  often  they  become  indolent  and  careless,  only 
eating  those  things  which  are  most  easily  cooked  or  pre- 
pared. During  the  busy  time  in  summer  when  they  are 
"shoveling  in,'  they  work  hard  and  for  long  hours,  sparing 
little  time  for  eating  and  much  less  for  cooking. 

■■This  manner  of  living  is  ([uite  common  amongst  be- 
ginners, and  soon  leads  to  debility  and  sometimes  to 
scurvy.  Old  miners  have  learned  from  experience  to 
value  health  more  than  gold,  and  they  therefore  spare 
no  expense  in  procuring  the  best  and  most  varied  out- 
fit of  food  that  can  be  obtained. 

"In  a  cold  climate  such  as  this,  where  it  is  impossible 
to  get  fresh  vegetables  and  fruits,  it  is  most  important 
that  the  best  substitutes  for  these  should  be  provided. 
Nature  helps  to  supply  these  wants  by  growing  cranber- 
ries and  other  wild  fruits  in  abundance,  but  men  in  sum- 
mer arc  usually  too  busy  to  avail  themselves  of  these. 

"The  diseases  met  with  in  this  country  are  dyspepsia, 


SNOW     MOKM     IN     Tin;     \|(ilM,MN- 


:       i 


If  ^ 


1!^ 


llrS 


i     i 


BOOK    FOR    GOLD-SEEKERS. 


231 


anaemia,  scurvy,  caused  by  improperly  cooked  food, 
sameness  of  diet,  overwork,  want  of  fresh  vegetables, 
overheated  and  badly  ventilated  houses;  rheumatism, 
pneumonia,  bronchitis,  enteritis,  cystitis  and  otlicr  acute 
diseases,  from  exposure  to  wet  and  cold;  deliility  and 
chronic  diseases  due  to  excesses.  One  case  of  t^phoiil 
fever  occurred  in  Forty  Mile  last  fall,  probably  due  to 
drinking  water  polluted  with  decayed  vegetable  matter. 

"In  selecting  men  to  relieve  in  this  countr\'  1  beg  to 
submit  a  few  remarks,  some  of  -vhich  will  be  of  assistance 
to  the  medical  examiners  in  making  their  recommenda- 
tions. 

"Men  should  be  sober,  strong  and  healthy.  They 
should  be  practical  men,  able  to  adapt  themselves  quickly 
to  their  surroundings.  Special  care  should  be  taken  to. 
see  that  their  lungs  are  sound,  that  they  are  free  from 
rheumatism  and  rheumatic  tendency,  and  that  their 
joints,  especially  knee  joints,  are  strong  and  have  never 
been  weakened  by  injury,  synovitis  or  other  disease.  It 
is  also  very  important  to  consider  their  temperaments. 
Men  should  be  of  cheerful,  hopeful  dispositions  and  will- 
ing workers.  Those  of  sullen,  morose  natures,  although 
they  may  on  good  workers,  arc  very  apt,  as  soon  as  the 
novelty  of  the  country  wears  ofif,  to  become  dissatisfied, 
pessimistic  and  melancholy." 

Numerous  letters  from  Dawson  City  and  Circle  City 
speak  of  scurvy  as  a  disease  which  in  the  winter  time 
seems  to  be  prevalent.  In  almost  every  instance  the 
writer  urges  that  lime-juice  should  form  one  of  the  essen- 
tials in  the  Klondiker's  pack. 

According  to  the  accepted  medical  authority,  scurvy 
is  the  result  of  an  insufficient  supply  of  potash  salts. 
owing  to  an  inadequate  diet  of  fresh  vegetables.  Hut 
the  mere  administration  of  these  salts  will  uot  i)revent 


i  t. 


1  !. 


i:0'|r«r 


1:1 


232 


THE    CHICAGO   RECORDS 


'ii 


or  cure  the  disease,  which  is  a  dreadful  one  if  not 
cliecked.  The  symptoms  come  on  jj^radually,  beinj?  rec- 
ognized by  a  faihire  of  strength  and  exhaustion  at  sHght 
exertion.  The  countenance  becomes  sallow  or  dusky, 
eyes  sunken,  and  constant  pains  are  felt  in  all  the  mus- 
cles. After  some  weeks  utter  prostration  ensues;  the 
appearance  is  most  haggard;  great  trouble  is  experi- 
enced with  the  mouth,  sore  gums,  and  teeth  fallinff  out; 
the  breath  is  extremely  offensive;  finally  come  swell- 
ings and  dark  spots  on  the  body,  with  bleeding  from 
the  mucous  membrane;  then  painful,  extensive  and  de- 
structive ulcers  break  out  on  the  limbs;  finally  diarrhoea, 
pulmonary  or  kidney  trouble  may  give  fatal  result.  But 
even  in  desperate  cases  a  return  to  fresh  vegetable  diet 
will  cure,  as  will  also,  usually,  lime  juice.  Lime  juice 
has  driven  scurvy  from  the  ocean,  where  it  once  counted 
its  dead  in  every  far-going  ship's  annals.  It  is  now  a 
slang  term  to  describe  an  old  salt.  Sailors  at  sea  are 
given  a  small  daily  allowance  of  lime  juice  (which  is  gen- 
erally badly  adulterated),  and  they  swallow  it  with  a 
little  water  at  meals. 


m 


liOOK    FOR    (JOLD-HKEKEUS. 


•SS'd 


CIIAPTKR    X\'T. 

PROF.  SPURR'S  REPORT. 

ARLV  in  i8g6  the  United  States  jrovern- 
nient  sent  I'rof.  J.  S.  Spurr.  II.  \\.  (lood- 
ricli  and  F.  C.  Sclirader,  of  tlie  (ieoloi;- 
ical  Survey,  into  the  Yukon  thstriet.  The 
chief  of  the  survey  was  Prof.  Spurr. 
Soon  after  the  news  from  the  Klonchke 
was  received  in  tliis  country  IVoi.  Spurr 
anticipated  the  report  he  is  to  make  to 
tlie  chief  of  his  department  hy  writin^j  a  statement  for 
the  information  of  those  who  were  seized  with  tlie  j^oKl 
fever.    The  statement  reads  as  foHows: 

"Much  has  been  written  of  late  concerninp^  the  possi- 
bilities of  Alaska  as  a  j^old-producinj^  countr\-.  .\s  a 
matter  of  fact,  the  production  of  the  ])resent  year  may 
be  rouji^hly  estimated  at  $3,000,000;  this  amount,  how- 
ever, comes  from  an  inunense  region  of  half  a  million 
square  miles,  or  about  one-tjuarter  as  lari^e  as  the  rnited 
.States.  ( )f  tile  mines  which  proiluce  this  jj^old,  some  are 
lU  the  l)ed-rock,  while  others  are  placer  (lig,i;iiif^s. 

"The  bedrock  mines  are  few  in  number  and  situated 
on  the  southeast  coast,  which  is  the  most  accessible  j)art 
(jf  the  territory.  The  chief  one  is  the  i^reat  Treadwell 
mine  near  Juneau,  and  there  arc  also  imjiortant  mines 
at  Berner's  bay.  at  the  Island  of  Inj^'a  and  other  places. 
The  latest  strike  is  the  Klondike.  Most  of  these  mines, 
however,  are  in  low-grade  ore,  and  the  production  is 
only  made  profitable  l)y  means  of  careful  management 
and  operations  on  a  very  large  scale. 


i 


II 


f'l^^l 

j;*      ' 

U  : , 


I 


\T«^ 


0 


30 


60  3C 


120 


SCALE      OF    MILCS 


COPPKR    RIVER,   GOLD    DISTRICT. 


BOOK    t-'OR    GOLD-SEEKERS. 


:i35 


r 


"The  placer  mines  are  those  which  occupy  the  most 
prominent  place  in  the  pojnilar  mind,  since  they  are  re- 
mote from  civilization  and  in  a  country  about  which 
little  is  known,  and  which  is,  on  account  of  this  uncer 
tainty,  dangerously  atf;active  to  the  average  man.  This 
gold-producing  country  of  the  interior  is  mostly  in  the 
vicinity  of  the  Yukon  river  or  of  some  of  its  immediate 
tributaries. 

"The  most  productive  districts  before  the  Klondike 
discovery  have  been  the  Forty  Mile  district,  which  lies 
partly  in  American  and  partly  in  P)ritish  territory,  and 
the  Birch  creek  district,  which  lies  in  American  territory. 
Some  gold  diggings  are  also  supposed  to  exist  on  Stew- 
art river,  and  some  gold  has  been  shipped  from  the 
Koykuk.  During  the  latter  part  of  the  past  season  dig- 
gings were  also  found  on  the  Klundek  and  Indian  rivers 
near  I^'orty  Mile. 

"Another  place  concerning  which  there  have  been 
many  vague  rumors  of  gold,  causing  a  stampede  of  many 
unprepared  and  unfitted  men.  is  the  Cook  Inlet  country, 
which  lies  on  the  coast  al)ove  the  mouth  t)f  Copper  river, 
a  situation  reuKjte  alike  from  the  mines  near  Juneau 
and  from  the  placer  mines  on  the  Yukon. 

"In  all  this  inuuense  country  over  which  placer  dig- 
ging is  carried  on,  or  has  been  carried  ow,  1  estimate 
that  there  are  about  2,ckx)  miners.  They  are  mostly  in 
the  Yukon  districts.  These  districts  lie  in  a  Jjroad  belt 
of  gold-producing  rocks,  having  a  considerable  width 
and  extending  in  a  general  east  and  west  direction  for 
several  hundred  miles.  Throughout  this  belt  occur  quart/ 
veins  which  carry  gold,  but  so  far  as  yet  found  the  ore 
is  of  low  grade,  and  a  large  proportion  of  the  veins  have 
been  so  broken  by  movements  in  the  rocks  that  they  can- 
not be  followed.     For  this  reason  the  mines  in  the  l>ed 


;■ 


\ 


■  \  <i 


ii; 


.[,  i- 


■ 


I .' 


li: 


h 


\n 


2'M 


THE    CHICAGO    UIOCOUDS 


rock  caiiiiDt  he  worked,  except  on  a  large  scale  with  im- 
proved machinery,  and  even  such  operations  are  inipos- 
sihle  until  the  general  conditions  of  the  country,  in  refer- 
ence to  trans])ortation  and  supplies,  are  improved. 

■'Through  the  gold-hearing  rocks  the  streams  have 
cm  deep  gullies  and  canyons,  and  in  their  heds  the  gold 
which  was  contained  in  the  rocks  which  have  l)een  worn 
away  is  concentrated,  so  that  from  a  large  amouiu  of 
very  low-grade  rock  there  may  he  formed  in  places  a 
gravel  sufficiently  rich  in  gold  to  repay  washing.  All 
the  mining  which  is  done  in  this  country,  therefore,  con- 
sists in  the  washing  out  of  these  gravels. 

"In  each  gulch  on  the  American  side  prospectors  are 
at  libertv  to  stake  out  claims  not  alreadv  taken,  the  size 
of  the  claims  being  determined  by  vote  of  all  the  miners 
in  each  gulch,  according  to  the  richness  of  the  gravel. 
The  usual  length  of  a  claim  is  about  500  feet  along  the 
stream  and  t'  e  total  width  of  the  gulch  bed,  which  is 
ordinarily  narrow.  When  a  prospector  has  thus  staked 
out  his  claim,  it  is  recorded  by  one  of  the  miners,  who 
is  elected  by  his  fellows  in  each  gulch  for  that  purpose, 
and  this  secures  him  sufficient  title.  The  miners'  laws 
are  practically  the  entire  government  in  these  districts, 
for  the  remoteness  i)revents  any  systematic  comnumica- 
tion  being  carried  on  with  the  United  States.  All  ques- 
tions and  disputes  are  settled  by  miners'  meetings,  and 
the  (jucstion  in  dispute  is  put  to  popular  vote. 

"In  prospecting  the  elementary  method  of  panning  is 
used  to  discover  the  presence  of  gold  in  gravel,  but  after 
a  claim  is  staked  and  systematic  work  begun,  long  sluice 
boxes  are  built  of  boards,  the  miners  being  obliged  to 
fell  the  trees  themselves  and  saw  out  the  lumber  with 
whip  saws,  a  very  laborious  kind  of  work. 

"The  depth  of  gravel  in  the  bottom  of  the  gulches 


BOOK    FOR    GOLD-SEEKERS. 


237 


varies  from  a  foot  up  to  twenty  or  thirty  feet,  and  when 
it  is  deeper  than  the  latter  figure  it  cannot  be  worked. 
The  upper  part  of  the  gravel  is  barren,  and  the  pay- 
dirt  lies  directly  ui)on  the  rock  beneath,  and  is  generally 
very  thin.  To  get  at  this  pay-dirt  all  the  ujjper  gravel 
nuist  be  shoveled  off,  and  this  preliminary  work  often 
re(iuires  an  entire  season,  even  in  a  very  small  claim. 
When  the  gravel  is  deeper  than  a  certain  amount — say 
ten  feet — the  task  of  removing  it  becomes  formidable. 
In  this  case  the  pay-dirt  can  sometimes  be  got  at  in  the 
winter  season  when  the  gravels  are  frozen  hard  by  sink- 
ing shafts  through  these  gravels  and  drifting  along  the 
pay-dirt. 

"The  pay-dirt  thus  removed  is  taken  to  the  surface 
and  washed  out  in  sluicjs  when  the  warm  weather  be- 
gins. This  underground  working  is  done  by  burning  in- 
stead of  blasting  and  picking.  A  fire  is  built  close  to 
the  frozen  gravel,  and  when  it  is  sufficiently  thawed  it 
is  shoveled  out  and  removed.  The  stripping  off  of  the 
upper  gravels,  which  has  been  mentioned,  can  be  done 
only  in  the  comparatively  short  summer  season  when  the 
surface  thaws. 

"The  ordinary  method  of  getting  into  the  ^'ukon  coun- 
try is  by  crossing  the  Chilkoot  Pass  from  Juneau  down 
the  Lewes  and  Yukon  rivers  to  the  gold  districts.  The 
usual  time  for  starting  is  in  A])ril.  and  a  large  part  of 
the  journey  is  made  over  ice  which  fills  the  lakes  and 
rivers  at  this  time  of  year.  I'y  this  early  starting  a  large 
part  of  the  season  available  for  working  is  obtained. 
Not  every  comer  can  find  new  diggings  which  are  profit- 
able, and  many  of  them  are  glad  to  work  for  wages. 

"The  ordinary  wages  in  sununer  are  $io  per  day,  but 
si.xty  days  is  considered  about  the  average  for  sununer 
work;  so  that  the  total  earnings  are  not  so  great  as  will 


'U: 


IP- 


fi    ^ 


I      f- 


238 


THE   CHICAGO    RECORD'S 


appear  at  first  sight,  and  the  prospects  for  work  during 
tlie  remainder  of  the  year  are  sHght.  The  journey  over 
the  pass  and  down  the  Yukon  is  one  of  great  difficulty 
and  hardship,  especially  as  all  supplies  have  to  be  carried 
along.  The  pass  itself  is  difficult  to  cross,  the  lakes  arc 
subject  to  violent  gales,  and  there  are  a  number  of  very 
dangerous  rai)ids.  Once  in  the  country  the  newcomer 
finds  himself  no  more  comfortable. 

"During  the  summer  season,  when  the  days  sometimes 
are  really  hot,  there  are  swarms  of  mosquitoes  and  gnats 
which  have  not  their  e(|ual  in  the  world,  and  which  are 
enough  alone  to  discourage  most  men.  I  have  heard 
stories,  which  I  can  readily  believe  to  be  true,  of  strong 
and  hardy  men  being  so  tormented  by  these  pests  while 
on  the  trail  through  the  swamp  to  the  Ijirch  creek  dig- 
gings, that  they  broke  (Unvn  and  sobbed  in  utter  dis- 
gust. The  method  of  reaching  these  and  other  diggings 
consists  partly  in  pulling  a  loaded  boat  against  a  swift 
stream,  and  often  over  rnpids.  and  partly  in  trudging 
through  the  swamp  or  over  a  rough  mountain  trail  with 
a  heavy  load  on  one's  back.  In  winter  the  thermometer 
falls  so  low  that  it  cannot  be  measured  by  any  available 
means.  It  is  certain,  however,  that  it  reaches  70  degrees 
below  zero.  During  all  this  winter  season  very  little  can 
be  done,  and  as  darkness  exists  most  of  the  time  life  often 
seems  intolerable. 

"The  actual  expenses  of  getting  into  the  country  are 
considerable.  Indians  must  be  hired  to  do  a  part  or  the 
whole  of  the  transportation  of  supplies  across  the  Chil- 
koot  Pass  at  very  high  wages,  and  the  cost  of  the  neces- 
sary outfit  is  in  itself  considerable.  On  arriving  at  the 
diggings  provisions  are  often  not  obtainable  at  any  price; 
or,  if  they  are  to  be  had,  the  variety  is  slight.    The  sup- 


itti 
ffiS' 


BOOK    FOR    GOLD-SEEKERS. 


2S» 


ply  is  always  uncertain,  depending  upon  the  lateness  of 
the  spring  and  of  the  fall. 

"Owing  to  the  difficulty  in  bringing  in  supplies,  prices 
are  very  high  at  the  river  posts,  and  much  higher  in  the 
diggings.  The  freight  alone  from  the  coast  to  the  dig- 
gings costs  as  high  as  50  cents  a  pound,  so  that  when 
one  eats  potatoes  at  $1  a  pound  and  bacon  at  85  cents 
a  pound,  other  things  in  proportion,  the  cost  of  living  is 
enormous,  and  even  employment  at  $10  per  day  for  sixty 
days  out  of  the  year  will  not  enable  a  man  to  grow  rich 
very  rapidly.  Even  employment  for  wages,  moreover, 
is  scarce,  there  being  several  applicants  for  every  job. 
Owing  to  the  high  price  of  supplies,  no  claim  that  does 
not  pay  at  least  $10  a  day  to  each  man  working  can  be 
worked  except  at  a  loss.  Many  comi)etent  men  who 
engage  in  mining  here  and  work  faithfully  experience 
failures,  and  are  unable  to  earn  enough  to  buy  provi- 
sions. 

"In  such  a  situation  it  is  very  difficult  to  make  one's 
way  out  of  the  country,  for  the  journey  up  the  river  along 
the  usual  route  requires  upward  of  thirty  days"  hard 
work,  and  provisions  must  be  brought  for  the  trip.  The 
trip  down  the  river  and  back  to  civilization  by  steamer 
is  very  expensive,  and  of  late  years  the  number  seeking 
to  get  out  in  that  way  exceeded  the  carrying  capacity  of 
the  few  steamers.  Last  year  fully  150  men  who  wished 
and  intended  to  leave  the  country  by  steamer  were  un- 
able to  do  so,  and  are  still  there. 

"Under  the  conditions  which  now  exist  there  are  quite 
enough  in  the  Yukon  district  already,  and  the  object  of 
this  article  is  to  discourage  people  from  rushing  there 
without  due  consideration.  Probably  ninety-nine  out  of 
every  hundred  men  are  unfitted  by  nature  for  such  a  life 
as  Yukon  mining  necessitates,  and  had  much  better  never 


1 


1^ 


1 1 


H  J 


H  m 


f 


240 


TJIK    CHiC  Al.0    U'-'COKUa 


make  the  attempt.  Tlie  Iniiulredtli  man  must  be  a  miner 
and  frontiersman  by  nature,  stronj;  and  patient,  a  hard 
worUer,  and  a  lover  of  secluded  life.  Even  such  a  man 
will  very  likely  fail  on  account  of  the  larj^e  element  of 
chance,  and  the  most  successful  miner  obtains  only  a  few 
thousand  dollars  in  profit  after  a  number  of  years'  patient 
work. 

"Any  fj^reat  increase  in  the  number  of  men  poiug  into 
the  \'ukon  district  would  be  disastrous,  on  account  of  the 
strict  limits  of  the  food  supply  and  facilities  for  trans- 
portation. The  result  would  be  famine,  disordei,  and 
failure.  Several  years  ago  this  actually  hai)pened  when 
all  the  I'orty-Mile  miners  were  without  food  an'.l  were 
obliged  to  travel  down  the  Yukon  over  the  ice  to  St. 
.Michael  in  the  dead  of  winter,  a  terrible  journey  of  nearly 
2.000  miles.  At  that  time  there  were  only  a  few  men 
in  tile  country,  but  if  the  number  had  been  very  much 
larger,  even  this  resource  would  have  been   impossible. 

".My  general  advice  to  the  average  man  intending  to 


go  to 


the   N'ukon  gold  district  is — to  stay  oiU.     .Many 


men  go  there  every  year  and  suffer  hardships,  failure,  loss 
of  capital  and  sometimes  of  health.  If  anyone  under- 
takes the  tri])  he  should  take  with  liiiu  enough  supplies 
to  last  as  long  as  lie  intends  io  stay — one  year,  two  years, 
or  whatever  amount,  lie  >h()ul(l  have  money  enough  to 
last  him  into  the  ccuiiitry  and  out  again,  if  necessary,  and 
should  start  early  enough  in  the  season  to  enable  him  to 
return  up  the  river  if  he  intends  to  come  out  the  same 
year,  for  the  facilities  for  transportation  by  steamer  arc 
likely  to  be  entirely  inadec|uate." 

.\()TF. — Since  Prof.  Spurr  sounded  this  note  of  warn- 
ing a  small  army  of  Klondikers  has  started  for  the  gold 
fields.  Reports  from  Dawson  City  indicate  that  the 
labor  market  is  glutted  by  miners  who  left  other  diggings 


BOOK    FOR    GOLD-SEEKERS. 


241 


for  the  Klondike,  and  that  day  wajjes  dropped  from  $10 
and  $15  to  $2  and  $3. 

In  speakitifT  of  the  mining  conthUons  of  Alaska,  Mr. 
Spurr  said: 

"We  e.xamined  all  of  the  known  placer  deposits  and  the 
origin  of  the  gold  in  them  was  traced  to  the  veins  of 
(juartz  alcMig  the  head  waters  of  the  various  streams  en- 
tering the  Yukon.  Sufficient  data  were  secured  to  estal)- 
lish  the  presence  of  a  gold  belt  300  miles  in  length  in 
Alaska,  which  enters  the  territory  near  the  mouth  of 
l''orty  Mile  creek  and  extends  westward  across  the  Yukon 
valley  at  the  lower  ramparts.  Its  further  extent  i;,  un- 
known. 

"It  IS  the  opinion  of  the  geologist  in  charge  of  the  cx- 
])edition  that  it  is  entirely  practicable  to  prosecute  c|uar(/. 
mining  throughout  the  year  in  this  region.  He  also  dis- 
covered along  the  river  large  areas  or  rocks  containing 
hard  bitumious  coal. 

"kumiing  in  a  direction  a  little  west  of  northwest 
through  the  territory  examined  is  a  broad,  continuous 
belt  of  highly  altered  rocks.  To  the  cast  this  belt  is  known 
to  be  continuous  for  100  miles  or  more  in  I'ritish  terri- 
tory. The  rocks  constituting  this  belt  are  mostly  crys- 
talline schists,  associated  with  marbles  and  sheared 
(luartzilcs,  indicating  a  sedimentary  origin  for  a  large 
part  of  the  series.  These  altered  sedimenta'"  "ocks  have 
been  shattered  by  volcanic  actiou,  and  the;.  ..re  pierced 
by  many  dikes  of  eru])tive  rocks. 

"In  the  process  of  mountain  building  the  sedimentary 
rocks  have  been  subjected  to  such  jiressure  and  to  such 
alteration  from  attei\dant  forces  tliat  they  have  been 
s(|uee/.ed  into  the  condition  of  schist,  and  often  partlv  or 
wholly  cr\  stallized,  so  that  their  original  character  has  in 
some  cases  entirely  disappeared.    In  summarizing,  it  mav 

15 


%   ■ 


iH.& 


pi  •, ' 


:;f 


242 


THE    CHICAGO    RECORDS 


ii'       I 


be  said  that  the  rocks  of  the  gold  belt  of  Alaska  con^isi 
largely  of  sedimentary  beds  older  than  the  carboniferous 
period,  that  these  beds  have  undergone  extensive  altera- 
tion, and  have  l^cn  elevated  into  mountain  ranges  and 
cut  through  by  a  variety  of  igneous  rocks. 

"Throughout  these  altered  rocks  there  arc  found  veins 
of  (|uartz  often  carrying  pyrite  and  gold.  It  api)ears  that 
these  (|uartz  veins  were  formed  during  the  disturbance 
attending  the  u])lift  and  alteration  of  the  beds.  Many  of 
the  veins  have  been  cut,  sheared  and  torn  into  fragments 
by  the  force  tliat  has  transformed  the  sedimentary  rocks 
into  crystalline  schist,  but  there  are  others,  containing 
gold,  silver  and  copper,  that  have  not  been  very  much 
disturljed  or  broken. 

"These  more  continuous  ore-bearing  zones  have  not 
the  character  of  ordinary  (juartz  veins,  although  they  con- 
tain much  silica.  Instead  of  the  usual  white  (|uartz  veins, 
the  ore  occurs  in  a  sheared  and  altered  zone  of  rock,  and 
gradually  runs  out  on  both  sides.  So  far  as  yet  known, 
these  continuous  zones  of  ore  are  of  relatively  low  grade. 
Concerning  the  veins  of  white  (|uartz  first  mentioned,  it 
is  certain  that  most  of  them  which  contain  gold  carry  it 
only  in  small  (|uantity,  and  yet  some  few  are  known  to 
be  very  rich  in  places,  and  it  is  extremely  probable  that 
there  are  many  in  which  the  whole  of  the  ore  is  of  com- 
paratively high  grade. 

"The  general  character  of  the  rocks  and  of  the  ore  de- 
posits is  extremely  like  that  of  the  gold-bearing  forma- 
tions along  the  southern  coast  of  Alaska,  in  which  the 
Treadwell  and  other  mines  arc  situated,  and  it  is  probable 
that  the  richness  of  the  Yukon  rocks  is  approximately 
e(jual  to  that  of  the  coast  belt.  It  may  be  added  that  the 
resources  of  the  coast  belt  have  been  only  partially  ex- 
plored. 


BOOK    FOR    OOLD-SEEKKHS. 


243 


"Since  the  formation  of  the  veins  and  other  deposits  of 
the  rocks  of  the  fjold  helt  an  enormous  letijjjth  of  time  has 
ehipsed.  Durinj^  that  tinu-  the  forcf>j  of  erosion  liave 
stripped  ofif  the  overlyinj,'  rocks  ami  exposed  the  nietal- 
hferous  veins  at  the  surface  for  lon^'  periods,  and  ilie  rocks 
of  the  gold  helt,  with  the  veins  which  they  include,  have 
crumbled  and  been  carried  away  by  the  streams,  to  be 
deposited  in  widely  dilTerent  places  as  jjravels.  or  sands, 
or  mud.  In  Alaska  the  streams  have  been  carryinj^ 
away  the  gold  from  the  metalliferous  belt  for  a  very  long 
period,  so  that  particles  of  th«  preci'nis  metal  are  found 
in  nearly  all  parts  of  the  territory. 

"It  is  only  in  the  immediate  vicinity  of  the  gold-bearing 
belt,  however,  that  the  particles  of  gold  are  large  and 
plentiful  enough  to  repay  working  imder  present  condi- 
tions. Where  a  stream  heads  in  the  gold  belt  tiie  richest 
diggings  arc  likely  to  be  near  its  extreme  upper  part.  In 
this  upjKT  part  the  current  is  so  swift  that  tlie  lighter 
material  and  the  finer  gold  are  carried  away,  leaving  in 
many  places  a  rich  deposit  of  coarse  g(jl(l  overlaid  by 
coarse  gravel,  the  pebbles  being  so  large  as  to  hinder 
ra^Md  transportation  by  water. 

"It  is  under  such  conditions  that  the  diggings  whicb. 
arc  now  being  worked  are  found,  with  some  unimportant 
exceptions.  The  rich  gulches  of  the  I*'orty  Mile  district 
and  of  the  IJirch  creek  district,  as  well  as  other  fields  o-' 
less  importance,  all  head  in  the  gold-bearing  formation. 

"A  short  distance  belov;  the  heads  oi  these  gulches  the 
stream  valley  broadens  and  the  gravels  contain  liner  gold, 
more  widely  distributed.  .Along  certain  parts  of  the 
stream  this  finer  gold  is  concentrated  by  favorable  cur- 
rents, and  is  often  profitably  washed,  this  kind  of  deposit 
coming  under  the  head  of  'bar  diggings.'  The  gold  in 
these  more  extensive  gravels  is  often  present  in  sufficient 


ii 


i 


L'14 


11. K    CllICACO    l{h:c'()lU)'S 


(Hi;mtil\  1(1  i.'iu-(Hiia!.'r  ''n'  Iii>l>i'  »>!  siuHH'ssful  r\tr;uti(Mi 
;it  MMiir  liitinc  tiiiif.  wln'ii  the  work  ran  ho  doiif  inure 
olu'apiv  and  nitli  -nii.ililr  iiiarliiiuTv.  'l"l)i'  fxti'iM  of  tlu'st,- 
i^ra^i'Is,  uliu-ii  air  nj"  pos-^JhU'  valiu'.  i>  vi'iv  i;ri'at. 

■  It  may  In-  stated,  tlnrrloiw  as  a  L^oiuTal  nik-.  that  tlu- 
])n>titaMo  |L;ra\c'ls  are  lonnd  in  tlu-  \ioinily  ol'  tlu"  ^old* 
hearinU"  vock.  '\'\\v  .L;i'ld  Iji'arini;"  belt  forms  a  I'aniji'  of 
'dw  mountains,  and  on  tlu'  llanks  of  tlu'si'  momitains,  to 
llu'  noitlieast  ami  to  llir  soiitliw  est,  lie  various  youiii^er 
roeks  wliieli  ran<;t'  in  ai^e  from  earboniferous  to  wry  ro- 
eent  tertiary,  and  are  ni.ide  np  mostl\  of  i-oii^lonierates, 
sandstones  and  sliali's,  with  some  voleanie  inateiiak 
I'hese  roeks  were  formed  snhseijnent  to  the  ore  deposi- 
tion, and  liu'iefoie  <U^  not  eontain  tnetalliferons  veins. 

"  IhiN  ha\i-  been  parlh  deri\ed,  however,  from  dt'- 
tritiis  wtirn  from  ihe  ,L;oId  bi'arint;  beh  (hninL;  the  Iohl; 
period  that  tl  h.is  been  exposed  to  erosion,  and  sonu-  i>f 
them  eontain  i;okl  derived  from  tlie  nion-  aneieiit  roeks 
and  eoiieeiitrated  in  the  same  w.i\  ;is  is  thi-  l;oM  in  the 
present  river  Ljravels.  In  one  or  two  jilaees  it  is  ei'rtain 
that  tlu'se  e(>n,L;loinerates  are  realb  fossil  phieers,  and  this 
sonree  of  snpp!\  nia\  t'\-entnall\  turn  out  to  be  very  im- 
portant." 

The  report  on  the  N'nkon  ,uold  ri'i;ion  b\  Mr.  Spurr, 
^iviiiji;"  lu'w  Hiets  .md  ti^nres  about  tlie  interior  of  tiie  tiM- 
ritor\,  \\,is  made  pnblie  reeentb.  It  is  a  eomprehensix  o 
doeumenl,  and  ie\iews  ni  detail  the  work  in  ihe  various 
di'^triels  ll  sa\s  as  to  the  lort\  .Mile  i;old  distriet,  that 
ill  the  l.uier  part  ni  1SS7  I'rankliu  ^uleli  was  ^truek,  and 
tlu'  Ills!  \ear  the  eri'ek  is  estnnated  to  h,i\e  prodned 
$4,000.  I.\er  >uu'e  it  li.is  Ikhu  .1  eoustanl  ii.uei.  The 
eharaeter  of  thi'  ^old  iheie  i>  nnL;i;ei\,  masses  worth  ^'^5 
beini4  eon"non.  I  he  \  leld  the  liist  \e.ir  .iftei  the  dts 
eii\er\    ol    l'oit\    .Mile   has   h  en   \aiiousb    estimated   at 


!«      SI 


sl.llt    lN(i. 


%'■ 


•J  ■ 


1'   ' 
•it 


,'j 
I 


BOOK    Foil    (U)l.l)-SEEKEttS. 


247 


from  $75,000  to  $150,000.  l)ut  $6o.O(K)  probably  covers 
the  production. 

Tlie  discovery  of  Davis  creek  and  a  stamjiede  from 
Franklin  gulch  followed  in  the  spring-  of  1888.  In  1891 
gold  mining  in  the  interior  as  well  as  on  the  coast,  at 
Silver  Bow  basin  and  Treadwell,  received  a  great  impetus. 
The  chief  occurrence  of  1892  was  the  discovery  of  Miller 
creek.  In  the  spring  of  1893  many  new  claims  were 
staked,  and  it  is  estimated  that  80  men  took  out  $100,000. 
Since  then  Miller  creek  has  been  the  heaviest  producer  of 
the  Forty  Mile  district,  and,  until  recently,  of  the  whole 
Yukon.  Its  entire  length  lies  in  i^>ritish  possessions.  The 
output  for  1893  ^s  given  by  the  mint  director  for  the 
Alaskan  creeks,  all  but  Miller  creek  being  in  Amerirau 
pos.sessions,  was  $198,000.  with  a  mining  population  of 
196. 

The  total  amount  produce('  by  the  \'uk()n  placers  in 
1894  was  doui/ie  that  of  the  ;  rt\-inus  year,  and  was  di- 
vided between  the  two  districts.  In  i8(>5  the  output  had 
doubled  again. 

J'orty  Mile  district  in  the  summer  of  iS(j<i  is  descrilud 
in  the  report  as  looking  as  if  it  had  seen  its  best  days.  :inil 
unless  several  new  creeks  are  discovered  it  will  lose  it>-  old 
position. 

The  Hirch  jreek  district  was  in  a  flourishing  condition 
last  summer  (i8(j6).  Most  of  the  gulches  were  then  run 
ning.  miners  were  working  on  double  shifts,  night  and 
day.  and  many  large  ])rofits  were  reported.  On  Mast". ion 
creek,  the  best  producer,  over  T^(.Xi  miners  were  at  work, 
many  expecting  to  winter  in  the  gulch. 

As  to  hydraulic  mining,  the  report  says:  '"Some  min- 
ers have  planned  to  work  this  and  other  good  ground 
supposed  to  exist  under  the  deep  covering  of  moss  and 
gravel  in  the  wide  valley  of  the  .\lannnoth  and  Crooked 


;ll 


;  f 

i;':-;.    1! 


lilS 


THE    CHICAGO    RECORD'S 


crocks  by  the  hydraulic  process,  the  water  to  be  obtained 
by  tappinji^  Miller  and  Mastodon  creeks  near  the  head.  It 
will  be  several  years  before  the  scheme  can  be  operated, 
because  both  of  the  present  gulches  are  paying  well,  and 
will  continue  to  do  so  at  least  five  years." 

The  Klondike  placer  miners  are  only  gathering  the 
dust  washed  ofif  nature's  great  gold  reserve  in  the  Alaskan 
mountains.  This  dust  is  found  in  the  gravel  of  the  little 
streams.  It  conies  from  a  formation  called  the  conglom- 
erate, which  is  incomparably  richer  in  nuggets  and  par- 
ticles of  gold  than  the  gravel.  When  the  miners  find  it 
no  longer  profitable  to  wash  out  the  gravel,  they  can  at- 
tack the  conglomerate,  where  they  will  be  cole  to  accom- 
plish something  by  hand  labor.  Finally,  there  is  the 
original  source  of  gold — the  veins  in  the  hills.  These 
must  be  of  enormous  value.  They  must  lie  untouched 
until  the  proper  machinery  for  obtaining  th.e  gjld  is 
erected. 

A  clear,  scientific  and  authoritative  ex])lanation  of  the 
geological  conditions  of  the  Klondike  and  neighboring 
gold-bearing  rocks  was  furnished  by  Professor  S.  V.  Em- 
mons, of  the  L'nited  States  geological  survey,  to  the  New 
York  Herald.     Professor  Emmons  said: 

"The  real  mass  of  golden  wealth  in  Alaska  remains  as 
yet  untouched.  It  lies  in  the  virgin  rocks,  from  which  the 
particles  found  in  the  river  gravels  now  being  washed 
by  the  Klondike  miners  have  been  torn  by  the  erosion  of 
streams.  These  particles,  being  heavy,  have  been  de- 
posited by  the  streams  which  carried  the  lighter  matter 
onward  to  the  ocean,  thus  forming  by  gradual  accumu- 
lation, a  sort  of  auriferous  concentrate.  Many  of  the  bits, 
especially  in  certain  localities,  are  big  enough  to  be  called 
nuggets. 

'in  spots  the  gravels  are  so  rich  that,  as  we  have  all 


BOOK    FOR    (JOf.D-SEEKERS. 


249 


!.car(l,  many  ounces  of  tlic  vfllow  tnetal  are  obtained 
from  the  washing  of  a  single  panful.  That  is  what  is  mak- 
ing the  people  so  wild — the  prospect  of  picking  money 
out  of  the  dirt  by  the  handful  literally. 

"But  all  this  is  merely  the  skinnning  of  grease  from 
the  pot;  the  soup  remains,  the  precious  rich  soup  it  is. 
The  bulk  of  the  wealth  is  in  the  rocks  of  the  hills,  waiting 
only  for  proper  machinery  to  take  it  out.  I-'or  you  must 
remember  that  the  gold  was  originally  stored  in  veins 
of  the  rocks,  which  are  of  an  exceedingly  ancient  forma- 
tion. Nobody  can  say  how  many  millions  of  years  ago  the 
metal  was  put  there,  but  it  must  have  been  an  enormously 
long  time  back. 

"The  streams  wore  away  the  rocks,  carrying  gold  with 
them,  and  this  process  continued  for  ages,  making  im- 
mense deposits  of  rich,  gold-bearing  gravels.  hZventually 
these  deposits  were  themselves  transformed  into  rock — - 
a  sort  of  conglomerate  in  which  pebbks  small  and  big  are 
mi.xed  with  what  was  once  sand.  To-day  the  strata  com- 
posed of  this  conglomerate  are  of  inunense  extent  and 
unknown  thickness.  The  formation  closely  resembles 
that  of  the  auriferous  'banket'  or  pudding  stone  of  the 
South  African  geld  fields;  but  the  South  African  pudding 
stone  was  in  far  remote  anticjuity  a  sea  beach,  whereas 
the  Alaskan  formation  is  a  deposit  made  by  steams,  as 
1  have  said. 

"In  a  later  epoch  the  stream  continued  to  gnaw  away 
at  the  hills,  bringing  down  more  gold  and  leaving  it  be- 
hind in  the  gravels  of  their  bottoms.  It  is  these  compara- 
tively modern  rivers  which  are  responsible  for  the  pay 
dirt  of  the  Klondike  district  and  of  all  that  region.  Nat- 
urally, because  it  was  easily  got  at  and  worked,  the  min- 
ers have  struck  this  surface  alluvium  first.  The  streams 
at  various  times  have  followed  different  courses,  and  it  is 


iMM 


'M' 


250 


THE   CHICAGO    RECOHU'S 


( 

i't-. 


m 


in  the  gravels  of  the  dry  and  disused  channels  that  the 
gold  miners  dig  with  such  fabulous  profit. 

"You  will  observe  from  what  I  have  said  that  the  gold 
of  that  region  exists  under  three  widely  different  condi- 
tions— in  the  gravels,  in  the  conglomerate  or  pudding 
stone  and  in  the  ancient  rocks  of  the  hills.  When  the 
modern  stream  deposits,  now  being  worked,  are  used  up, 
the  miner  can  tackle  the  conglomerate,  which  represents 
the  gravels  of  ages  ago.  Finally,  when  they  are  provided 
with  the  requisite  machinery,  they  will  be  in  a  position  to 
attack  the  masses  of  yellow  wealth  that  are  stored  in  the 
veins  of  the  mountains.  At  present  we  can  hardly  con- 
sider that  the  first  bite  has  been  taken  of  the  golden  feast 
which  Alaska  offers  to  hungry  man." 

For  many  years  Indians  have  brought  out  of  the  Cop- 
per river  district  in  Alaska  furs,  copper  and  gold.  The 
Copper  Indians  are  a  ferocious  tribe,  much  resembling 
the  Sioux  in  stature,  and  during  the  last  few  years  have 
become  well  equipped  with  guns  and  anmiunition. 
Knowing  the  value  of  their  rich  stakes,  and  that  the 
ingress  of  white  men  would  mean  their  retirement,  the 
Indians  have  steadfastly  refused  to  permit  a  single  white 
man  to  explore  their  country.  Every  man  making  the 
attempt  has  been  told  to  keep  out,  and  when  he  persisted 
has  been  killed. 

The  Copper  river  tribe  numbers  nearly  i,ooo,  and  as 
they  have  been  well  able  to  carry  out  their  threats,  no 
attempt  to  molest  them  has  been  made  in  recent  years. 
Now,  however,  it  is  proposed  to  teach  these  natives  that 
white  men  must  eventually  be  allowed  to  prospect  and 
take  out  the  mineral  riches  of  their  domain. 

One  hundred  men,  thoroughly  armed,  will  go  to  Cook 
inlet  from  Port  Townsend.  They  will  be  led  thence  into 
the  Copper  river  section  by  Judge  Joseph  Kuhn,  who  has 


BOOK    FOR    OOLD-SEEKEKS.  251 

been  collecting:  data  rcffardin^  Copper  river  for  years 
and  was  the  originator  of  the  project.     Capitalists,  it 
IS  said,  are  advancing  part  of  the  money  required,  but  to 
make  the  success  more  certain  the  expedition  is  being 
organized  on  a  co-operative  basis,  so  each  man  will  have 
a  direct  interest.    Each  man  enlisting  is  required  to  put 
up  several  hundred  dollars,  which  goes  to  a  common 
fund  with  which  to  buy  a  schooner,  arms  and  supplies 
for  two  years.    The  Indians  will  not  be  molested  unless 
they  attack  the  exploring  party.    Traditions  of  the  last 
sixty  years  have  ascribed  great  mineral  wealth  to  the 
Copper  river  country.     At  Sitka  it  is  said  that  in   1831 
a  Russian  trader  invaded  that  section  with  eight  men 
I  hey  were  killed  when  within  a  two  davs'  march  to  the 
seacoast. 


m 


m 


262 


TJiE   CHICAGO   RECOHUS 


it'^ 


CHAPTER  XVII. 

MAIL  SERVICE  IN  THE  KLONDIKE. 

AILY  mail  deliveries  arc  sometliii.fr  that  can 
scarcely  be  expected  by  the  KlondiUcrs. 
Arraiifi^enients.  however,  have  been  made 
ti)  carry  the  mail  between  "home"  and  the 
gold  digt^ings  in  the  Yukon  district.  A 
mail  service  has  been  established  be- 
tween Juneau  and  Circle  City,  and  doubt- 
less this  soon  will  be  extended  to  the  Klondike  district. 
As  the  mails  pass  backwards  and  forwards  across  the 
boundary  line,  ])ostage  i)aid  in  the  United  States  takes 
mail  across  the  boundary  line,  and  vice  versa. 

Postmaster  Charles  V .  (lonlon  of  Chicago,  in  resi)onse 
to  a  recpiest  from  the  CMICAC.O  RECORD  for  infor- 
mation regarding  the  sending  of  letters  to  the  Klondike 
region,  replied: 

"Letters  cannot  be  sent  by  United  States  mail  to  Daw- 
son City,  Forty  Mile  or  other  towns  in  British  territory. 
.Mail  matter  for  Dawson  City,  Northwest  territory,  not 
being  a  known  postofficc,  should  be  addressed  'via'  some 
United  States  postofifice,  viz:  Dyea,  Alaska;  Unalaska, 
or  Circle  City,  Alaska.  Sent  to  one  of  these  Alaskan 
postoffices,  it  goes  to  Circle  City  by  way  of  Dyea,  over 
the  overland  route;  by  way  of  Unalaska  by  the  Yukon 
route. 

"A  mail  .steamer  leaves  Seattle  every  five  days  for 
Juneau,  120  miles  from  Dyea,  and  every  fourteen  days 
from  Sitka  for  Unalaska.     A  Canadian  Pacific  steamer 


BOOK    FOR    GOLD-SEEK KUa.  ^63 

will  leave  Victoria  for  Dyca,  by  way  of  Juneau,  every 
few  weeks  during^  the  fall.  The  route  overland  by  way 
of  Edmonton,  Northwest  territory,  is  not  feasible,  as  yet. 
although  there  appears  to  be  some  travel  coming  this 
\va}'. 

Five  carriers  have  been  appointed  for  the  Juneau- 
Circle  City  route,  and  one  will  leave  each  end  of  the  uuiil 
route  on  or  about  the  first  of  each  month.  The  carriers 
are  P.  C.  Richardson,  F.  W.  Hoyt,  J.  \V.  Demars.  (i. 
P.  Sproul  and  John  Urauer.  This  mail  service  is  for 
L'nited  States  mail  addressed  to  Circle  City.  Mail  of 
Dawson,  Forty-Mile  and  Fort  Cudahy  will  not  be  car- 
ried in  this  mail,  as  these  points  are  in  Canadian  territory. 
ComHiUnication  with  tliese  points  is  irregular  and  difrt- 
cult,  but  arrangements  have  been  made  to  forward  mail 
from  Circle  City  by  the  Arctic  exi)ress  com])any. 

The  schedule  for  carriers  between  Juneau  and  Circle 
City  is  as  follows: 

Date.  Juneau.  Circle  City. 

August Demars  lloyt 

September Sproul  IJrauer 

October lloyt  Demars 

November Brauer  Sproul 

December Demars  I  loyt 

January Sproul  lirauer 

l'\'bruary lloyt  Demars 

March Brauer  Sproul 

April Demars  1  lo\[ 

May Sproul  P>rauer 

June Hoyt  Demars 

Since  July  i,  contracts  for  mail  over  what  is  known  as 
"the  overland  route"  from  Juneau  to  Circle  City  have 
been  made  by  the  postofifice  department.  The  round  trip 
over  the  Chilkoot  pass  and  by  way  of  the  chain  of  lakes 


i:-' 


l-?i 


264 


THE   CHICAGO    RKCORDS 


and  the  Lewes  river  takes  about  a  month,  the  distance 
heinjT  about  900  miles.  The  cost  is  about  $C)00  for  tlie 
round  trip.  The  Chilkoot  pass  is  crossed  with  the  mail 
by  means  of  Indian  carriers.  On  the  previous  trips  the 
carriers,  after  finishing  the  pass,  built  their  boats, 
but  they  now  have  their  own  to  pass  the  lakes  and  the 
Lewes  rivjr. 

In  the  winter  transportation  is  carried  on  by  means 
of  dog  sleds,  and  it  is  hoped  that  under  the  present  con- 
tracts there  will  be  no  stoppage,  no  matter  how  low  the 
temperature  may  go.  The  contractor  has  reported  that 
he  was  sending  a  boat,  in  sections,  by  way  of  St.  Michael, 
up  the  Yukon  river,  to  be  used  on  the  waterway  of  the 
route,  and  it  is  thought  much  time  will  be  saved  by  this, 
as  in  former  times  it  was  necessary  for  the  carriers  to 
stop  and  build  boats  or  rafts  to  pass  the  lakes. 

in  addition  to  this  for  the  sunnner  season  contracts 
have  been  made  with  two  steamboat  companies  for  two 
trips  from  Seattle  to  St.  Michael,  and  three  fron\  there 
to  Seattle.  When  the  steaipers  reach  St.  Michael,  the 
mail  will  be  transferred  from  the  steamers  to  the  flat- 
bottomed  boats  running  up  the  Yukon  as  far  as  Circle 
City.     It  is  believed  the  boats  now  run  further  up. 

The  contracts  for  the  overland  route  call  for  only  first- 
class  matter,  whereas  the  steamers  in  the  summer  season 
carry  everything  up  to  five  tons  a  trip. 

Some  extracts  from  the  ofificial  report  of  the  second 
assistant  ])ostniaster  general  for  the  fiscal  year  ending 
June  I,  1896,  will  prove  of  interest.  Under  date  of  Sep- 
tember 2^,  1896,  Contractor  Beddoc  wrote  to  the  depart- 
ment concerning  the  trip  to  Circle  City,  the  establishment 
of  that  postofKice  having  been  authorized  March  19, 
1896. 


BOOK    FOR    GOLD-SEEKEKS. 


255 


I  ! ' 


He  says:  "I  have  just  returned  from  my  first  round 
trip  througli  to  Circle  City  with  the  I'nited  States  mail, 
under  contract  route  Xo.  78103,  and  in  accordance  with 
your  instructions,  corrohoratinp;'  those  received  throuj^h 
the  superintendent  of  the  Pacific  coast,  at  Seattle.  I  de- 
livered the  return  mail  from  Circle  City  to  the  postmaster 
at  Seattle  and  accompanied  to  Juneau  sucli  mail  as  re- 
mained for  that  point. 

"I  have  already  delivered  (or  have  en  route)  the  mail 
for  June,  July,  August  and  September.  It  will  he  im- 
possible for  any  other  mail  to  leave  here  until  spriiif.^. 
outside  of  the  winter  contract. 

"If  you  were  familiar  with  the  conditions  which  ol)- 
tain  in  the  Yukon  you  would  be  in  a  better  position  t(j 
regulate  the  dates  of  departure  and  arrival  for  said  ser- 
vice. I'or  instance.  1  left  this  point  (Juneau)  on  June  10 
for  Dyea:  for  si.xtecn  hours  it  was  imi)ossiblc  to  land 
owing  to  storms,  and  as  the  landing  is  made  in  small 
boats,  the  conditions  must  be  favorable.  1  look  with  me 
sufificient  lumber  to  build  two  boats;  the  ones  1  had 
already  built  could  not  be  taken  over  the  summit  in  con- 
sequence of  excessive  snow  storms.  I'pon  my  arrival 
at  the  base  of  the  summit  the  Indian  packers  refn^^cd  10 
go  over  with  the  lumber.  I  was  compelled  to  abandon 
it  there,  having  paid  $67.50  for  packing  it. 

"The  packing  of  supplies,  etc.,  cost  $320  additional. 
However.  I  pushed  on  and  upon  arriving  at  Lake  Linde- 
man.  a  distance  of  thirty  miles,  1  built  a  raft,  tlurc  being 
no  lundier  in  that  locality,  and  upon  this  raft  we  jour- 
neyed t(;  Lake  Uemiett.  where  we  found  sufficient  lumbir 
to  build  a  boat.  A  start  was  made  in  five  days  after  ar- 
rival, although  the  lumber  had  to  be  cut  from  the  trees, 
and  from  there  on  we  traveled  day  and  night  until  our 


hm 


{I: 

I  ;   !:  (f 


is 


I -I* 


256 


THE   CHICAGO   HKCORU  S 


;  ■! 


destination.  Circle  City,  was  reached  and  the  mails  de- 
livered in  jj;()()(l  order. 

"The  (|uesti()n  now  was  to  pet  the  return  mail  to  Ju- 
neau the  (|uickest  moment.  It  was  impossible  to  start 
up  tile  river  in  c()nse(|uence  of  the  rajjid  water,  the  cur- 
retU  averaj^ing  ei<:[ht  miles  an  hour  for  500  miles.  If  I 
remained  in  Circle  Cit>  imtil  July  30  it  would  probably 
take  forty-five  days  to  pole  the  boat  up  the  river.  I  there- 
fore decided  to  ijo  down  to  .*^t.  .Michael  atul  come  out 
throuffh  r.erint,^  sea.  I  was  fortunate  in  p^ettinp^  there 
in  time  for  the  steamship  Portland,  which  sailed  from 
that  poiiU  to  Seattle,  via  I'nalaska — 3.500  miles.  At 
.Seattle  I  took  the  .\lki  and  reached  here  in  due  course, 
havinjif  traveled  6.5(X)  miles  in  addition  to  the  regular 
trip,  and  savinj^  thereby  over  a  month  of  time  in  the  de- 
livery of  the  return  mail;  and  I  owe  it  to  myself  to  say 
that  I  was  the  last  trip  man  into  the  "S'ukon  and  the  first 
one  out  this  season,  which  is  evidence  that  no  unnecessary 
delay  occurred. 

"This  N'ukon  trip  is  a  terrible  one.  the  current  of  the 
river  even  attaininj:^  ten  miles  an  hour.  .Miles  canyon  is  a 
veritable  death  traj)  into  which  one  is  likely  to  be  drawn 
without  notice,  and  the  White  Horse  rapids,  known  as 
the  miners'  ^rave.  to  say  nothin,i;  of  the  I-'ive  Fingers  and 
Kmk  rapids,  both  of  which  are  very  dangerous.  All  of 
these  dangers  are  aggravated  by  reason  of  the  defective 
maps  and  reports  of  the  coimtry. 

"It  is  my  iiUention  to  submit  to  the  dei)artmeiU  a  map 
with  many  corrections,  although  in  the  absence  of  a 
proi)er  siu'vey  it  will  necessarily  be  only  an  apjiroximate 
refiection  of  the  river's  course,  ^'ou  are  probably  not 
aware  that  for  a  distance  of  150  miles,  commencing  at 
Circle  City,  and  going  north,  the  river  is  fifty  miles  be- 


HOOK     FUR    (jOLI)-Sf:EKERS. 


267 


twecn  banks,  and  contains  thousands  of  islands,  very  tiw 
of  wliich  appear  (jm  ai:\  map. 

"It  is  impossible  to  perform  this  mail  contract  without 
havinjT  at  least  three  i)arties  fully  equipped,  the  distance 
being  so  gr^at  and  it  beinj^  out  of  the  (juestion  for  the 
first  party  to  retin-n  in  time  tft  dejjart  with  the  succeed- 
inp^  mail,  and  the  expense  of  each  will  be  about  the  same. 
I  shall  have  made  four  round  trips  by  the  end  of  this 
month.  The  last  mail  in  should  arrive  at  Circle  City  in 
one  week  from  n()w.  The  return  mails  F  am  lookinp^  for 
daily.  At  the  end  of  this  month  the  north  end  of  the 
Yukon  river  will  freeze  and  the  ice  will  jjjradually  form 
to  the  south,  and  the  same,  as  a  waterway,  will  Ijecoinc 
impassable  and  remain  so  until  midwinter." 

The  Western  Union  telej.,aaph  company  i>  cousidcrinj.,^ 
the  advisability  of  strinj^inj.^  a  wire  from  Juni'au  t(j  Daw- 
son City.  A  San  I'rancisco  com|)any  has  been  fornieij 
for  the  purpose  of  connectinj^  Jimeau  and  Dawson  City 
with  a  telejj^raph  and  tele])hone  wire.  The  line,  accord- 
ing:^ to  the  plan,  is  to  be  constructed  on  the  same  ])lan 
as  the  ordinary  military  line  used  by  armies  in  the  field. 
The  wire  will  be  a  cpiarler  of  an  inch  thick,  and  covered 
with  a  certain  kind  of  insulation  which  it  is  said  has 
proved  thoroughly  able  to  withstand  the  rigorous  cli- 
matic conditions  prevailing  in  Ala-ka.  Tlu-  wire  is  to 
wind  upon  large  reels,  and  these  reels  are  to  be  ])laced 
on  dog  sleds  and  (lragge<l  over  the  ice  ami  snow.  It  is 
])n)])osed  simply  to  pay  out  the  Irjose  wire  and  Kt  it  lie 
on  the  ground,  with  the  e.\j)ectation  of  running  the  line 
throiigh  from  terminal  to  terminal  in  six  weeks. 

The  route  b\  way  of  Cjiilkoot  and  the  l.iwes  and  Xn- 
kon  as  far  as  the  Tell)  y'wir  has  been  ihoroughly  e\- 
plijred  by  the  Western  I'nion  telegrafih  companv.     Mike 


;i:ii 


i 


2M 


THK    ClIlCACiO    KKCOKU'S 


Li'l'>ar_m',  •>;;'T  whom  Lakr  l.i'l'.ar^i-  \\a>  uanu'd.  was  imi- 
i^aj^oil  l)v  till'  .  .■iiipan\  lo  ixplnrc  llu'  nvi-r  aiul  adja'-'.-iit 
i'i)Uiitr\  lor  till'  purpose'  of  lomu'vMini;  Iuiroi)c  and  AnuT- 
\c:\  l)y  li'K\i;rapli  tlirou,i;!i  I'.iitisli  ('oliiinhia  and  Alaska 
and  across  lu-rini;;  strail  lo  Asia,  and  tlirnrc  to  I-'.uropi' 
This  (.'\|)loration  look  jikuH-  in  iSd^.  hut  tlu'  suocossfid 
layinii  of  tlu'  Atlantic  cai)k'  in  iS(»()  put  a  stop  to  this 
project. 


' 


DOOK  i<x)ii  {;oi.i)-sii:i':KEus. 


i:6i» 


Cn APTF.R  Win. 
LIFE  IN  DAWSON  CITY. 

AC'COKDIXC    t.)    iiu'ii    who    have    ro- 
tiinu'd    fioiu    tlu"    Kldiuliki-    rotmliv, 
,^,,^^^^  ..™„         tlH"    vaiiu's   attarhrd   lo    Hour,    iinats. 

~^r(.lJl_i  I     '£^    ^'.Ui;^.    suL;ar.    cti-.,    hv    Dawxni    C'itv 
-...^       ^    ^  :-       traders  arc  not  so   'sti."i'|)    as  soinc  it- 
''"  "iir^  ■}■'     P"i''^    •'•'vi'    iiidii-atc'd.      Ilnndrrds    of 
"*  "^      stories  about    liii^li  piii'i's  in    1  )a\vsoii 

I'ity  liavi'  l;(iiu'  llir  lr!i,i;th  and  ln\'adtii 
of  llu"  I'omiliv  siiUT  tl"'  Ixlondiki- 
fc\  rr  l)ii)|\i-  out,  and  losi'pli  I.adni'.  tlu'  ionudi'i'  o'  l)a\v 
sou  (  it\ ,  and  (lu-  owiur  ol  the  townsitf,  taki's  exription^ 
to  what  lu"  ealls  "exai^i^orations."  lli*  sa\s  that  piifos  in 
|)a\\son  l'it\,  everything;  eonsidend,  aie  reasonable, 
hollowing'  is  a   l)a\\son  Litv  piiee  list: 

!•  lour,  pi' I    loo  lbs $  I  J  (H) 

Sn^ar,  blown,  per  pound ji) 

Suj;ar,  _v;iar,nlated,  per  pound J5 

Kiee.   pel'    poinid jo 

(  ^atineal,    per    pound J5 

I'.aiDii,  per  pound 1    50 

('oudensed  milk,  per  ean (k) 

r.utti'r.  per  pound i    -io 

I'.Ll'.US.    P^M"    do/cu 5    (H) 

IJeans.  per  pound i  j\ 

Salt,  per  p(  'und 13 

I  )ried  iVni;.  per  pouuil,  J5  to ^^o 

Aprieots  (dried)  ])er  pound 35 

("ij^ars.  siujijle   5»» 

I  ii^ars,  wlioK'saK",  per  i,(xh),  .S»i.s  to ux">  (M) 

Tobaeeo,   ehewiiiL;   and   suiokiui;'.   jter  pound..  I    50 

Ti)l)aeeo,  plni;  cut,  iH-r  poiuid    2  00 

16 


ij 


* 


IM 


fH' 


'•  l^ 


^n  ■«:» 


1 


t'^mmmm 


260  THE   CHICAGO   RECORDS 

Blankets,  j?ood,  per  pair,  from  $i6  to 30  cx) 

Hudson   Bay  blankets 30  00 

Linen  shirt  5  00 

I'nderwear,  per  suit 10  00 

Canvas  overalls   2  50 

Boots,  from  $ro  to 12  00 

Stogie  shoes,  from  $5  to 7  50 

Clothes,  suit  ready  made,  from  $30  to 50  00 

Fur  overcoats,  from  $25  to 100  00 

To^s  for  sleds,  from  $100  to 300  00 

Home-made  bread,  per  loaf 50 

Lumber,  per  1,000  feet,  from  $100  to 200  00 

Wages,  per  day,  $5  to 6  00 

Meals  in  restaurant,  each i   50 

A  dressmaker,  who  was  in  Circle  City  when  the  "strike" 
on  the  Klondike  was  made,  went  to  Dawson  City,  and  in 
the  first  three  days  cleared  $90  with  her  needle.  Mrs. 
Adams,  the  dressmaker,  said  she  was  the  first  woman  in 
the  diggings  that  could  fit  a  dress,  and  while  there  were 
no  "bones"  or  "waist  binding  or  canvas"  or  other  articles 
about  which  women  know  everything  and  which  go  into 
a  dress,  Mrs.  Adams  said  prices  are  kept  up,  ranging 
about  as  follows:  Imvc  to  ten  dollars  for  a  plain  Mother 
Hubbard,  $6  to  $12  for  an  empress.  $8  for  a  plain  wool 
skirt,  $10  to  an  "ounce"  for  a  waist.  These  prices  were 
simply  for  making  the  goods  up,  and  Mrs.  Adams  said 
she  and  her  partner  had  more  work  than  they  could  do. 

Dawson  City  is  located  on  the  bank  of  the  Klondike 
where  the  latter  stream  empties  into  the  Yukon  ilver.  The 
town  site  of  160  acres  is  owned  by  Joe  Ladue,  and  Daw- 
son City  is  laid  out  in  a  square,  and  divided  into  city  lots 
after  the  most  improved  manner  of  the  real  estate  dealer 
who  plats  new  subdivisions.  The  population  is  unknown, 
(jood  guessers  put  the  number  of  inhabitants  of  this 
mushroom  town  anywhere  from  3,000  to  15,000.  Some- 
time next  spring  it  will  be  known  just  what  the  winter 


BOOK    FOR    GOLD-SEEKERS. 


261 


population  of  Dawson  City  has  been  during  the  winter. 
The  city  was  born  in  August,  1896,  a  few  (lays  after  the 
Klondike  strike  was  made.  Many  people  arc  under  the 
impression  that  Dawson  City  is  in  the  very  center  of  the 
rich  placer  deposits  of  the  Klondike  district,  when  as  a 
matter  of  fact,  the  gold  bearing  creeks  are  from  12  to 
25  miles  from  Dawson  City. 

Dawson  City  is  a  Canadian  town,  although  its  founder 
and  most  of  its  inhabitatUs  are  (|ualifie(l  voters  in  the 
United  States  when  they  are  at  home.  Dawson  City  is  not 
only  a  nuishroom  town,  Imt,  to  use  another  simile  l)or- 
rowed  from  the  vegetable  kingdom,  it  is  a  "sucker"  town. 
When  it  sprung  up  Circle  City,  I-'orty  Mile,  Fort  Cudahy, 
and  other  mining  towns  north  of  it  were  depoimlated  so 
rapidly  that  no  one  save  the  agents  of  the  transportation 
and  trading  companies  and  the  Hudson's  V>a.y  company 
were  left. 

Every  man,  woman,  child  and  dog  scurried  to  l)aus(jn 
City  as  fast  as  possible.  Before  the  establishment  of  Daw- 
son City  there  were  1,500  people  in  Circle  City.  A  recent 
letter  from  Circle  City  relates  the  sad  fact  that  there  are 
three  men,  two  women,  one  child  and  four  yellow  curs 
left.  I'Vom  all  reports  Dawson  City  is  an  orderly  ])lace, 
all  things  considered.  The  Xorthwest  territory  mounted 
police  and  the  Canadian  land  officials  thus  far  ha\e  suc- 
ceeded in  maintaining  law  and  (jrder  to  a  degree  that  can 
scarcely  be  appreciated  by  one  who  is  familiar  with  the 
so-called  "typical"  mining  towns. 

The  people  as  a  rule  are  law-abiding  and  attend  to  their 
own  business.  In  fact  all  are  t0(j  busy  looking  after  wealth 
to  resort  to  any  lawlessness.  Joe  Ladue,  the  father  of 
Dawson  City,  is  authorit}-  for  the  statement  that  stealing 
is  practically  unknown  in  that  town.  Gold  dust,  grains 
and  nuggets  are  kept  in  tin  cans,  iron  kettles,  worn  out 


I   h  ^ 


*i». 


u 


;  i'l  i 


ii: 


F^V.:^y»," 


THE   CHICAGO    RECORD'S 


rubber  boots,  oil  cans,  and  left  in  tents  and  cabins  without 
watch  or  j^uard  being  placed  over  them.  This  was  the 
Dawson  City  up  to  the  time  the  flood  of  gold-seekers 
overwhelmed  it  this  year.  The  Canadian  authorities  be- 
lieve that  they  will  be  able  to  smash  all  traditions,  so  far 
as  mining  towns  are  concerned,  l)y  making  and  keeping 
Dawson  City  a  highly  moral  frontier  town. 

Joseph  Ladue,  the  owner  of  Dawson  City,  is  one  of  the 
fortunate  men  who  made  a  large  strike.  He  says  he  does 
not  know  how  much  he  is  worth,  but  those  who  are  as- 
sociated with  him  place  his  figures  up  among  the  millions. 
He  is  a  resident,  when  at  home,  of  Schuyler  Halls,  Clin- 
ton county,  Xew^  York.  He  has  great  hopes  for  the 
future  of  the  tity  he  owns.  In  speaking  of  his  possessions 
Ladue  said  that  the  summer  for  Dawson  City  opens  about 
May  15  and  by  June  I,  no  snow  is  seen  anywhere. 

Grain  is  planted  or  sown  about  May  15,  and  he  has 
raised  barley  and  oats  there  for  two  years.  Potatoes  do 
not  mature  in  Dawson.  On  the  highlands  the  frost  strikes 
everything  each  \ear.  So  the  farming  is  all  done  on  the 
islands.  McOuestion,  the  Hudson's  r>ay  trader  at  Forty 
Mile,  has  raised  jiotatocs.  barley,  oats,  turnips,  lettuce, 
radishes  and  cabbage.  He  sells  his  produce  to  the  miners 
and  gets  good  prices  for  it.  Turnips,  for  instance,  bring 
ten  cents  a  pouml.  At  Vt.  Selkirk,  178  miles  south  of 
Dawson,  is  another  garden,  owned  and  cultivated  by 
Harper,  sometimes  called  the  "grand  old  man  of  the  Yu- 
kon." 

The  sunnner  lasts  from  the  middle  of  May  to  Septem- 
ber I.  The  longest  day  in  Dawson  City  is  June  22;  on 
that  day  the  Klondikers  have  the  sun  for  twenty  hours, 
"clear,  warm  sun."  as  joe  Ladue  expressed  it.  W'inter 
sets  in  .September  i,  and  die  cold  comes  on  gradually. 
Sejiteniber  and  October  weather  is  line,  October  being 


BOOK    FOR    GOLD-SEEKERS. 


2«3 


about  as  November  is  in  tlic  I'liitod  States.  After  that 
everything  is  closed  up,  inckuHng  the  Yukon  river,  which 
freezes  over  between  November  i  and  lo.  and  it  is  not 
navigable  after  that  time  until  the  next  spring.  The  ice 
in  the  river  freezes  five  and  a  half  feet  thick. 

They  have  bath  tub  in  Dawson  City,  "real  zinc  bath- 
tubs," according  to  Joe  Ladue,  and  it  costs  a  Klondiker 
$1  a  bath  in  a  barber  shop.  But  the  ])rospector,  who  has 
a  thrifty  nature  and  is  saving  his  cash,  seldom  patronizes 
these  dollar  a  bath  tubs,  lie  takes  a  Russian  bath  for 
nothing.  The  Russian  bath  houses  are  made  out  of  logs, 
an  arch  of  stones  is  made  on  the  fioor  of  the  house  and  a 
fire  built  under  until  the  stones  are  red  hot.  The  door  is 
closed  tight,  and  a  barrel  of  water  is  thrown  over  the 
stones  until  the  hot  steam  fills  the  room,  and  the  Klon- 
diker walks  around  with  every  pore  wide  open,  dripi)ing 
with  perspiration.  As  Joe  Ladue  put.,  it.  "it  is  a  good 
sweat  bath  and  is  all  right  too  for  cleaning." 

Several  preachers  are  on  their  way  to  the  Klondike, 
but  the  church  of  England  has  one  of  its  clergymen  on 
the  ground.  Bishop  liompas  is  at  the  head  of  the  dio- 
cese which  includes  the  Klondike  district,  and  an  episco- 
pal clergyman  otificiates  in  Dawson  City.  When  Ladue 
left  Dawson  City  he  was  told  that  l>ishop  Bompas  in- 
tended to  move  from  I'orty  Mile  to  the  metropolis  of  tiie 
Klondike. 

Men  who  have  returned  from  Dawson  City  tell  great 
tales  of  the  magnificence  of  the  bars  over  which  the  sev- 
eral kinds  of  drinks  in  vogue  in  Dawson  are  servecl.  One 
of  the  bars  cost  $750  in  San  I'rancisco  before  it  was 
loaded  on  the  ship,  and  ano^lier  one  is  said  to  be  equally 
as  expensive.  The  dance  hall  is  a  frame  building  covered 
with  white  drilling.  It  is  about  80  feet  long  and  40  feet 
wide.    The  orchestra  consists  of  a  horn,  a  violin,  and  a 


I  I 


r 


i  J 

ili: 


264 


THE   CHICAGO   UECOHD'S 


pj|i|:; 


piano,  and  everything  is  50  cents  a  drink.  Therf  were 
10  saloons  and  only  3  restaurants  in  Dawson  City  when 
Ladue  left.  One  of  the  restatirants  was  an  attachment  t(j 
a  barber  shop. 

A  tabic  iVhote  dinner  cost  $1.50  and  consists  of  bacon, 
beans,  bread,  'ofifec,  a  piece  of  cheese  and  dried  fruit. 
And  the  restaurant  keepers  sell  everything  that  can  be 
made  into  a  warm  meal  for  the  miners  who  have  been  liv- 
ing on  hardtack  and  salt  pork  for  several  months.  The 
laundries  charge  25  cents  a  piece  for  everything  that  goes 
into  the  washtub,  from  towels  to  blue  shirts.  The  stew- 
ardess on  the  steamer  Willipaw  forsook  the  raging  Yu- 
kon and  took  to  washing  in  Dawson  City,  and  she  did  first 
rate.  Siie  also  started  a  bake-shop,  and  one  small  loaf  of 
her  home  made  bread  sold  for  50  cents. 

Gambling  is  carried  on  at  Dawson  City  to  suit  all  con- 
ditions of  persons;  no  stake  less  than  a  dollar  is  allowed 
and  jackpots  frequently  run  up  to  enough  "ounces"  of 
gold  dust  to  represent  several  thousands  of  dollars.  It  is 
claimed  that  there  has  not  been  even  a  first-class  fist  fight 
over  a  gambling  game  in  Dawson  City  since  Joe  Ladue 
laid  out  the  town  site.  Vxoxw  all  accounts  gambling  is 
all  "straight"  in  Dawson  City,  for  cheating  i§  regarded  as 
akin  to  stealing,  and  stealing  is  put  down  as  a  worse 
crime  than  murder  in  that  section  of  the  globe. 

The  Canadian  authorities  have  establislied  a  postofifice 
at  Dawson  City.  This  makes  three  Canadian  postolfices 
in  that  portion  of  the  Northwest  territory.  The  olher 
two  offices  are  at  Forty  Mile  and  Fort  Cudahy.  The  mail 
is  carried  by  the  mounted  police  from  Dyea. 

Robert  Krook,  a  Swedish  Klondiker,  tells  stories  some- 
what different  from  the  average  of  those  that  have  come 
from  the  lips  of  returned  miners.    He  said: 

"Until  this  spring  the  men  never  put  locks  on  the  doors 


BOOK    KOR    GOLD-SEEKERS. 


265 


of  their  cabins,  and  nothing  was  stolen.  You  might  go 
into  any  cabin  and  see  a  glass  or  a  tin  or  two  on  the  shelf 
full  of  gold  and  no  one  would  think  of  touching  it.  Any- 
one could  steal  if  he  wanted  to  do  so.  but  there  were 
reasons  why  they  did  not.  It  was  only  after  the  mounted 
police  arrived  that  locks  and  bolts  became  a  necessity.  He- 
fore  that  there  were  what  we  called  'miners'  laws.'  Forty 
or  fifty  of  the  miners  would  call  a  meeting,  select  a  chair- 
man, and  then  if  a  man  could  niake  his  own  'talk'  he  did 
so  or  he  would  get  some  one  to  make  it  for  him.  When 
both  sides  of  the  case  had  been  heard  the  chairman  would 
call  for  a  vote.  The  decision  was  final.  If  a  man  gave 
trouble  he  had  to  go.  Xow  tliey  do  not  have  miners' 
laws  any  more.  We  had  no  trouble  during  three  years, 
because  all  questions  were  settled  at  these  meetings  of 
miners.  All  disputes  about  claims  were  argued  and  ad- 
judicated in  the  same  way." 

Some  amusing  details  were  given  of  the  way  in  which 
the  men  spend  the  long  nights  in  the  winter.  As  each 
claim  extends  only  500  feet  up  and  down  the  stream,  the 
cabins  are  close  togetlier  and  the  men  visit  one  another. 
In  the  Klondike,  or  for  that  matter  at  I-'orty  Mile  creek 
or  any  of  these  faraway  mining  camps,  the  men  are  expert 
checker  players,  because  that  is  tlie  principal  amusement, 
with  whist  as  the  favorite  card  game. 

"No  paper  is  too  old,"  said  Mr.  Krook,  "to  read.  We 
read  all  the  advertisements  and  all  the  can  labels.  There 
was  a  supply  of  canned  lobsters  at  the  camp  and  some 
man  used  to  put  up  with  the  cans  wrappings  of  sheets 
from  the  bible.  We  used  to  commit  the  chapters  to  mem- 
ory and  see  who  could  repeat  then:  first  without  a  mis- 
take. 

"The  food  is  neither  extra  choice  nor  plentiful.  But  it 
is  expensive.    Bacon,  ham  and  beans  are  the  general  rule 


I- 


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>■  II 


26i{ 


THE   CHICAGO    RECORDS 


— no  I'rctich  wines  or  chanipap^ncs.  The  supplies  arc 
short  at  best  and  a  man  must  often  tal\e  bacon  that  he 
would  not  throw  to  a  dog  or  go  without.  There  is  usually 
more  whisky  and  hardware  on  hand  than  anything  else. 
A  man  only  needs  a  certain  amount  of  hardware,  and  the 
less  whisky  he  can  get  on  with  the  better  he  is  ofi. 

"Sometimes  a  man  has  to  watch  his  supplies  pretty 
close,  and  they  usually  build  a  'cache' — that  is,  a  little 
platform  set  high  up  on  light  ])oles.  He  can  then  haul 
up  his  bacon  and  'grub"  and  cover  it  with  a  tarpaulin. 
The  risk  of  leaving  the  'grub"  in  the  cabin  is  that  the  bears 
get  at  it.  They  will  even  tear  the  roof  ofif  to  get  in,  and 
there  are  plenty  of  the  animals.  They  won't  climb  the  thin 
posts,  particularly  when  the  bark  has  been  peeled  off. 

"In  regard  to  clothing,  a  man  does  not  need  much  in 
summer,  and  in  winter  he  studies  comfort,  not  looks.  In 
winter  we  wear  moccasins  and  in  summer  w-hile  sluicing 
gum  boots.  I  have  not  had  leather  on  my  feet  since  I 
left.  Overalls  cost  $2.50  in  Klondike,  and  everything  else 
in  proportion,  but  it  is  a  great  ccjuntry  to  make  money  in." 
W.  D.  Johns,  the  special  corresi)ondent  of  the  CHICA- 
GO RECORD,  who  has  been  in  the  ^'ukon  country  for 
two  \cars,  sent  a  letter  to  the  RECORD  describing  gold 
digging  in  winter  in  the  liirch  creek  district.  This  letter 
was  written  December  21,  1896,  and  was  published  March 
2,  1897,  and  was  the  first  announcement,  to  be  published 
in  any  newspaper,  of  the  Klondike  find.  ^Ir.  Johns"  letter 
reads  as  follows: 

"Life,  climate  and  work  in  interior  Alaska,  close  to  the 
arctic  circle,  in  winter  is  vastly  different  from  that  which 
the  popular  belief  supposes  it  to  be.  While  not  as  desira- 
ble a  place  of  winter  residence  as  countries  farther  south, 
it  is  one  in  which  men  travel,  work  and  live,  taking  suita- 
ble precautions,  without  serious  trouble  or  danger  unless 


BOOK    FOR    GOLD-SEEKERS. 


Uf!7 


tlu'v  nK'i.'t  with  accidents  or  p^ct  cau.c^lit  out  when  tlu-  tem- 
perature takes  a  siuUlen  drop  down  to  70  or  80  deforces 
below  zero.  In  that  case  if  not  well  prepared  there  is 
dantjer.  of  course.  iUit  the  principal  daut^er  is  in  ".jetting 
the  feet  wet  where  the  water  has  overflowed  the  river  or 
creek  ice  and  of  freezing  before  a  tire  can  be  built  and  tlic 
feet  dried.  More  men  are  fatally  frozen  in  this  way  than 
any  other.  The  river  froze  up  later  this  fall.  Xovember  5, 
and  since  then  the  weather  has  been  steadily  cold,  aver- 
aging 20  degrees  below  zero  and  ruiming  down  at  times 
to  40  and  50  degrees  below,  which  is  the  lowest  point  yet 
touched,  it  having  been  a  warm  winter  so  far. 

"Dog  teams  and  horses  arc  freighting  out  to  the  mints 
60  miles  back  of  the  river.  Miners  are  going  and  coming 
to  and  from  the  diggings,  where  they  are  now  engaged  m 
drifting,  and  many  are  going  to  the  new  place  of  excite- 
ment at  Klondike,  in  the  Xorthwest  territory,  260  miles 
above  Circle  City,  on  the  Yukon.  Among  them  are  some 
w-omcn.  Yet  one  hears  less  complaint  about  the  weather 
than  in  a  cold  winter  in  Chicago.  When  the  thermome- 
ter drops  50  degrees  below  zero  or  lower  most  men  re- 
main in  their  huts  if  on  the  trail  or  in  their  cabins  if  cut- 
ting wood  or  at  other  work,  but  many  travel  when  it  is  fx) 
degrees  below  zero  and  work  in  the  shafts  sinking  and 
drifting  out  the  i)ay  ilirt — not  altogether  pleasant  for  the 
man  who  is  working  the  windlass  above.  At  times  too, 
it  blows  almost  a  gale  when  the  thermometer  is  low  .uul 
then  it  is  almost  unendurable. 

"In  the  Ilirch  creek  diggings  water  seriously  interferes 
with  the  winter  digging  in  many  places  and  it  is  not  uiUd 
late  in  the  winter  that  some  of  them  can  be  worked  on 
this  account.  The  earth  down  here  is  not  eternally  frozen 
to  a  great  depth,  as  has  been  supposed.  On  the  river 
above  in  the  Xorthwest  territory,  this  supposition  is  more 


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BOOK   FOR   GOLD-SEEKERS. 


aw 


generally  true  and  they  are  troubled  much  less  with 
water  than  here,  but  even  there  it  causes  trouble.  Another 
ji^enerally  received  fallacy  is  that  it  'never  rains'  here.  On 
the  upper  river  the  climate  is  dry,  wiiji  but  little  rain,  but 
when  one  gets  as  far  down  as  l-'orty  Mile  one  has  almost 
as  much  rain  as  in  Xorth  Dakota,  and  it  increa^^es  down 
the  river.  So  that  here  there  is  a  good  deal  of  rain.  I'p 
in  the  mountains  this  rain  turns  to  snow,  which  is  not  in- 
frequent at»  the  diggings  in  midsummer.  This  accounts 
for  the  millions  of  moxjuitoes,  which  are  actually  danger- 
ous to  life  here  if  a  man's  face  and  body  are  not  protected. 
On  the  upper  Yukon  they  are  not  one-tenth  as  ])ad  as 
down  here,  owing  to  the  drier  climate.  Many  a  'chechaco' 
(tenderfoot)  on  his  way  to  the  mines,  v  ith  a  pack  on  his 
back,  has  thrown  down  ever}  thing  aiui  struck  l)ack  for 
town  and  gone  on  down  the  river  without  dchiy,  cursing 
the  country  and  its  mosciuitoes.  .\ot  one-third  of  'liose 
coming  in  stay  over  winter. 

"To  those  who  stay  and  work  the  country  offers  great 
rewards  in  comj)arison  with  what  the  average  man  can 
make  below,  and  the  chance  of  a  fortune.  In  this  district 
the  mines  ofifer  the  only  source  now,  for  Circle  City  is 
fully  built,  and  the  men  who  worked  at  it  last  sunnner 
will  have  to  do  something  else,  for  there  will  be  no  build- 
ing to  speak  of.  At  the  present  time  it  is  very  (luiet. 
Many  men  went  out,  and  almost  all  the  rest  have  gone 
to  the  different  creeks  to  sink  prospect  holes  or  to  drift 
out  pay  dirt,  which  in  some  creeks  does  not  have  to  be 
burned,  as  there  is  no  frost  after  they  get  down  to  the 
pay.  Last  summer  $500,000  was  taken  out  of  Birch  creek 
district,  and  this  winter  they  expect  to  take  out  $200,000, 
allowing  $500  to  the  man,  a  very  low  estimate.  As  the 
country  has  not  yet  been  thoroughly  prospected  this 
amount  will  probably  be  increased  next  year  and  for  some 


iif!^   -m 


II 


2H) 


TMK    CHICAGO    KKCORDS 


years  to  conic.  Parties  are  now  out  and  more  arc  goinp 
to  prosjjcct  creeks  over  the  ranjje.  and  before  spring  new 
discoveries  will  undoubtedly  be  made. 

"The  new  Klondike  strike  in  the  Xortluvest  territory 
(Canada)  is  an  example  of  how  little  is  known  of  this 
region.  Only  50  miles  up  the  Yukon  from  the  old  Forty 
Mile  post,  where  the  Canadian  government  now  has  a  po- 
lice force,  it  has  been  casually  gone  over  several  times  by 
prospectors  who  kept  to  the  main  creek  or  river.  Last 
summer  a  squaw  man  was  mduced  to  go  up  a  side  creek 
of  the  Klondike  by  his  Indian  brother-in-law,  and  they 
found  the  gold  on  what  is  now  asserted  to  be  the  richest 
creek  in  the  gold  region,  and  one  of  the  richest  ever  struck 
anywhere.  I  myself  have  panned  and  seen  panned  some 
wonderfully  rich  prospects  on  the  surface,  as  high  as  $3  to 
the  pan.  If  the  reports  now  coming  down  from  Klon- 
dike are  true  they  have  it  richer  still  on  the  bed  rock. 

"It  is  a  great  district,  with  many  rich  gulches,  and  will 
support  an  immense  mining  ])opulation  when  opened  up 
in  a  year  from  now,  though  the  news  will  bring  in  a  host 
of  men  who  will  be  unable  to  find  work  and  who,  unless 
they  have  money,  will  have  to  go  out,  as  the  companies 
have  absolutely  shut  down  on  the  credit  thev  used  to  give. 
It  is  a  matter  of  regret  with  Americans  that  these  diggings 
are  under  the  paw  of  the  I'ritish  lion.  Many  believe,  in- 
deed, that  the  majority  of  the  rich  strikes  of  the  future 
will  be  on  Canadian  soil,  near  the  main  chain  of  the 
Rockies,  which  sends  only  spurs  westward  into  Alaska. 
The  Klondike  diggings  are  on  the  same  spur  of  the 
Rockies  as  those  of  Birch  creek,  260  miles  down  the  river, 
but  they  are  only  about  60  miles  from  the  main  range.  A 
number  of  minor  creeks  were  struck  on  the  same  range 
between  Circle  City  and  the  Canadian  line  last  summer. 

"Every  one  coming  in  this  spring  ought  to  bring  a 


BOOK    FOK    OOLU-SEEKL-KS. 


271 


year's  supplies,  as  so  j^rcat  a  rush  to  tlu-  nt-w  strike  is  an- 
ticipated that  the  companies  will  not  be  able  to  supply 
the  (leiiiand  with  their  present  >teanier  capacity.  In  ihe 
past  they  have  just  nianaj^ed  to  su|)i)ly  the  demand,  fall- 
injj  short  of  many  articles,  and  eacli  fall  sees  a  repetition 
of  the  scarcity.  Just  keeping  up  wiili  the  demand,  they 
cannot  supi)ly  a  rush  such  as  the  Klondike  strike  will  un- 
doubtedly brinpf  in,  so  that  hardships  nnist  result  mdess 
newcomers  brinj.j  a  year's  sujjply  down  the  river. 

"Independent  steamers  are  needed  that  will  carry 
frei}j;ht.  As  it  is  now,  if  one*  can  }^et  freight  carried  at  ill 
up  the  river  it  costs  $280  a  ton,  all  water  transpc^rtation 
from  Seattle  and  uj)  one  of  the  finest  navigable  rivers  in 
the  world,  so  pninounced  by  competent  .Mississippi  river 
steamboat  captains,  who  are  in  iiere.  The  N'orth  American 
Transportation  company,  of  which  1'.  P..  W'eare  and  jack 
Cudahy  are  the  principal  stcxkholders.  put  a  new  steam- 
er on  the  Yukon  the  last  smnnier,  as  did  the  Alaska  Com- 
mercial company,  of  San  I'"ranci>cf).  but  this  fall  there  was 
the  usual  shortage  (jf  supplies.  The  W'eare  company, 
which  did  all  in  its  powei  U)  get  up  provisions,  is  said  to 
intend  putting  on  another  steamer  ne.xt  summer.  Hut 
what  is  needed  is  a  steamer,  or  .steamers,  which  will  carry 
freight  for  the  many  who  now  cannot  get  a  pound  earned 
up  the  river  at  any  price. 

"The  country  is  on  the  eve  of  a  great  development,  and 
prices  are  simply  enormous.  In  a  few  years  when  prices 
come  down  there  are  hundreds  of  claims  paying  $6,  $7, 
$8  or  $9  a  day  that  can  be  worked  that  now  cannot  be 
touched  because  of  the  e.xpen.-e  of  food,  tools  and 
clothes." 

Joe  Ladue  says  that  Dawson  City,  Circle  City  and 
Forty  Mile  are  towns  for  "women-folk,"  because  "any 
woman  who  can  live  anywhere  on  top  of  the  earth  can  live 


M: 


li  IT 


Wmm  i 


-^mmm 


272 


THE   CHlCACiO    RECORD'S 


\' 


np  tlu'rc  .'Hid  he  liappy."  The  women  of  the  ui^pcr  Yukon 
sfoin  to  he  of  the  saiiie  opinion,  jiul^^inf^^  from  tin-  lotUMs 
they  send  "I.nme,"  'I'hi'  followinji^  interestinjj^  letter  was 
received  ))y  John  C.  Ihssian,  a  well-known  attorney  in 
Diihith,  Minn.,  from  his  sister,  whose  luishand  is  a  hard- 
ware merchant  at  I'ort  ( "udahy.    She  writes  as  follows: 

"I  was  the  ninth  white  w<jman  hi  this  counlry,  and 
three  out  of  the  nine  arrived  only  a  month  ahead  of  me. 
There  are  ahout  two  dozen  now.  1  know  I'l^ht  of  them, 
,u\<\  we  ji^et  alonjj^  nicely  to^'ether.  There  are  ahout  two 
tiiftusand  white  men  scattered  throuji^h  this  part  oi  the 
conntrx,  and  a  carload  of  j^^irls  wfjuld  ^o  like  hot  cakes. 
In  coniinj.;  int(»  this  place  we  came  from  Seattle  out  l(j 
("ape  I'lattery,  through  the  northern  waters  of  the  I'aciilc 
(  )cean,  the  iWrin^  sea  and  uj)  the  N'ukon  river.  We  weri* 
six  ui'eks  en  route.  1  stood  the  tri])  well,  and  was  the 
onlv  passenj^er  ahic  to  eat  three  or  more  times  a  flav. 
.\t  the  mouth  of  the  j^-reat  river,  the  \'ii!;ou,  we  took  the 
liver  hoat,  uliii'h  is  very  liui',  with  splendid  accommod;i- 
tions.  The  scenery  is  heautifid  all  the  Kkk)  miles  to 
this  camp. 

"The  \'ukou  i^  ;i.!)out  two  th<iu.saiid  nhles  Ion^^  and  has 
a  j^aeat  many  ^ood-si/e<l  rivi'rs  tlowiii^r  into  it.  It  does 
not  freeze  up  uefore  (  )ctoher  lo,  allhoujjjh  wc  have  some 
very  cold  vveatlier  hefore  that  time,  hut  it  takes  cold 
weather  to  sto])  these  swift  steamers.  When  it  does 
freize  up,  instead  of  frcezinji^  smooth  the  hujj;c  cakes  of 
ici'  seem  to  he  standing,''  on  ed^c  from  12  io  15  feet  hif^li 
in  places.  I  d<»n"t  know  Ihmv  to  descrihe  it  any  hetter  than 
hy  likeninjj;"  it  to  an  ice-house  i)lown  up  w'tli  dynamite. 
We  are  livinj.,'  on  Ihitish  soil,  30  miles  fnj.n  the  Alaska 
line,  nine  hlocks  or  thereahouts  from  the  north  pole,  and 
i,(kjo  miles  from  a  railroad.  Until  the  last  few  month ■^ 
we  have  had  no  mail  lottte,  hut  persons  coming;  in  in  the 


HOOK     Foil    (JOLO-SKKKKUS. 


'in 


spring  and  summer  iiMiall\  l)r<ni|L;,lt  in  tlu'  letters  that  ac- 
lunnilatfd  at  Juncan.    'I'licy  iMcnij^Hit  in  letters  only. 

"Mining'  is  the  only  intliistry.  (iold  can  l)e  found  in  the 
j^aavel  on  nearly  any  river,  creek  or  ^ulch.  Two  obstacle;- 
the  miner  has  to  contend  with  are  the  short  seasons  and 
the  frozen  conditicMi  of  the  c'>unlr>.  The  earth,  in  suin- 
iiKT,  (jnly  thaws  two  or  three  feet,  and  that  only  in  places 
exposed  to  the  sun.  !  here  is  no  coin  or  currency  in  the 
( 'luntry  to  speak  oi.  All  business  is  transacted  with  fjuld 
dust.  Xo  laws  are  recof,Mii/.ed  lure  except  those  made  b> 
th(  miners  themselves.  There  is  a  j,'-ood  rl-.i^s  (»f  men  here, 
prelty  w..'ll  mixed;  f.((j(Mlhearted,  hard  workers.  Tlie  In- 
dians are  very  numerous  here  and  l!ir<)Uj.,diout  the  coun- 
try. They  are  peaceable  and  self-^upportinJ.,^  'l"h»y  look 
as  much  like  the  Chinese  or  Jaj)s  as  they  do  like  Indian^. 
They  try  to  imitate  the  white  man  in  dress.  I'Yeiphtin^'  is 
done  entire  ly  by  do}.,vs.  These  animals  re--eml)le  the  wolf 
in  appearance,  and  arc  sold  at  .S75,  !^lfK)  and  $125  each. 
1  li(  Iarj.je  ^aiiie  of  the  >  oiintr\  is  bi'ar,  wolves,  moose  and 
(•aribon,  a  speiies  of  the  reiiidi  1  1  I  lie  last  Iwu  are  fine 
eatiiif^. 

"The  mercury  J.(oes  sometimes  as  low  as  Xo  (U'^km  s  be- 
low zero.  At  such  a  time  a  basinful  of  hot  water  thrown 
up  in  the  air  will  come  down  in  irii  Us.  We  are  about  ;v> 
miles  south  of  the  arctic  circle.  Diirinj^  the  short  da\  -  m 
begins  to  get  dark  it  3  p.  m.,  da\  light  appearing  about 
o:.p  a.  111.  During  the  very  shortest  da\s  the  sun  drops 
entirely  out  of  sight,  and  is  invisible  f(jr  three  weeks. 
Uunng  the  long  summer  <lays  we  have  continual  dav- 
light.  \'ou  can  see  to  read  or  write  at  night  as  well  as  at 
any  time  during  tiie  day.  The  sun  rises  and  ^ets  m  ;lie 
west  in  Jid\,  and  during  the  shorlc-t  days  it  rise's  and  sets 
in  the  I'ast.  The  moon  acts  in  the  sam«'  manner.  I'he 
northern  liglits.  dnrm^  the  winter  months,  are  beautiful 


:i74 


Till':    CIIICAUO    KKCOIID'H 


In  look  al.  TIu'}'  move  so  rapirlh'  aiid  form  iiiio  sikIi 
htautiftil  shapes  ancl  colors  that  yoii  eould  wish  for  noth- 
ing' else  more  intercstiIlJ^^  it  would  he  utterly  useless 
for  me  to  attempt  Icj  exi)laiii  these  wonderful  heauties  of 
nature.  The  seasons  of  the  year  ari'  9  months  winter 
and   \  late  in  the  fall. 

"lust  listen  to  the  hu/v.  of  the  mosf|uitoesI  It  is  my 
opinion  there  is  oidy  one  Ihjek,  and  that  covers  the  entire 
coimtrx,  for  there  are  mos'|uiloes  in  every  place  you  ca.n 
j;o  or  think  (A.  'Jhey  are  as  thick  as  snowflakes  in  a 
snowhank.  They  j^et  into  activity  and  stay  ri^dit  with 
you.  'I'liev  do  business  da\'  and  ni}.,dit.  A  nios(|uito  l)ar 
is  as  esseiilial  in  suiiinier  as  an  overcoat  in  winter. 
When  they  <|uit,  a  small  ^Miat  shows  u\k  I  he  latter  is 
hill\  as  had  and  far  more  numerous. 

■  I  h'-  ri\ir  lioats  have  scarcely  fcnir  monilr^  in  the  vear 
in  which  to  run.  There  are  four  hoats  riuiniiitj,  and  two 
inoii-  arc  huildin;^.  I'^ach  (jf  the  hoats  can  hriiij^  ,^50 
ton--  ol  freij^ht,  hut  the  amount  of  proxisiotis  that  i*- 
M(  ( (l(  d  for  the  different  ports  the  full  length  of  the  river 
is  immense,  and  llu're  is  alwa\  s  a  shortage  m  some  thini^r-. 

"(  )ii  the  r.erin^^  sea,  from  our  steamer,  alxuU  15  miles 
(lis  ant,  uc  saw  a  mountain  i,5<x>  f<'<'  hij^li,  of  solid  rock, 
ami  on  top  of  that  a  statiK  of  i-(i(  I,,  ,-1  perfect  reprcsenta- 
lion  of  a  hish'ip  in  In  lohes,  rrosier  in  hand,  is  |)erfect 
and  real  as  anythiii^^  yon  e^.r  saw.  The  immense  rock 
stands  all  alone,  not  anothi  r  tliiujL;  to  he  seen  hut  water. 
<  ).i  this  ri\i  1  also  there  are  tw<i  innihnse  rocks  standinj.,' 
all  alom  ,  "i\v  on  eai  h  -.ide  of  the  ri\er.  Tlie\  are  called 
Ailam  and  \'.\c.  <mi  woiiM  tra\e|  tlir  world  over  and 
not  he  ahl(  to  iiiee;  with  preltier  sccncrv  than  can  he  -een 
alon^^  this  river.  While  at  <  itcle  ('it\  we  savv  a  rainhow 
at  a  (|uarler  to  iiiidiiij^lit. 

"iTesli   \e^'i'tahles  are  liardi)    known  here.      1  he  sia- 


BOOK    FOR    {;0M>  SKiOKKIlS. 


275 


i* 


son  is  U)f>  sIkiiI  to  ,L;ivc  tlicin  time  to  ilcvclop.  Wild 
onions  and  rlmlj.'n"!;  fan  Ik-  finnid  everywhere,  'i'luy  arc 
terrijjly  strong'',  hut  we  relish  them  as  you  would  straw- 
berries and  ie<'  cream.  'ihe  hlueherry,  craidxrry,  sal- 
aioni)erry,  wild  raspherrv  and  m]  currants  f^^row  in  alnm- 
dance  on  the  i^Ian<l-  and  on  the  side>  of  tlu  mountain:-.. 

"just  now,  the  ohl  mail  .arrived.  It  was  lo-t  upon  the 
summit  nearl)  a  year  a^o.  1  ^^ot  a  letter  from  .Maj^i^ie 
in  it.  It  is  notliin.L,'  to  j^ct  mail  seviral  months  <jld  here. 
We  have  no  more  iflea  of  what  is  ^oint.^  on  in  the  wtjrld 
than  a  V'uKon  Iniliau.  The  river  hoals  f.ailed  to  make 
coimection  with  the  ocean  steamers  all  -nmiinr.  I  inallv, 
the  (  anadian  surveyors  here  h.''.d  :-et  ihe  time  to  ^^o  out 
from  here  and  would  take  mail.  They  were  K"'".^'  "v^'f- 
laufl,  leavinj.^  here  on  the  Uiorninj;  of  Sept.  jo,  but  on 
that  very  mornin^^  it  bei;an  to  rain,  ^now  and  blow,  and 
continued  so  until  the  jOth,  when  the  slush  ice  bitfan  to 
run  in  the  ^'ukon  and  winter  ^et  ri^lit  in.  N'o  one  has 
^fone  out  since,  but  the  sPirvevors  will  strut  tomorrow. 
The  steamitoals  wire  all  fro/en  in  alonj.^  the  river,  loaded 
for  this  port.  I'rovisions  are  \(r\  scarce.  Many  of  ihe 
miners  have  to  ^o  down  the  river  for  the  winter,  while 
many  others  will  winter  on  a  liimdred  jjounds  of  flour 
and  caribou.  We  have  plentv  of  evervthinj.;,  in  fact,  all 
the  families  have.  The  only  sad  part  of  it  tor  us  is  that 
all  (A  our  j^ocjds  are  on  the  steamer  liella,  two  hundrerl 
miles  from  here,  and  we  will  not  see  them  until  next  sum- 
mer. This  was  a  backward  snnnner  U)r  the  steamers. 
'J'he  wiufl  blew  so  hard  around  .St.  .Michael  tliey  could 
scarcely  unload  th(  ocean  vesscds,  as  the\  have  t"  iinl-jad 
about  one  mile  from  the  >liore  on  acci.i'iT  of  low  watirr. 

"Si.xty  head  of  cattle  weri-  ilriven  in  irom    !  :imi\ 

jfot  here  last  week.  The  first  beef  ever  in  thi  ••■  <'.r\. 
W'e  ^ot  two  porterhouse  steaks  ffjr  Sunday  dinner.  They 

17 


276 


THE   CHICAGO   RECORD'S 


cost  $io — $1  per  pounrl — bone,  trimminp^s,  fat,  horns,  and 
tail,  all  the  same  price.  Wc  j^ot,  by  chance,  250  pounds 
of  native  potatoes — vvc  arc  the  only  ones  with  that  many. 
The  shii)'s  potatoes  are  on  the  steamers  with  the  rest  of 
the  eatables.  We  liad  to  kill  our  chickens,  as  the  chicken 
feed  did  not  ^v{  here.  1  have  them  frozen,  and  will  have 
chicken  for  Christmas  and  .New  Year's. 

"'I'here  was  a  new  mininjj^  district  discovered,  50  miles 
Mp  the  Yukon  from  here,  two  months  ajj^o.  It  is  turning 
out  to  be  a  f^reat  thinj.^.  There  are  (jver  six  himdred 
claims  already  staked,  and  a  new  town  started  called 
Klondike.  J'at  went  u])  with  the  first  excitement  and 
fi[ot  tliree  town  lots.  ( )m'  oi  them  he  has  already  been 
oCfered  $1,500  for,  but  will  not  sell.  He  also  staked  two 
claims  and  bought  another  this  week  for  $1,500.  These 
are  all  placer  mines.  J  also  have  a  claim.  I'at  and  I 
have  men  pros])ectiiig  on  our  claims.  Wc  may  never 
get  a  cent  (Hit  of  them,  and  we  may  get  tliousands.  We 
are  running  that  risk. 

"I  have  been  writing  this  by  lamp  liglit,  but  just  now, 
at  10  f)'clock  a.  m.,  the  sun  is  just  coming  over  the  moun- 
tain t(jps,  with  two  sun  dogs  accoitipanying  it.  It  is  40 
below,  with  a  strong  wind  blowing. 

"We  g<jt  your  i)apers  and  clippings  and  passed  ihcin 
around.  You  don't  know  what  a  treat  it  is  -to  see  i)rint 
in  here.  I'at  would  give  his  head  to  know  something 
about  the  election.  He  sincerely  hopes  I'ryan  is  presi- 
dent, and  tries  to  console  himself  by  thinking  he  actually 
nuist  be  the  man. 

"I  am  knitting  socks  and  stockings.  I  only  wear  tw<j 
pairs  at  a  time,  with  a  pair  of  Dutch  socks  and  a  pair 
of  fur  boots." 


ll!r 


BOOK    FOR   GOLD-SEEKERS. 


277 


CHAPTER  XIX. 

OGILVIE'S  REPORT  ON  THE  YUKON 
DISTRICT. 


Yl'KOX    DISTRICT  i 


n    wliKli 


t! 


le 


KloiK 


ike  ])I;iriT  iiiiiic^    arc    hn'att'd 


was  travir>t'(l  hy  trailers  of  the  Ilud- 
s'lii  l!ay  coiiipaiiy  as  far  hack  as 
1840.  Wilhaiu  (  )^il\ir  the  hmd  sur- 
veyor of  the  Dfjiiiinioii  of  Caiia(hi, 
cfjiiiinissioiu'd  hy  the  Department  of 
the  Interior  of  the  Dominion  gov- 
ernment to  snrvev  that  district,  returned  from  tJicri'  in 
the    early     snnmier     of      \^*)7.        Ir-      his     report      he 


desijj^nates  the     Yukon     district 


that     part    of    tiu" 


Xorthwest     territory     lyinj^f     west     of     the     \vater-shc<l 
of  the  Mackenzie  river,  most  (»f  it  hein,;:;  tlrained  hv  the 


Yuk 


on  river  and  its  tributaries. 


It 


covers  a  <listancc  <»* 


about  650  miles  akjiig  the  river  from  'he  ("oast  ranj,^'  of 


mountains. 


In  1S47  h'ort  Yukon  was  established  at  tin   mouth  of 
till'  I'orcupine  river  by  A.  11.  .\lurra\.  a  member  m  the 


liuils(jn  liay  coni);any. 


^eveii  vear,-. 


prior  Robcn  Camj*- 


belH  explored  the  upper  Liard  river  and  the  iVlly  ri\xr 
down  to  the  confluence  of  the  Lewr-,  river. 

In  i*^4.S  (  ;uM])bell  establislie(l  hOrt  "^elkirk  at  tlK-  con- 
fluence of  tin  I'ell)  and  Lewes  river-,  it  was  |)l«n(l'-'red 
and  d  ^trtjyed  in  1H52  l.>v  the  C(jast  Indians  and  only  the 
ruLii'-  ;ujvv  exist  *>i  wliat  wa^  at  one  time  the  ni<  ^t  import- 
ant i>4>&t  of  x\h-  Huflson  Ray  company  to  tlie  rtest  •)!  the 
ilucky  mountains  m  the  far  north.     In  i^'xj  :lic  L'uitetl 


1;  1^ 


tn^w^—^"^^ 


278 


THE   CHICAGO   RECORD'S 


States  government  expelled  the  Hudson  Bay  company's 
offices  at  I''ort  Yukon,  as  it  was  found  that  the  post  was 
not  located  in  Ikitish  territory.  The  officer  in  charge 
ascended  the  Porcupine  river  to  a  point  which  was  sup- 
posed to  be  within  liritish  jurisdiction,  where  he  estab- 
lished Rampart  House;  but  in  1S90  J.  H.  Turner  of  the 
United  States  coast  survey  found  that  post  was  twenty 
miles  within  the  lines  of  the  United  States.  Consequently 
in  1891  the  ])ost  was  moved  twenty  miles  further  up  the 
river  to  be  within  Uritish  territory.  The  next  pcoi)le  to 
enter  the  country  for  trading  pur])oses  were  Harper  and 
McQuestion.  They  have  been  trading  in  the  country 
since  1H73;  Mr.  Harper  is  now  located  as  a  trader  at 
Fort  Selkirk,  and  .Mr.  McQuestion  is  in  the  em])loy  of 
the  Alaska  Commercial  coni])any  at  Circle  City,  which  is 
the  distributing  point  for  the  vast  regions  surrounding 
Birch  creek,  Alaska.  In  i8(S2  a  number  of  miners  en- 
tered the  Yukon  country.  The  next  year  Lieutenant 
Schwatka  of  the  United  States  navy  ascended  the  Lewes 
and  Yukon  rivers  to  the  ocean. 

In  1887  Thomas  White,  the  minister  of  the  Interior  of 
Canada,  authorized  the  organization  of  an  expedition  hav- 
ing as  its  object  the  exploration  of  that  region  of  the 
Northwest  territories  of  Canada  that  are  drained  by  the 
Yukon  river.  The  work  was  intrusted  to  Dr.  (ieorge  M. 
Dawson,  now  the  director  of  the  geological  surve>  of  the 
Dominion  government,  and  William  Ogilvie,  the  well- 
known  explorer  and  surveyor.  Dr.  Dawson  devoted  the 
whole  of  that  season,  and  Mr.  ( )gilvie  a  period  C(;vering 
nearl\-  two  years  to  obtaining  geological,  topographical 
and  general  information,  chiefly  respecting  tlie  tract  of 
country  l>ing  adjacent  to  the  141st  meridian  oi  longitude, 
which,  by  the  treaty  ol  St.  i'etersburg,  was  designated  as 
the  boundary  line  from  the  neighborhood  of  Mt.  St.  Elias 


I 


BOOK    FOR    GOLD-SEEKERS. 


279 


to  the  Arctic  ocean,  bctucL-n  Alaska  aiul  tlic  Xortluvest 
territories  of  Canada. 

The  explorers  found  that  in  proximity  to  the  boundary 
line  there  existed  extensive  and  valuable  placer  p^old 
mines,  where  even  then  as  many  as  three  hundred  miners 
were  at  work.  Mr.  O^-ilvie  determined  by  a  series  oi 
lunar  observations,  the  i)oint  at  which  tlie  \'ukon  river 
is  intersected  by  the  I4rst  meridian,  and  marked  the  same 
on  the  i^round.  lie  also  determined  and  marked  the 
point  at  which  the  western  branch  of  the  Vukt)n.  known 
as  I'orty  Mile  creek,  is  crossed  by  the  same  meridian  line, 
and  located  that  point  at  a  distance  of  about  twenty-three 
miles  from  the  mouth  of  the  creek.  At  the  junction  of 
the  Yukon  and  I'orty  Mile  creek  {'"ort  Cudahy  is  k^cated, 
and  accordinj::;'  to  this  survey  is  well  within  Canadian  ter- 
ritory. Mr.  ( )^ilvie  rept^rted  to  the  Canadian  s;ovcrnment 
that  the  j^reater  i)ro]")ortion  of  th*"  mines  then  beinjif 
worked  was  on  the  Canadian  side-  of  the  international 
boundary  line.  Extracts  from  Mr.  Ojijilvie's  report  follow: 


!  <l 


"The  Alaska  Conunercial  com])any,  for  many  years 
subsecpient  to  the  retirement  of  the  Hudson  I'ay  C(jm- 
pany,  had  a  i)ractical  monopoly  of  the  tra*^^  (ji  the  Vuk(jn. 
With  the  discovery  of  jji'old  came  the  orj:^ani/^ti(jn  of  a 
competinj^  company  kncjwn  as  the  Xorth  American 
Transportation  and  Trading'  company,  liavinjij  its  head- 
quarters in  Cliicai,''o  and  its  -Jiief  iradinj^  and  distributing 
l)ost  at  h'ort  Cudahy.  lioth  of  tliesi-  couipatius  have 
steamers  jdyiuL,''  between  San  I'Vancisco,  Seattle  and  St. 
Michael. 

"At  the  last  nanu'd  |)lace  the  passenf.^ers  and  freight 
are  transferred  to  stern-wheel  river  boats,  and  h'ort  Cud- 
ahy is  reached  after  ascendinj^  the  swift  current  of  the 
Yukon  for  sixteen  hundred  miles.    This  is  the  easiest, 


rr:" 


280 


THE   CHICAGO    RECORD'S 


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l)iit  the  longest  route,  and  the  (li,e[ging^s  arc  not  readied 
until  a  consideraljlc  portion  of  the  short  sunuiier  season 
is  passed.  Mr.  Ogilvic,  in  his  report,  says  as  a  rule  it  is 
not  safe  to  enter  Norton  sound  (in  whieli  the  island  of 
St,  Michael  is  located)  on  account  of  ice  hefore  the  first 
of  July. 

"St.  Michael  is  eighty  miles  from  the  northly  mouth 
of  the  Yukon ;  the  passage  u])  the  river  takes  from  eigh- 
teen to  twenty  days,  and  the  round  trip  about  a  month. 
The  first  boat  does  not  arrive  at  Fort  Cudahy  and  Daw- 
son City  until  late  in  July,  and  the  river  closes  in  Sep- 
tember, so  that  the  arrival  of  the  last  boat  is  somewhat 
uncertain;  last  year  they  are  said  to  have  been  frozen  in 
at  Circle  City.  Two  round  trips  in  a  season  are  all  that 
can  be  relied  upon. 

"Many  persons  prefer  going  by  Lynn  canal,  the  Taiya 
(Dyea)  pass,  and  down  the  Yukon.  The  distance  from 
the  sea  to  Cudahy  is  only  630  miles,  and  to  Dawson  City 
a  little  over  575  miles,  and  by  starting  in  April  or  May 
the  diggings  are  reached  by  the  beginning  of  June.  The 
upper  part  of  the  river  opens  several  weeks  before  the 
lower  part  is  free  from  ice.  After  crossing  the  pass  the 
trij)  to  Cudahy  can  be  accomplished  in  eight  days.  An- 
other route  is  now  being  explored  between  Telegraph 
creek  and  Teslin  lake,  and  will  soon  be  opened. 

"Telegra])h  creek  is  the  head  of  steamer  navigation  on 
the  Stikine  river,  and  is  about  150  miles  from  Teslin  lake. 
The  Yukon  is  navigable  for  steamers  from  its  mouth  to 
Teslin  lake,  a  distance  of  2,^,00  miles.  A  road  is  being 
located  by  the  Dominion  govermnent,  and  a  grant  of 
$2,000  has  been  made  by  the  province  of  liritish  Colum- 
bia ior  opening  it. 

"J.  Dalton,  a  trader,  has  used  a  route  overland  from 
Chilkat  inlet  to  Fort  Selkirk,  going  up  the  Chilkat  and 


BOOK    FOR    GOLD-SEEKERS. 


281 


Klalicela  rivers.  He  crosses  the  divick'  to  the  Tahkcetia 
river,  and  coiitinuos  northward  over  a  fairly  open  country 
practicable  for  horses.  The  distance  from  the  sea  to  I'ort 
Selkirk  is  350  miles.  It  is  proposed  to  establish  a  winter 
road  somewhere  across  the  country  traveled  by  Dalton. 
The  Yukon  cannot  be  followed,  the  ice  being  to(j  much 
broken,  so  that  any  winter  road  will  have  to  be  overland. 
A  thorough  exploration  is  now  being  made  of  all  the 
passes  at  the  head  of  Lynn  canal  and  of  the  upper  waters 
of  the  Yukon.  In  a  few  months  it  is  expected  that  the 
best  routes  for  reaching  the  district  from  the  Lynn  canal 
will  be  definitely  known." 

Under  date  of  Fort  Cudahy,  September,  i8<j6.  ^Ir. 
Ogilvie  writes  of  the  discovery  of  gold  on  Lionanza  creek, 
a  branch  of  the  Klondike.  He  gives  as  the  correct  name 
of  the  now  famous  stream  "Thron-Diuck,"  and  says  it  is 
marked  on  the  map  as  "Deer  river,"  and  joins  the  Yukon 
a  few  miles  above  the  site  of  I'^ort  Reliance.  In  this  letter 
Mr.  Ogilvie  says:  "I'etween  Thron-Diuck  and  Stewart 
river  a  large  creek,  called  Indian  creek,  flows  into  the 
Yukon,  and  rich  i)rospects  have  been  found  on  it,  and 
no  doubt  it  is  in  the  gold-bearing  country  between  Thron- 
Diuck  and  Stewart  rivers,  which  is  considered  by  all  old 
miners  the  best  and  most  extensive  gold  country  yet 
found." 

Referring  to  the  Klondike  region,  Mr.  Ogilvie  writes: 
"I  think  I  can  exju'nd  more  in  the  interest  of  the  coun- 
try by  remaining  here  and  making  a  survey  oi  the  'Klon- 
dak'  of  the  miners — a  mispronunciation  of  the  Indian 
word  or  words  'Thron-dak,'  or  "Diuck,"  which  means 
'plenty  of  fish,'  from  the  fact  that  it  is  a  famous  salmon 
stream.  It  is  marked  '  Tondak'  on  our  map.  It  joins  the 
Yukon  from  the  east  a  few  miles  above  F''ort  Krliance, 
about  forty  miles  from  here  (h'ort  Cudahyj.     As  I  have 


!       ii 


»     ^ 


{ 


282 


THE   CHICAGO    RECORD'S 


■:fl 


already  intitiiatcd,  rich  placer  mines  of  p^old  were  dis- 
covered on  the  branches  of  this  stream.  The  discovery, 
I  believe,  was  due  to  the  reports  of  Indians. 

"A  white  man  named  ( leorge  \V.  Carmack,  who  worked 
with  me  in  1887.  was  the  first  to  take  advantaj:i;e  of  the 
rumors  and  locate  a  mine  on  the  first  branch,  which  was 
named  by  the  miners  Ilonanza  creek.  Carmack  located 
late  in  Auji^ust  (1896),  but  had  to  cut  some  loj^^s  for  the 
mill  here  to  \^ci  a  few  pounds  of  provisions  to  enable  him 
to  work  on  his  claim.  'i"he  fishinjj;-  at  Thron-Diuck  liav- 
infj  totally  failed  him,  he  returned  with,  in  a  few  weeks, 
provisions  for  himself,  his  wife  and  brother-in-law  (In- 
dians), and  another  Indian  in  the  last  days  of  August,  and 
immediately  set  about  working  his  claim. 

"The  three  men,  working  very  irregularly,  washed  out 
$1,200  in  eight  days.  On  the  same  creek  two  men  rocked 
out  about  $75  in  four  hours,  and  it  is  asserted  that  two 
men  in  the  same  creek  tocjk  out  $4,000  in  two  days  with 
only  two  lengths  of  sluice  boxes.  This  last  is  doubtetl, 
but  Mr.  Leduc  assures  me  he  weighed  that  much  gold 
for  them,  but  it  is  not  positive  where  they  got  it. 

"A  branch  of  Ilonanza.  named  El  Dorado,  has  pros- 
pected magniticently,  and  another  branch  named  Tilly 
has  prospected  well.  In  all  there  are  some  four  or  live 
branches  of  Bonanza  which  have  given  good  prospect. 
A  few  miles  farther  up  llear  creek  enters  Thron-Diuck, 
and  it  has  l)een  prospected  and  located  on.  Compared 
with  Bonanza  it  is  small,  and  will  not  afford  more  than 
twenty  or  thirty  cla-nis,  it  is  said.  About  twelve  miles 
above  the  nmuth,  Gtjld-Bottom  creek  joins  Thron-Diuck, 
and  on  it  and  a  branch  named  Hunker  creek,  after  the 
discoverer,  very  rich  ground  has  been  found.  On  Gold- 
Bottom  creek  and  branches  there  will  probablv  be  200 
or  300  claims.    The  Indians  have  reported  another  creek 


DOOK    FOR    GOLD-SKEKERS. 


lisa 


much  further  up,  which  they  call  '  Too- Much-Cjohl-Crcek,' 
on  which  the  gold  is  so  plentiful  that,  the  miners  say  in 
joke,  'You  have  to  mix  gravel  with  it  to  sluice  it.' 

"l'>om  all  this  we  may,  1  think,  infer  that  we  have  here 
a  district  which  will  give  i,ooo  claims  of  five  hundred  feet 
in  length  each,  and  this  is  not  all,  for  a  large  creek  named 
Indian  creek  joins  the  Yukon  ahout  midway  between 
Thron-Diuck  and  Stewart  rivers,  and  all  along  this  creek 
good  pay  has  been  found.  Indian  creek  is  c|uite  a  large 
stream,  and  it  is  probable  it  will  yield  500  or  600  claims. 
Farther  south  yet  lies  the  head  of  several  branches  of 
Stewart  river,  on  which  some  prospecting  has  been  done 
this  summer  and  good  indications  found. 

"\ow  gold  has  been  found  in  several  streams  joining 
Pelly  river,  and  also  all  along  the  Hootalin(|ua.  In  the  line 
of  these  finds  farther  south  is  the  Cassiar  gold  fields  in 
British  Columbia:  so  the  presumption  is  that  we  have  in 
our  territory,  along  the  easterly  water-shed  of  the  Yukon, 
a  gold-bearing  belt  of  indefinite  width  and  upwards  of 
300  miles  long,  exclusive  of  the  British  Columbia  part  of 
it.  On  the  westerly  side  of  the  Yukon  prospecting  has 
been  done  on  a  creek  a  short  distance  above  Selkirk,  with 
a  fair  amount  of  success,  and  on  a  large  creek  some  30 
or  40  miles  below  Selkirk  fair  prospects  have  been  foutid." 

]\Ir.  Ogilvie  bears  testimony  to  the  richness  of  the 
Klondike  placer  mines,  under  date  of  Dec.  9,  1896,  as 
follows:  "Since  my  last  the  prospects  of  rionan;^a  creek 
and  tributaries  are  increasing  in  richness  and  extent  until 
now  it  is  certain  that  millions  will  be  taken  out  of  the 
district  within  the  next  few  years.  One  man  told  me  yes- 
terday that  he  washed  out  a  single  pan  of  dirt  on  one  of 
the  claims  on  Bonanza  and  found  $14.25  in  it.  Of  course 
that  may  be  an  exceptionally  rich  pan,  but  $5  to  $7  per 
pan  is  the  average  on  that  claim,  it  is  reported,  with  five 


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feet  of  pay  dirt  and  the  width  yet  undetemiined,  but 
it  was  known  to  be  thirty  feet  even  at  that;  figure  the 
result  at  nine  to  ten  pans  to  the  cubic  foot,  and  five 
hundred  feet  long;  nearly  $4,000,000  at  $5  per  pan — 
one-fourth  of  this  would  be  enormous. 

"Another  claim  has  been  prospected  to  such  an  extent 
that  it  is  known  there  is  about  a.c  feet  pay  dirt  averaging 
$2  per  pan  and  width  not  less  than  thirty  feet.  Enough 
prospecting  has  been  done  to  show  that  there  are  at 
least  fifteen  miles  of  this  extraordinary  richness;  and  the 
indications  arc  that  we  will  have  three  or  four  times  that 
extent,  if  not  all  equal  to  the  above,  at  least  very  rich. 

"Miller  and  Glacier  creeks  on  the  head  of  Sixty  Mile 
river,  were  thought  to  be  very  rich,  but  they  are  poor, 
both  in  quality  and  quantity,  compared  with  the  Thron- 
Diuck.  Chicken  creek,  at  the  head  of  Forty  Mile  in 
Alaska,  discovered  a  year  ago,  and  rated  very  high,  is 
to-day  practically  abandoned.  Some  quartz  prospecting 
has  been  done  in  Thron-Diuck  regit m,  and  it  is  jirobable 
that  some  good  veins  will  be  found  there.  Coal  is  found 
on  the  upper  part  of  Thron-Diuck,  so  that  the  facilities 
for  working  it,  if  found,  are  good  and  convenient.  A 
(|uartz  lode,  showing  free  gold  in  paying  (juantities,  has 
been  located  on  one  of  the  creeks,  but  I  cannot  yet  send 
particulars.  I  am  confident  from  the  nature  of  the  gold 
found  in  the  creeks  that  many  more  of  them — and  rich, 
too — will  be  fouiul. 

f*  •!•  1^  T^  "  "  ^ 

"I  have  just  heard  from  a  reliable  source  that  the  (|uartz 
mentioned  above  is  rich,  as  tested,  over  $100  to  the  ton. 
The  lode  appears  to  run  from  three  to  eight  feet  in  thick- 
rioss,  and  is  about  nineteen  miles  from  the  ^'ukon  river. 
Placer  prospects  continue  more  and  more  encouraging 
and  extraordinary.    It  is  beyond  doubt  that  three  pans 


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286 


THE  CHICAGO   RECORD'S 


on  different  claims  on  El  Dorado  turned  out  $204,  $212 
and  $216;  but  it  must  be  borne  in  mind  that  there  were 
only  three  such  pans,  though  there  are  many  running 
from  $10  to  $50  a  pan. 


i:> 


BOOK  FOR  GOLD-SEEKERS. 


287 


CHAPTER  XX. 
GOLD  HISTORY  OF  ALASKA. 

OSEPH  JUXEAU  has  gone  down  in  the 
history  of  Alaska  as  the  first  man  to 
demonstrate  the  existence  of  gold  in  any 
considerable  quantity  in  the  vicinity  of 
the  town  which  bears  his  name.  It  was 
in  1880  that  gold  was  discovered  in  the 
vicinity  of  Juneau,  but  the  first  discovery 
of  gold  in  Southeast  Alaska  was  made 
near  Sitka  in  1873.  The  subsequent  ex- 
citement brought  miners  from  the  Cassiar  regions  in 
British  Columbia,  and  in  the  Xorthwest  territory  to  the 
southeastern  coast  of  Alaska,  and  prospecting  was  act- 
ively prosecuted.  The  gold  find  of  1880  transformed 
the  little  Indian  settlement  at  the  head  of  Gastineau 
channel,  where  before  a  white  man  had  rarely  been  seen, 
into  a  typical  American  mining  camp.  Prospectors  went 
back  into  the  interior  singly  and  in  parties  of  three  or 
more  and  located  many  claims. 

Richard  Harris,  a  partner  of  Juneau,  at  first  was  cred- 
ited with  the  honor  of  discovering  gold  in  that  district, 
so  the  first  mining  town  was  named  Harrisburg;  it  after- 
ward was  named  Rockwell  in  honor  of  one  of  the  officers 
of  the  United  States  steamer  Jamestown,  but  finally  the 
town  was  given  the  name  which  it  now  bears — Juneau. 
Back  of  Juneau  extends  the  deep  ravines  and  gorges 
through  which  Gold  creek  pours  its  waters,  and  many 
men  found  diggings  in  them  which  paid  them  well. 
When  the  gold  excitement  at  Juneau  was  at  its  height 


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THE  CHICAGO  RECORDS 


it  was  reported  that  gold  had  been  found  on  top  of  a 
mountain  which  is  two  miles  across  the  bay.  A  miner 
who  went  by  the  name  of  "French.  Pete"  staked  oflf  a 
claim  on  top  of  this  mountain.  John  Tread  well,  after 
investigating  this  location,  purchased  French  Pete's 
claim  for  $400.  He  first  built  a  5-stamp  mill,  and  the 
development  was  so  promising  that  he  was  able  to  in- 
terest capital*  sufficient  to  build  a  120-stamp  mill.  Seven 
years  after  the  first  discovery  this  was  enlarged  to  240- 
stamp,  making  the  Trcadwell  property  the  largest  mill  in 
the  world.  Since  ihcn  this  immense  mill  has  been  pound- 
ing out  gold  almost  night  and  day  without  cessation. 
The  ore  is  known  as  very  low  grade,  yielding  only  about 
$1.85  in  bullion  to  the  ton  of  ore,  but  since  the  240- 
stamps  were  put  in,  the  Treadwell  mine  has  been  turning 
out  from  $70,000  to  $80,000  a  month. 

I'ree  gold  has  been  found  on  Prince  of  Wales  island 
and  north  on  Annette  island,  and  many  claims  have  been 
located,  the  assays  of  which  indicate  large  and  rich  de- 
posits of  the  precious  metal.  At  Sum  Dum  the  Bald 
Eagle  mining  claim  is  located,  and  a  lo-stamp  mill  is  at 
work  there.  The  ore  is  valued  at  upward  of  $100  a  ton. 
Ten  miles  from  Juneau  on  Sheep  creek  is  the  Silver 
Queen  mine,  with  a  lo-stamp  mill.  Within  a  radius  of 
four  miles  of  Juneau  there  are  nine  mills  in  operation, 
including  the  great  Treadwell  mine. 

The  four  miles  of  country  drained  by  Gold  creek  seems 
to  be  covered  by  rich  ledges  of  gold  quartz;  a  number 
of  stamp  mills  are  working  in  this  district  about  eight 
months  out  of  the  year.  In  what  is  known  as  the  "basin" 
a  large  sum  of  money  has  been  spent  in  getting  ready 
to  develop  the  placer  mines  by  the  process  of  hydraulic 
mining.  Over  the  bay  which  adjoins  the  Treadwell 
mine  is  the  Mexico  mine,  which  has  a  120-stamp  mill. 


BOOK    FOR    GOLD-SEEKERS. 


2W 


Sixty  miles  from  Juneau  toward  Lynn  canal  is  the  Rer- 
ner's  Bay  mining  property,  and  on  the  Admiralty  island 
in  Fnnta  bay  is  a  group  of  rich  ledges. 

Rich  indications  of  silver  have  been  found  at  Glacier 
bay,  and  on  Willoughby  island  are  rich  galena  deposits. 
For  several  years  prospecting  has  been  carried  on  at 
Unga,  and  a  large  mill  has  been  erected  by  the  Alaska 
Commercial  company  at  that  point. 

The  gold  deposits  in  southeastern  .Maska  require  ex- 
pensive machinery  to  work  them,  for  the  ore  is  low  grade. 
In  this  sense  this  is  not  a  "poor  man's  country."  The 
report  of  the  governor  of  Alaska  for  the  year  (.-nding  Oc- 
tober I,  i8<;6,  shows  that  $2,300,000  in  gold  bullion  was 
taken  from  the  gold  mines  within  the  territory  of  Alaska 
during  the  year  ending  October  i,  1896.  The  greater 
part  of  this  amount  was  the  product  of  low  grade  ores, 
much  of  which  yielded  less  than  $4.00  per  ton.  The 
average  cost  of  mining  and  milling  the  riuartz  rock  at 
the  Alaska-Treadwell  gold  mining  company's  mines  on 
Douglas  island  in  1806  was  $1.25  a  ton. 

In  1881  gold  was  first  discovered  in  paying  quantities 
in  the  Yukon  basin.  A  party  of  four  miners  after  crossing 
the  range  descended  the  Lewes  river  as  far  as  the  Big 
Salmon,  which  they  explored,  prospecting  all  the  way. 
for  a  distance  of  200  miles.  They  found  gold  on  all  the 
bars  of  the  Big  Salmon.  The  next  three  or  four  years 
the  Pelly  and  Hootalinqua  rivers  were  prospected,  and 
in  1886  the  gold  finds  at  Cassiar  bar  on  the  Stewart  river 
were  made. 

Geographers  divide  the  Yukon  section  into  three  prin- 
cipal divisions.  The  upper  division  lies  entirely  within 
British  territory  and  embraces  the  White,  Stewart. 
Pelly,  Lewes  and  Hootalinqua  rivers,  which,  with  their 
several  branches  and  tributaries,  form  the  head  waters 


li'i 


nil 


/       1 

mA''  I  < 


i?  ! 


Ell'  1    ; 


'I' '  I! 


"I     ; 


^ 


290 


THE  CHICAGO   RECORDS 


of  the  Yukon;  the  middle  division  includes  the  Yukon 
between  I'ort  Reliance  and  the  mouth  of  the  Tanana 
river;  the  lower  division  the  Yukon  from  the  Tanana  to 
Norton  sound  and  T.ering  sea. 

Hefore  the  Klondike  discovery  the  most  important 
placer  mines  were  located  in  the  middle  division  of  the 
Yukon  district;  on  I'orty  Mile.  Sixty  Mile,  Miller,  Gla- 
cier and  l)irch  creek  and  Koyukuk  river.  The  Forty 
Mile  and  Sixty  .Mile  creeks  have  their  source  in  the 
Ratzel  mountain,  (lowing  into  the  Yukon  from  the  west. 
The  streams  which  flow  into  the  Tanana,  which  start 
from  the  other  side  of  tiie  Ratzel  mountains,  have  not 
been  thoroughly  explored,  but  f^old  in  paying  quantities 
has  been  found  along  the  banks  of  the  Tanana,  and  some 
of  the  bars  have  been  worked  with  profit.  One  of  the 
richest  of  the  golil-bearing  creeks  so  far  discovered  in 
this  middle  division  is  Miller  creek,  a  tributary  of  Sixty 
Mile  creek,  (ilacier  creek,  another  branch  of  Sixty  Mile 
creek,  is  akso  rich  in  gold.  This  middle  division  is  the 
"poor  man's"  mining  territory,  for  the  mines  are  placer 
mines. 

Rich  gold  discoveries  have  been  reported  from  Indian 
creek,  which  flows  into  the  Yukon  30  miles  below  Sixty 
Mile  creek.  I'orty  Mile  creek  was  not  discovered  until 
1887.  It  enters  the  Yukon  from  the  west,  drains  the 
country  lying  between  the  Yukon  and  Tanana  river,  is 
about  200  miles  long,  and  its  tributaries  are  numerous. 
The  mouth  of  this  creek  is  in  Canadian  territory. 

On  Forty  Mile  nearly  all  the  available  rich  ground 
has  been  worked  out,  but  on  the  banks  of  the  stream 
are  many  high  bars,  which  are  known  to  be  rich,  but 
which  have  not  been  worketl  because  of  the  difficulty  in 
getting  water  through  them.    The  find  of  gold  on  Forty 


BOOK    FOR   OOLD-SEEKEUS. 


2»l 


Mile  causod  a  j^ri-at  sotisatititi,  atid  tin*  next  jjold  craze 
was  caused  by  strikes  on  I'iroli  creek. 

Owe  of  the  main  tributaries  to  I'.irch  creek  is  Crooked 
creek,  and  from  Circle  City,  which  is  eifj[ht  miles  across 
the  portajj^e  from  Uirch  creek  to  the  ^'ukon,  a  trail  leads 
over  the  hills  to  the  mines  on  Independence  and  Masto- 
don creeks.  Gold  was  discovered  on  the  Molymute,  a 
branch  of  Birch  creek,  in  i8<)3.  In  this  same  year  rich 
pold  discoveries  were  made  on  the  Koyukuk  river,  and 
a  number  of  creeks,  such  as  Xorth  I'"ork.  Wild  creek. 
South  I'ork  and  b^ish  creek,  have  been  prospected  with 
good  success,  although  no  extensive  deposits  have  beeji 
found.  Below  the  Koyukuk  river  the  only  streams  of 
any  size  that  empty  into  the  Yukon  are  the  Innoko  and 
the  Anvik.  but  little  prospecting  has  been  done,  however, 
below  Koyukuk  river.  Almost  all  of  these  placer  mines 
have  ''en  practically  abandoned  since  the  remarkably 
rich  finds  of  gold  in  the  Klondike  district  in  August, 
i8()6. 

An  old  prospector  who  has  been  in  the  Alaska  \'ukon 
district  for  a  nund)er  oi  years  said  that  there  is  enough 
undeveloi)cd  gold-bearing  country  in  that  district  to  take 
care  of  100,000  miners,  not  one  of  wlu)m  would  be  within 
neighborhood  distance  of  another,  and  it  was  all  "tender- 
foot" land. 

History  repeats  itself  in  the  Klondike  discovery  and 
the  excitement  caused  by  it.  It  is  about  forty  years  since 
any  excitement  equal  to  that  caused  by  the  Klondike 
find  has  swept  over  the  country.  The  older  residents 
of  the  Pacific  coast  passed  through  a  number  of  mining 
excitements  since  the  days  of  '4(),  when  the  rush  to  Cali- 
fornia followed  the  discovery  oi  gold  in  that  then  almost 
unknown  and  sparsely  inhabited  ct)untry.  I-'or  ten  years 
after  the  discovery  of  gold  in  California  a  succession  of 

18 


ffll  , 


;;;!  '  (. 


if 


\^.-. 


m 


I     ! 


un 


THE  CHICAGO   RECORDS 


mining  crazes  passed  over  the  country,  until  the  country 
from  the  Mexico  line  to  Alaska  hail  been  explored  and 
found  to  contain  rich  mines. 

The  first  rush  was  to  the  valleys  (jf  the  Klamath,  the 
Columbia  and  the  I'razer,  and  fmally,  the  Cariboo,  Peace 
river  and  Stikeen  were  invaded  and  proved  more  or 
less  rich.  Thousands  flocked  to  these  streams,  a  few 
made  fortunes  and  the  many,  after  endurinj^  hardships 
and  sufferings,  returned  poor,  naked  and  hungry.  The 
swarms  that  invaded  California  in  1849  flowed  (jver  into 
Oregon.  Rich  diggings  were  discovered  around  Jack- 
sonville, and  the  miners  pushed  their  way  up  the  Colum- 
bia into  Idaho  and  Montana,  the  only  route  to  those 
regions  being  the  valley  of  the  Columbia.  Rich  mines 
were  found  at  Salmon  river,  Ore  I*'ino  and  many  other 
places,  and  in  the  Bitter  Root  mountains  and  farther  on 
in  Montana. 

These  were  the  days  when  the  Oregon  Steam  Naviga- 
tion company  was  formed,  and  Ladd,  Reed,  Ainsworth, 
Thompson,  Kamm  and  others  laid  the  foundations  of 
their  fortunes.  Then  in  1856  and  the  years  following 
came  the  I'razer  river  excitement,  which  brought  riches 
to  some  and  disaster  to  many.  People  went  wild  all 
over  the  coast,  and  flocked  in  crowds  to  X'ictoria,  then 
principally  a  fort  of  the  Hudson's  liay  company. 

Most  of  them  had  but  little  idea  where  the  I'Vazer 
river  was  or  how  they  were  to  get  there.  There  were 
no  steamers  running  on  the  Frazer,  nor  any  for  some 
time  from  Victoria  to  the  Frazer.  All  the  boats,  canoes 
and  dugouts  available  could  only  take  a  few  of  the  people 
who  wanted  to  go,  and  they  collected  in  camp  at  X'ictoria 
till  there  were,  it  is  said,  20,000  people  there  to  celebrate 
the  Fourth  of  July  in  1858,  or  thereabouts. 

Deposits  of  gold  were  fonud  along  the  Frazer  from  fifty 


'i 


%t. 


,iti 


tin 


nOOK    FOR   OOLD-SEEKERS.  293 

miles  ahovc  .1,.  ,„..„,I.  ,.,  „,,   K,h-,v  n.onn.ains.  so,,.. 

port  <l  at    M„n,|,kr  u.rr  f.M,„,|_a.s  at   CariluH.     .\„,Ur 
-c.^  a,ul  „.a.,y  other  phues.     Later  there  we      j^" 
'  > ;  >"n",ca   Peace  river  a„.i  ,„a„v  u.iuT  .hstricts       •     > 
••''>'y  about  the  last  ,aeat  rush.  a„.|  ..,.,  .,r  the    ,  m    hs  s 

•«/5.     ihnnlreds  he,,«:e,l  their  way  hon,e  fro,i,  Stikee 
•barefooted,  hungry  a„<l  -ukkccI.  M'Kcc, 


' 


Ill 

1 

ill 

1 

hi. 

294 


THE   CHICAOO    HECOKD'H 


\i\ 


w 


hi 


I; :  u 


CHAPTRR   XXI. 

THE  HUDSON'S  BAY  COMPANY. 

liriXSOXS  I5AV  COM  I 'A  XV.  organ- 
izi'd  for  tilt'  purpose  of  tuniinjj;  into  old- 
world  ^'old  the  ptltry  <n'asiiri'S  of  the 
new  world,  dates  its  history  from  the 
..^1^2  yi'ar    iT/hS.      I'nder    the    direction    of 

— ^^"^^  i'rince  Rupe«-i,  Count  Palatine  of  the 

"^■^^  Rliiue.  an  experiiuental  trip  had  been 

y~  made  into  the  wilds  f)f  I'ritish  .Xmer- 

iea.  and  in  the  year  named  the  priice.  with  seventeen 
other  nohletiien  and  j^entlemen.  foni'ed  an  association  to 
develop  the  new  land.  Two  years  later  King  Charles 
II.  granted  the  association  corporate  powers  under  a 
charter  which  styled  the  prince  and  his  fellows  the  "(lov- 
ernor  and  Company  of  Adventurers  of  luigland  Trading 
Into  Hudson's  Hay."  r>y  the  terms  of  this  instrument 
one  of  the  greatest  monopolies  of  history  was  create<l — 
one.  indeed,  of  the  latent  iiossihilities  of  which  its  i)ro- 
nioters  scarcely  dreamed. 

This  charter  of  \()yo.  in  the  nominal  consitleration  of 
the  annual  payment  of  two  black  heavers  and  two  elks, 
granted  the  company  oi  gentlemen  adventurers  'the 
sole  trade  and  conunerce  of  all  those  seas,  straits.  l)ays. 
rivers,  lakes,  creeks  and  sounds,  in  whatsoever  latitude 
they  shall  he.  that  lie  within  the  eiUrance  of  the  straits 
connnonly  called  Hudson  straits,  together  with  all  the 
lands  and  territories  upon  the  countries,  coasts  and  con- 
fines of  the  seas,  bays,  etc.,  aforesaid,  that  are  not  already 
actually  possessed  by  or  granted  to  any  of  our  subjects. 


ot 

\S. 

lu- 
\  s. 
ulc 
lits 
lu' 

uly 
:ts. 


BOOK    FOR    GOLD-SBEKBRH. 


]M 


or  possessed  hy  the  subjects  i»f  any  other  Christian  prince 
or  >tate." 

Ihe  va>,Mieiu>>  of  this  |)atent  \\a>  relieved  somewhat 
later  >in,  when  the  conipaiiN.  with  nuich  unwillingness, 
ajjreed  to  accept  the  i;rant  as  conveyinj;  control  only 
uf  all  lands  watered  by  streams  Howinjj;  into  Ilu(lst)n 
r.a\.  Aloti}^  with  the  rij,dit  to  Intdc  thntu^hout  the  vast 
territory  that  was  the  subject  of  rc^  I  jiateiU  went  abso- 
lute lordship  and  entire  lejjjislative.  judicial  and  execu- 
tive power.  N'or  was  this  "rii,'  I  to  irade"  K'.v>  ab>olute 
than  the  civil  authority  that  urnt  with  it.  as  is  witnessed 
b\  the  letter  of  the  charter.  I'y  its  terms  the  company 
received  the  rijiht  t»»  "the  whole  and  entire  trade  and 
traffic  to  and  from  all  havens,  bays,  creeks,  rivers.  lai<es, 
and  seas,  into  which  they  shall  fnid  entrance  or  passaj;e 
by  water  or  land  out  of  the  territories  limits  or  places 
aforesaid." 

The  company's  hrst  post  was  i'>tal>Iished  at  the  mouth 
oi  the  river  tlowinjj^  into  lames  bay  at  its  extreme  south. 
It  was  known  as  .Moose  h'actory.  N'ot  lonjjj  afterward 
settlements  were  established  at  l-'orts  Albany.  Churchill 
and  ^'ork.  ccjmniandin^  the  whole  western  shore  of  the 
^reat  bay.  \vi\r  I)\  year  the  streni^th  and  prosperity 
of  the  company  grew  j^reater.  althouj^^h.  after  obtaininj;  a 
firm  footing  on  the  shore  of  Hudson  l)ay  the  corpora- 
tion, contrary  to  what  might  have  been  expected,  did  not 
seek  immediately  to  i)enetrate  into  the  inunense  terri- 
tory to  the  west  and  south.  So  slow,  indeed,  were  the 
managers  to  jjush  the  development  of  its  territory  that  in 
1749  an  unsuccessful  attempt  was  made  in  the  British 
parliament  to  annul  the  com])any's  charter  on  the  ground 
of  "non-use:"  for  there  were  only  about  120  regular  em- 
ployes and  some  four  or  five  forts  on  the  coast. 

l'>oni  its  first  organization  the  Hudson's  Bay  company 


w. 


■  M 


■w 


III 


296 


THE   CHICAGO   RECORD'S 


ill-, 


i 


met  oi)position  at  the  hands  of  the  French.  Tn  1627  a 
French  company  had  1)ecn  organized  under  a  charter 
conferred  by  Louis  XTII.  Tl^e  terms  of  the  French  char- 
ter were  ahnost  identical  with  those  under  which  the 
En}::^Hsli  company  operated,  and  in  the  inevitable  rivalry 
between  the  two  corporations  there  was  destined  to  be  no 
lack  of  ])loo(lshe(l.  The  losses  suffered  by  the  English 
company  were  not  alone  commercial,  due  to  competition; 
the  I'Vench  sent  numerous  military  expeditions  against  its 
fortf-,  and  losses  sufTered  on  this  accoimt  amounted  ui) 
to  the  year  1700  to  ^215.514. 

The  successors  of  the  I'rench  in  making  trade  uncom- 
fortable for  the  British  conij)any  were  la^ge  numbers  of 
fur  traders  who  sjiread  over  Canada  after  the  cession  of 
that  territory  to  Great  I'ritain.  and  who  finally  encroached 
on  the  lands  of  the  Hudson  I'ay  corporation.  The  his- 
tory of  the  company  from  this  time  on  was  one  of  romance 
and  tragedy.  The  rivals  for  trade  employed  every  artifice 
for  outwitting  one  another,  and  the  licpior  which  they  in- 
troduced among  the  Indians  for  the  furthering  of  their 
ends  wrought  tlie  demoralization  of  the  savages.  Hack- 
ers of  the  company  in  F.nglantl  became  alarmed  at  its  fail- 
ure to  realize  their  exi)ectations.  The  independent  trad- 
ers were  outwitting  the  company's  factors  at  their  own 
game.  The  managers  in  England  were  anxious  to  have 
the  American  agents  push  inland,  but  the  latter  were 
afraid  to  venture  into  a  region  of  unknown  perils;  so  it 
happened  that  it  was  more  than  100  years  before  the 
company's  agents  penetrated  the  Ked  river  region,  whicli 
later  on  became  the  center  of  their  activity.  The  inde- 
pendent ;raders,  on  the  other  hand,  sent  their  agents  year 
by  year  from  Montreal  up  the  Ottawa  and  on  by  boat 
and  by  portage  through  Lake  Xipissing.  Lake  Huron, 
Lake  Superior,  Rain  lake  and  Lake  of  the  Woods,  and 


BOOK   FOR    GOLD-SEEICrRS. 


297 


Ki- 
ll 
c 

ire 
it 

lie 
■li 

ir 
tit 

h< 

id 


down  Winnipeg  river  and  lake  to  the  base  of  the  Rocky 
mountains. 

Tliese  traders  ingratiated  themselves  with  the  natives 
and  as  a  result  secured  the  best  of  the  furs  which  the 
Indians  had  to  offer,  while  the  Hudson's  I'ay  company 
was  dealing  mainly  in  otter  aud  beaver  skins,  and  those 
of  an  inferior  (luality.  In  1783  the  independent  fur  trad- 
ers combined  under  the  style  of  the  Xorth-West  company 
of  Montreal.  In  its  service  about  5.CXX)  men  were  em- 
ployed, and  although  the  fierce  comj)etition  that  imme- 
diately broKe  out  impaired  the  revenues  of  the  llritish 
company  for  a  time.  \et  from  the  springing  up  of  opposi- 
tion date  the  intelligent  management  and  the  larger  suc- 
cess of  the  company,  lender  stress  of  new  difficulties  the 
affairs  at  the  posts  on  Hudson  r>ay  were  managed 
with  greater  prudence  and  its  traders  in  the  interior  oper- 
ated with  more  discretion.  The  traders  of  the  Xorth- 
\\'est  company  had  scaled  the  Rocky  mountains  and  were 
bartering  with  the  Indians  along  Peace  river.  Traders 
of  the  British  company  followed.  The  Xorth-West  com- 
pany built  forts.  The  IIudsv)n's  r>ay  company  built  forts 
to  match  them  or  excel  them.  Fraud  met  fraud,  artifice 
artifice,  and  when  one  struck  a  blow  the  other  never  was 
known  to  turn  the  other  cheek. 

About  the  time  the  rivalry  was  at  its  most  intense  pitch, 
Lord  Selkirk,  a  Scotch  peer,  obtained,  in  181 1.  a  grant 
from  the  Hudson's  I'ay  company  in  what  then  was  known 
as  the  district  of  Ossiniboia.  With  a  view  to  providing 
homes  for  the  suri)lus  populati(jn  of  the  .Scottish  high- 
lands, his  agent.  Miles  Macdonell,  in  1813.  ])lanted  a  set- 
iienicnt  on  the  banks  of  the  Reil  river,  l-'ort  Daer  at 
Pembina  was  the  first  fortification.  In  one  year's  time 
the  colonists  numbered  200.  P.ut  the  Xorth-West  com- 
pany wanted  those  fertile  plains  along  the  Red  river  for 


-I 


I 


THE   CHICAGO   RECORD'S 


itself.  It  (losired  tlu'iii  prost-rvcM]  as  luintiiii^  cjniunds.  and 
consequently  its  a.ti^onts  he^an  a  systematic  eani])aifxn  oi 
intimidation,  which  sometimes  did  not  sto])  short  of  actual 
violence,  with  the  h()])e  of  driving'  out  the  unwelcome 
settlers.  As  the  Scotch  colonization  scheme  ])ro^|H'red, 
its  i)ronioters  buildinpf  forts  and  extending,''  their  com- 
mercial operations,  the  O])position  and,  indeed,  the  des- 
])craticjn  of  the  Xorth-W'est  company  f^rew  more  intense. 
The  I'rench-Indian  half-breeds  were  inflamed  to  commit 
depredations  on  the  pro])erty  of  tlie  llit^hlanders  and 
their  homes  and  mills  and  store-houses  were  burned. 
The  Earl  of  .Selkirk  hastened  to  the  rescue.  reorLjanized 
the  community  and  addressed  himself  to  the  task  of 
strenj^theninj.j  tl.c  colonists'  means  of  defense  and  ofTense. 
In  this  he  was  successful  and  the  colony  remained  in  the 
control  of  his  family  until  i<\^5.  when  his  claims  over  a 
territory  colonized  by  not  less  than  ^.(.KX^  souls  were 
transferred  to  the  Hudson's  Hay  company. 

To  return,  however,  to  the  time  of  the  tifth  earl  of  Sel- 
kirk, the  competition  that  was  aimed  at  him  reached  its 
climax  in  l.Sif)  in  a  battle  in  front  of  l-Ort  (larry,  the 
Jlu<ls<Mi's  I'ay  company's  chief  post  in  the  Red  river 
ref^ion.  In  this  conflict  twenty  men.  includini,^  several 
officers  and  (jovvrnor  Semple  himself,  lost  their  lives. 
This  was  not  the  end  of  the  tii^htinj^.  l)ut  the  tifj^htiuLi; 
proveil  the  death  of  trade,  and  not  until  the  business  of 
both  the  rival  companies  was  entirely  destroyed,  so  far 
as  profit  was  concerned,  did  the  officers  of  each  awake 
to  the  folly  of  such  a  course.  Then,  in  the  year  iSji. 
under  act  of  parliameiu  a  coalition  was  effected.  The 
Xorth-W'est  company  ceased  to  exist  and  thenceforth  the 
Hudson's  r.a\  company  possessed  the  vast  field  withoiU 
rival.  .\'(/t  loi.g-  after  the  coalition  ( leorj^je  Simpson,  a 
younj;  Scotchman  of  ^nuit  .abilit},  was  j^iven  control  in 


ir 
I. 

0 
0 

It 


II 

:1 

i 

! 

i 
i    1: 

1 1 

i  t 


! 


BOOK    FOR    GOLD-SEEKERS. 


301 


Xorth  America  with  the  title  of  <x<n-ernor-in-chief  of 
Rupert's  land.  I'or  forty  years  he  niaiia.c^ed  the  afifairs  of 
the  consolidated  companies,  wiiminir  wealth  and  honor. 
Under  his  .c^overnment  the  company  jirospered.  until,  in 
i860,  it  was  operatinc;-  155  establishments  with  twenty- 
five  chief  factors  in  charj^e  and  employin,tr  twenty-eight 
chief  traders,  152  clerks  and  1,200  other  employes,  be- 
sides many  thousand  Indians. 

In  1869,  at  the  demand  of  the  Dominion  of  Canada, 
the  com])any  surreiiviered  its  monopoly  of  the  northwest 
in  consideration  of  the  payment  of  £300,000  sterling,  and 
the  transfer  to  it  of  one-twentieth  of  the  land  within  the 
fertile  belt,  besides  50,000  acres  innnediately  surrounding 
its  posts.  Thus  the  Hudson's  Day  C(/mpany  surrendered 
its  monopoly  to  begin  its  latter  day  career  as  an  immense 
connnercial  corporation. 

In  all  the  vast  territory  the  Uir  trade  of  which  is  in 
the  hands  of  the  Hudson's  liay  company  tliere  arc  onlv 
a  few  real  forts.  These  are  siuTounded  with  stone  walls, 
and  are  veritable  strongholds.  .Ml  the  rest  of  the  ])osts 
to  which  the  name  of  fort  has  been  given  are  merely  trad- 
ing stations,  fortified  to  an  extent,  it  is  true,  but  only  so 
much  as  the  wildness  of  the  country  makes  abs(dutely 
necessary.  At  these  trading  stations  all  exchange  is  by 
barter.  Skins  are  the  standard  of  value,  the  beaver  skin 
being  the  unit.  In  trade  with  the  Indians  the  officers 
of  the  company  have  never  made  any  pretense  (jf  giving 
the  actual  value  of  the  more  valuable  skins.  It  is  pre- 
sumed that  they  have  satisfied  their  consciences  with  the 
excuse  that  to  pay  more  for  a  valuable  skin  than  for  a 
cheap  one  would  lead  to  the  speedy  extinction  of  die  rarer 
fur-bearing  animals,  since  the  Indians  would  tra])  the 
valuable  to  the  neglect  of  the  more  plentiful.  It  is  not  on 
record,  however,   that     the    compan>    ever  has   "evened 


m 


u 


Ik 

i  ■  i 


m 


m 


r 


il 


'11' 


302 


THE  CHICAGO   RECORD'S 


things  itp"  by  paying;  the  simple  savage  more  tlian  the 
vahie  of  the  cheap  skins. 

Methods  of  trade  in  the  northern  and  sonthern  portions 
of  tlie  Hudson  hay  region  are  ra(hcally  (Hfferent.  The 
Indians  of  the  nortli  are  a  race  of  soHtary  trai)i)ers,  whjle 
those  of  the  south  go  in  bands  and  hunt  and  make  the 
rounds  of  their  traps  on  horseback.  Tlic  finer  furs  come 
'  •oni  the  former;  the  coarser  furs,  the  buffahi  hides  and 
the  leather  from  the  Indians  of  the  south,  whose  homes 
are  along  the  Saskatchewan.  The  Inchans  of  the  north- 
ern (Hstrict  are  ])ractically  in  a  state  of  peonage  to  the 
Hudson's  lUiy  company.  Tliroughout  the  spring  and 
sunnner  the  company  makes  advances  to  the  In<lians  of 
such  supplies  as  they  need  for  their  sustenance,  these  to 
be  paid  for  at  the  end  of  the  hunting  season.  T.eing  con- 
stantly in  debt  they  are  constantly  dependent,  but  what- 
ever may  be  caid  against  the  system,  it  is  none  the  less 
true  that  the  company's  rule  is  as  paternal  as  it  is  auto- 
cratic. In  the  case  of  the  southern  Indians,  however,  that 
sort  of  transaction  will  not  serve.  Those  who  live  in  the 
saddle  are  not  easily  ke])t  in  subjection;  conse(|uently 
trade  with  these  natives  has  more  of  the  character  of  com- 
merce among  e(|uals,  and  so  unfeigned  is  the  respect  in 
which  the  company's  agents  hold  these  Indians  that  in  the 
course  of  trade  many  gifts  are  employed  to  keep  the  red 
men  in  good  humor,  whilst  stout  stockades  and  firearms 
in  reserve  are  provided  against  a  possible  day  of  bad 
humor. 

Tlie  supreme  authority  in  the  resident  government  of 
the  Hudson's  l>ay  company  is  the  governor's  council, 
when  it  is  in  session.  Apart  from  the  two  or  three  days  in 
each  year  when  this  council  is  sitting  the  governor  is 
supreme,  and  that  functionary,  whose  ofHcial  title  is  gov- 
ernor of  Rupert's  Ian  ',  holds  his  authority  from  the  offi- 


BOOK    FOR    GOLD-SEEKERS. 


303 


In 

is 


cers  resident  in  London.  Those  are  a  j^overnor,  a  deputy 
governor  and  a  connnittec  of  five  directors,  all  suhjcet  to 
annual  election  by  the  voice  of  the  stockholders  at  a  j;en- 
eral  nieetinp^  in  Xoveinber. 

The  conmiercial  orp^anization  of  the  company  is  some- 
what complicated.  Resident  in  the  localities  where  the 
transactions  with  the  Indians  are  carried  on  are  members 
of  what  is  known  as  the  "l-'ur  Trade."  The  mei.ibers  of 
the  Fur  Trade  are  divided  into  two  classes,  chief  factors 
and  chief  traders,  who  individually  are  entitled  to  attend 
the  annual  meetinj^s  of  the  p^overnor's  council.  The  ser- 
vice of  the  mend)ers  of  the  I'ur  Trade  is  rendered  to  the 
company  on  a  thorou<.,ddy  ])rofit-sharinp^  basis.  Their 
aggref^ate  interest  in  the  company  is  comprised  in  a  cer- 
tain definite  number  of  shares,  of  which  a  chief  factor  is 
given  two  shares  and  a  chief  trader  one.  Thus  fluctua- 
tions in  profits  produce  fluctuations  in  income.  X'acancies 
in  the  I*"nr  Trade  are  tilled  by  election,  the  chief  factors 
by  a  majority  vote  electing  new  UKMubers  to  their  body 
from  among  the  chief  traders,  while  the  chief  traders  are 
drawn  from  the  ranks  of  the  salaried  clerks.  The  salaried 
clerks  in  their  turn  are  recruited  from  importations  from 
Great  IJritain  and  the  older  portions  of  the  Dominion,  as 
well  as  from  among  the  laborers  employed  about  the  trad- 
ing posts,  though  these  latter  rarely  rise  higher. 

It  is  difficult  for  one  accjuainted  t)nly  with  thickly  popu- 
lated regions  to  realize  over  what  a  vast  territory  the 
oi)erations  of  the  Hudson's  l>ay  company  reach.  I*>om 
the  Red  river  region  to  (Ireat  Slave  lake  the  company  has 
its  voyageurs  plying  their  canoes  over  i,(XX)  miles  of  lakes 
and  rivers.  The  Mackenzie  river  carries  them  500  nules 
farther  to  the  Arctic  ocean,  between  Moose  l"'ort  and 
the  trading  posts  of  liritish  Columbia  is  2,000  miles  of 
forest  and  stream,  with  subject  Indians  and  shrewd  trad- 


p 


1 1 


\  i   (!■ 


\  ! 


^*WWB( 


804 


THE   CHICAGO   RECORD'S 


crs  all  aloiifj  tin-  line,  only  ftwcr  in  number  than  the  ani- 
mals in  whose  ])elts  they  trade.  I'.etween  the  company's 
j)osts  at  l"'ort  Simi)S()n  and  Sault  Ste.  Marie  intervenes  a 
space  of  J.5(K)  miles,  and  all  this  territory  is  managed 
from  one  central  otlficc  and  tributary  to  one  corporation 
of  stockholders. 

The  company's  orijjjinal  chartered  territory,  together 
with  the  innnense  region  into  which  its  intluence  ends, 
is  divided  inttj  fonr  departments.  These  depart  ,  iits  or 
sections  are  known  as  the  .Montreal,  the  Northern,  W'e^t- 
ern  and  .^^outhern.  The  .Wjrthern  department  lies  be- 
tween llndson  bay  and  the  Rocky  mountains.  The  Mon- 
treal department  embraces  all  of  Canada.  The  Western  de- 
partment inchules  all  to  the  west  of  the  Rocky  mountains, 
w  liile  the  Southern  comprises  the  territory  between  James 
bay  and  Canada  and  also  inchules  I'.ast  Main  on  the  east- 
ern shore  of  Hudson  bay.  In  these  four  departmeiUs 
there  are  fifty-three  subdivisions,  known  as  districts,  ami 
each  district  has  a  fortitied  supply  hou>e  and  a  superin- 
tendent. To  this  depot  the  necessary  supi)lies  for  the  dis- 
trict are  issued  and  it  constitutes  also  the  collecting  sta- 
tion from  which  the  furs  antl  other  ])roduce  of  the  dis- 
trict are  shipped  to  the  home  warehouses  in  hjigland.  In 
these  districts  there  are  innumerable  smaller  establish- 
ments, all  tributary  to  the  main  district  sup])ly  house.  In 
each  fort  or  post  there  are  from  two  to  fifty  servants  of 
various  sorts,  l)esides  an  officer  in  general  charge.  The 
rivers  and  minor  streams  navigable  onl\'  for  canoes,  which 
ramify  throughout  the  Northwest  territory  teem  with 
company  empKjyes,  known  as  voyageurs,  who  constitute 
the  last  and  indispensable  link  in  the  chain  that  connects 
the  Indian  trappers  with  the  civilized  customer  for  his 
wares. 


BOOK    FOR    (JOI,n-SEEKKRS. 


3U6 


'>■:  Jz 


C\l:\VT\'M  xxir. 
ELI  GAGES  YUKON  JOURNEY. 

-■^^\(^  \  XIC  OV  TIIF,  first  ptTsons  to  hrinp;'  rclia- 
.  ,  J^j<V->^  '^''•''  iiutlR'iitic  news  of  the  rich  j:;oUl 
finds  on  the  Klondike  was  l^li  A.  (iagc, 
son  oi  Lyman  |.  (kij^'e,  secretary  of  the 
treasury.  I-'h  ( iat,^  is  an  officer  of  the 
Xortli  American  Transportation  and 
TracUnt;"  company,  which  ojjeralcs  on 
the  \'ukon  river.  In  Aui,nist,  itS(/),  he 
left  .Seattle,  hound  for  Circle  City.  At  that  time  the  "out- 
side" world  was  ii^norant  of  the  wonderful  deposits  of 
<t;()1(1  in  the  Klondike  district.  Circle  City,  h'orty  Mile, 
and  the  Uirch  creek  district  were  the  centers  of  attraction 
for  ^'ukon  ^.j-old-seekers  then.  Mr.  (ia<;e  returned  home 
in  the  spring'  of  iSo".  and  soon  after  wrote  a  series  of 
three  articles  for  the  CillCACO  RECORD,  which  con- 
tain so  nuich  that  is  of  interest  and  value  relating:;  to  the 
Klondike  and  ^'ukon  districts  that  they  are  reprinted,  in 
a  condensed  torni,  in  this  book,  following'  is  Mr.  Cat^e's 
story  of  the   Klondike: 

"What  it  was  tiiat  made  the  Cnited  States  ])ay  over  to 
Russia  some  $7,200,000  for  Alaska  some  \ears  ai^^o  mis^ht 
he  a  hard  question  to  answer  now,  for  at  the  time  of  the 
purchase  hardly  anythiu^'  hut  contijuuity  to  the  L'nited 
States,  it  would  have  seemed,  could  have  made  such  a 
country  valuable  to  us.  Recently,  however,  the  atten- 
tion of  the  people  has  been  drawn  more  and  more  to  'our 
.Arctic  province,'  and  each  year  has  seen  an  increasin<»' 
number  of  prospectors  make  their  way  into  this  country, 


i 


30(; 


THE   CHICAGO   RECORD'S 


until  now  tlu"  papers  an-  full  of  j^lowinjj  accounts  of  the 
richness  of  the  Yukon  country,  and  there  is  every  indica- 
tion that  this  year  there  will  he  almost  a  statni)edo  of 
miners  for  what  promises  to  he  a  new  Kl  Dorado.  Last 
August  the  writer  left  Seattle  for  St.  .Michael  island,  the 
place  oi  emharkment  for  the  Yukon  river  hoats.  The  trip 
alonjT  the  Pacific  throuj^h  the  I'tiemak  ])ass  and  iiUo 
I'erinpf  sea  was  made  upon  a  hoat  chartered  hy  one  of  the 
tradinp;  companies,  and  heavily  loaded  with  food,  doth- 
iufj  and  tools,  all  of  which  was  hound  for  the  mines. 

"At  St.  .Michael,  the  first  stop  we  made,  our  freight  was 
transferred  to  the  river  hoats.  and  we  luade  the  start  for 
the  Yukon  mines.  St.  Michael  islantl  is  ahout  sixty  miles 
from  the  mouth  of  the  Yukon,  in  Norton  sound,  and  one 
of  the  most  forsaken  places  in  the  world.  The  trip  out 
into  the  sound  for  the  river  boats — which  are  of  the  stern- 
wheel,  Mississipi^i  kind — is  attended  with  much  danj^er 
from  s(|ualls,  and  it  was  with  much  relief  that  we  went 
smoothly  over  the  bar  at  the  mouth  of  the  river. 

"Steaminp^  up  the  river,  which  has  nnich  the  consist- 
ency of  the  .Missouri  and  is  about  as  crooked,  we  stopjicd 
occasionally  for  wood,  which  the  natives  had  cut,  split 
and  piled,  and  for  which  they  were  jiaid  in  flour,  tobacco 
and  calico.  We  passed  any  number  of  Indian  villages 
and  missions,  and  finally  reached  Fort  Yukon,  the  first 
place  of  importance.  This  is  a  post  owned  by  a  trading 
company,  and  is  supposed  to  be  exactly  on  the  Arctic 
circle.  From  here  to  Circle  City  is  eighty  miles.  When 
we  got  there  it  was  already  cold,  and,  though  only  Octo- 
ber I,  we  had  had  several  snowstorms  and  there  was 
an  inch  of  snow  on  the  ground. 

"As  we  drew  near  we  couUl  see  that  the  whole  town 
was  coming  to  the  landing  place  to  welcome  us,  for  a 
Steamboat  arrival  at  a  town  in  the   Yukon  generally 


nOOK    FOR    (JOI.n-SKKKIOKS. 


307 


wakes  up  cviry  man.  uuiitau.  i'liil<l  and  tlnjjf.  and  hrinj^'s 
all  to  tlu'  rivi-r.  At  Cink'  tity  tlu-  boat  was  utd(iad<.-<i  into 
the  company's  store,  and  it  triid  the  next  day  to  push 
on  250  miles  further  to  the  other  post,  hut  the  ruiminj; 
ice  pnw  warniii}^  that  the  river  would  soon  close,  io  we 
turned  hack  and  went  into  winter  (|iuuiers  in  a  sloujijh 
at  Circle  City. 

"Circle  City  has  a  population  rou<,dily  t-stimated  at 
1,000,  which  includi's  the  miners  ;it  I'ircli  ireek.  about 
fifty  miles  from  the  town.  These  nun  come  from  all  parts 
of  the  country,  and  they  com])rise  tlu'  saiui-  cosnutpojitan 
crowd  that  usuall\-  makes  up  a  mininjj^  town.  It  heinj.^ 
winter,  the  town  was  ])retty  well  filled  with  miners,  many 
of  whom  had  come  in  to  j;et  their  winter's  supplies  of 
food  at  the  stores.  .At  such  a  time  the  stores  take  on 
great  activity,  every  one  wishing  to  get  fitted  out  and  to 
get  fitted  (piickly.  I'.etween  those  with  mone\  and  those 
who  were  besieging  the  managers  hourly  for  an  outfit  on 
credit  until  the  following  fall  the  cash  buyers  were  the 
more  patient. 

"Much  has  been  written  about  the  exorbitant  i)rices 
asked  for  food,  but  when  one  is  told  that  the  writer  has 
seen  many  outfits  put  up  to  last  for  a  year,  -nnd  that  there 
were  many  more  outfits  of  such  kind  that  cost  from  $350 
to  $500  than  there  were  at  a  higher  figure  it  will  be  seen 
readily  that  living  is  not  nuich  over  $i  to  $1.50  per  day. 
Prices  are  high  as  they  appear  to  us  at  home,  but  when 
one  can  get  Si  an  hour  at  the  mines,  it  doesn't  take  long 
to  insure  enough  food  to  live  on. 

"With  the  usual  exaggerated  ideas  of  a  'tenderfoot,' 
I  expected  to  see  men  going  around  with  two  big  guns 
and  a  knife  strai)i)ed  on  their  belts,  and  was  prci)ared  to 
dance  when  invited  at  the  poitU  of  a  gun.  Xothing  of 
the  kind  happened,  however,  and  accjuaintance  with  my 


..»^     ! 


i 


Hi 


II 


308 


THE   CHICAGO    RECORDS 


lui^Hihors  (k'Hionstratc'd  tliat  smli  Moinj^'s'  wen-  not  tol- 
eratfd.  A  'had  man'  or  a  'j^un  fij^diti'r'  has  no  chanci- 
hire.  \\  lii-n  snch  a  one  arrives  and  shows  his  procHvi- 
ties  he  is  warned  to  f|nit.  and  a  second  snch  evidence 
generally  fnids  him  very  shortly— if  he  is  lucky— in  an 
open  boat  in  the  river.  If  he  is  unlucky— tliat  is.  if  there 
arc  no  boats— he  will  be  likely  to  take  passaj^e  on  a  lo^' 
bound  down  stream,  with  emphatic  instructions  to  'move 
on  and  keep  away  from  here.' 

"As  winter  settles  down  and  the  snow  becomes  deep 
enough  for  p^ood  sleddin^\  many  miners  start  out  for  the 
'dif^'jj^infjs,'  where  the  more  thrifty  put  in  the  winter  'drift- 
inp^'  and  'burning-.'  wher.  the  conditions  of  the  jjjround 
permit.  Many,  however,  remain  in  town,  ])referrinp: 
the  cong^enial  air  and  the  companionship  of  the  saloon 
and  (lance  house  to  the  isolation  of  the  mines. 

"  riK  saloons  and  the  two  stores  are  the  only  places 
to  p;o.  Whenever  i)ne  is  looking;  for  a  friend  and  he  is 
not  in  his  cabin  he  is  pretty  sure  to  find  him  in  a  saloon, 
if  he  cares  to  track  him  to  his  lair.  Here  all  the  mem- 
bers of  the  colony  congrejj^ate  and  play  cards,  tell  yarns 
and  occasionally  ^vi  drunk.  In  the  evening  the  dance 
houses  ojjen  and  the  faro  box  is  produced,  and  a  man 
has  his  choice  of  dancing  or  'bucking  the  tiger'  to  vary 
the  monotony.  In  this  way  the  miner  in  town  gets  his 
relaxation. 

"Among  these  miners  one  must  make  his  life  as  pleas- 
ant as  possible.  They  come  from  everywhere,  and  the 
college  man  is  no  better  there  than  the  son  of  a  day 
laborer.  All  are  there  to  better  their  financial  condition 
by  the  hardest  manual  labor,  and  here,  if  anywhere,  true 
c(|uality  seems  to  exist.  Almost  all  are  well  behaved. 
Occasionally  a  fight  is  started,  but  as  the  weapons  are  fists 
little  damage  is  done. 


111 
'Y 

lis 

,s- 
le 
ly 
111 
le 


lUJOK     KOK    llOLD-rtKl^KKUS. 


WW 


"Law  is  ctifoiii'd  hy  wliat  an-  kiiuvvii  as  'iniiuTs'  nicot- 
ings.'  On  the  Aiiu'ric-an  s'u\v  tlurc  is  no  aulliority  i-xcrpt 
that  of  tlio  niiiurs  tlu'iiisi'lvos.  and  lliiou^li  tlu-si'  tnci-t- 
inj;s  justior  is  (K'alt  out.  A  man  having  a  (hs])utc  with 
another  invulving  nioni'y  or  land  posts  in  oonspionons 
places  a  notice  that  there  will  he  a  meeting  at  ;i  given 
hour  and  place  to  settle  a  dispute  hetween  him  and  an- 
other, whosi'  name  is  posted.  At  the  appointed  hour 
nearly  every  one  crcnvds  into  the  meeting,  a  chairma'i 
and  secretary  are  appointed  and  the  ass'.'inbly  is  called  to 
order. 

"The  cliairnian  calls  upon  the  plaintitll  to  state  his  case, 
and  when  this  is  done  the  defendaiit  is  lieard  from.  When 
the  principals  have  testified  witnesses  are  heard  from, 
and  this  evidence  is  heard  and  digested  by  the  audience. 
Questions  are  asked  by  any  one  who  cares  to  do  this,  and 
then  motions  are  in  order.  Any  one  can  make  a  motion 
for  the  disposal  of  the  case,  which,  when  seconded,  is  put 
to  a  vote,  and  in  this  way  the  matter  is  adjusted.  .\  com- 
mittee is  appointed  to  see  that  the  verdict  is  carried  out, 
which  generally  is  done.  This  seems  to  be  the  only  way 
in  which  justice  can  be  dealt  out.  The  system  seems  to 
liave  had  its  origin  in  a  maidy  desire  to  give  every  one  a 
'fair  show,'  but  it  is  generally  the  more  popular  man  who 
gets  the  better  of  it.  At  the  mining  camp  these  cases  gen- 
erally are  matters  relating  only  to  mining  matters,  but 
in  the  towns  they  embrace  all  sorts  of  (juestions.  and  it  is 
here,  nnire  than  at  the  'diggings'  that  the  popular  one  has 
a  'cinch.' 

"As  winter  settles  down  and  the  days  grow  shorter  and 
shorter  the  monotony  of  life  becomes  irksome.  The  cold 
is  intense,  the  mountains  seem  a  prison,  and  the  knowl- 
edge that  one  has  no  choice  but  to  stay  it  out,  unless  he 
takes  the  long  overland  trip,  makes  life  dreary.     The 

ID 


.   I 


310 


THE    CHICAGO   RECORD'S 


mails  are  uncertain  and  far  apart.  No  newspapers  find 
their  way  in  except  in  the  suninier.  A  man  is  out  of  the 
world,  and  almost  as  far  removed  from  it  as  if  he  were 
in  the  moon.  To  a  man  who  loves  his  home,  his  wife,  his 
children  and  his  friends  the  sense  of  isolation  and  help- 
lessness is  depressing.  It  seems  to  him  that  it  would  not 
be  so  had  could  he  hear  from  home  and  know  how  they 
all  were,  hut  the  long  months  drag  slowly  by  until  ilie 
first  of  the  year,  when  mail  sometimes  finds  its  way  in, 
having  left  the  states  some  three  or  tour  months  before. 

"To  see  the  excitement  that  the  mail  from  the  outside 
makes,  to  see  the  eagerness  witli  which  men  press  up  to 
the  ])ostmaster's  desk  for  their  letters,  and  the  trembling 
hands  as  they  are  o])ened,  and  the  filling  eyes  as  they  are 
read,  touches  the  heart.  The  first  two  or  three  days  after 
the  mail's  arrival  find  the  morals  of  a  town  vastly  im- 
proved, but  this  soon  wears  away,  and  the  old  habits  are 
resumed. 

"Dec.  K)  the  writer,  after  carefully  making  all  need- 
ful arrangements,  with  twelve  dogs,  three  sleds,  two  In- 
dians and  1,200  pounds  of  'grub,'  bedding  and  camj)  out- 
fit, started  on  the  overland  tri]i.  a  distance  of  i.ocx)  miles, 
to  the  sea  coast.  We  left  Circle  City  at  Q  o'clock,  just  as 
day  was  breaking,  with  the  thermometer  at  46  degrees 
below  zero.  As  we  went  through  the  town  with  tlie  dogs 
yelping  and  our  men  yelling,  every  saloon  door  ojK'ned, 
and  all  inside  came  out  to  wish  us  good  luck  and  a  safe 
journey. 

"It  was  turning  the  face  away  from  many  good  friends 
— many  whom  1  hojie  to  meet  again— and  tackling  a 
great  unknown,  but  the  many  delays  which  had  kept  us 
back  for  two  weeks  maile  every  one  light-hearted  and 
happy  at  getting  started  at  last,  and  we  soon  passed 
through  the  town,  down  the  river  bank,  and  on  to  the  ice 


BOOK    FOR    GOLD-SEEKERS. 


811 


m 


.h1- 
In- 

)Ut- 

les. 
as 


hos 


0(1, 

lafe 


Is 


|K 


US 

Ind 
lice 


in  the  river,  whore  a  bend  in  tlie  river  soon  hid  Circle 
City. 

"A  Yukon  sled,  with  doj^s,  is  a  peculiarity  of  the  coun- 
try. Our  sleds  were  nine  feet  lonj^.  and  two  of  them 
were  chained  toj^cther.  On  this  'double-header'  we  had 
seven  dof^s,  and  on  the  sinj^^le  sled  five.  The  dogs  are 
hitched  tojj^ether  tandem  fashion — one  ahead  of  the  other, 
tiie  wheel  doj^  having'  a  whitlletree  attached  to  his  traces. 
From  this  is  a  ro])e  running  back  to  the  sled,  which,  jviss- 
ing.  as  it  must,  between  the  driver's  legs,  necessitates  the 
acc|uiring  of  a  peculiar  gait,  for  with  each  turn  the  dogs 
make — as  the  trail  curves  from  side  to  side — the  driver 
has  to  keep  his  feet  moving  from  this  side  to  that  of  the 
'ge( '  string,  as  it  is  called,  or  he  will  be  thrown  down.  On 
the  right  side  of  the  sled  is  a  strong,  smooth  pole,  reach- 
ing about  the  hip.  which  is  used  for  guiding  the  sled, 
lietwecn  the  'gee'  string  and  keeping  the  sled  from  over- 
turning a  'tenderfoot'  is  generally  in  a  dripping  pers])ira- 
tion  after  the  first  five  miles  are  covered,  and  his  legs  get 
sore  from  the  chatlng  of  the  rope,  and  the  arm  mightily 
I  iced  from  guiding  the  heavy  sled. 

"The  clothing  used  in  traveling  is  also  peculiar  to  the 
country,  mine  consisting  of  a  heavy  suit  of  underwear,  a 
sweater,  a  pair  of  mackinaw  drawers,  a  mackinaw  shirt, 
anti  a  fur  caj)  which  came  down  about  the  ears  and  back 
of  the  neck  and  tied  under  the  chin.  The  fur  being  next 
to  th.e  skin,  that  part  of  the  head  covered  is  very  com- 
fortable. Fur-lined  mitts  covered  the  hands,  and  on  the 
feet  were  a  pair  of  woolen  socks,  a  pair  of  long  heavy 
German  socks  or  stockings,  and  a  pair  of  moccasins,  with 
straw  in  the  bottoms.  ( )n  the  sled  for  extreme  and  windv 
weather  were  two  'parkas,'  one  of  drilling  and  the  other 
of  fur.  These  resemble  in  appearance  a  long  night  gown 
open  at  neither  the  front  nor  back,  with  a  hood  for  the 


■  i 


HI  ■ 


\  'I 


]  ■ 


'14  i 


312 


THE   CHICAGO   RECORDS 


hca<l.  The  drilling-  'parka'  has  around  the  hood  a  lininp 
of  two  fox  tails.  When  the  wind  blows  the?:  :M11  parkas 
are  put  on  and  the  hood  is  drawn  cner  the  head,  which 
is  a  great  protection  fof  the  face.  The  fur  one  is  used 
for  5o-(leg-ree  and  6o-degree  weather. 

"(^ur  first  halt  was  made  for  lunch  about  noon.  One 
Indian  took  an  ax  and  started  for  the  middle  of  the  river, 
where  he  chopped  a  hole  through  the  ice  for  water.  After 
filling  the  teapot  he  returned  to  where  the  sleds  were,  the 
other  Indian  in  the  meantime  having  gone  u])  the  bank 
for  dry  wood.  In  a  few  lyinutes  we  had  a  roaring  fire, 
the  water  was  boiling,  beef  tea  was  made,  and  this,  with 
hard  tack,  constituted  our  first  meal.  The  cups  and 
s]K)ons  were  {piickly  put  away  in  tlie  grub  box,  the  sled 
lashed,  and  within  half  an  hour  we  were  again  push- 
ing on. 

".■\t  2:^^o  o'clock  it  was  getting  darl  but  a  full  moon 
and  a  clear  sky  made  it  nearly  as  bright  as  day,  so  we 
kept  going'  imtil  6  o'clock,  when  we  stopped  for  the  night, 
having  made  twenty-five  miles  and  overtaken  a  party  two 
days  ahead  of  us.  The  Indians  went  up  the  bank  like 
s<|uirrels.  and  having  picked  out  a  good  place  for  the 
tent,  cleared  away  the  snow  and  began  felling  some  fir 
trees.  These  were  soon  cleaned  of  their  boughs,  which, 
being  spread  down  (mi  the  ground  where  the  tent  was  to 
go,  were  to  serve  ft)r  our  beds.  Our  tent,  an  S  by  lo 
wall  tent,  was  soon  put  up;  the  stove  (built  especially 
for  the  trij),  i8  inches  wide  and  30  inches  long)  was  in 
position;  the  pipe  (of  the  telescoi)e  kind)  was  in  place; 
a  fire  was  soon  going  and  camp  was  made.  The  dogs 
were  unhitched  and  were  left  mousing  around  for  a  good 
place  to  make  their  bed,  while  we  prei)ared  supper.  liacon 
was  sliced  up  and  fried,  beans  (already  boiled)  were 
warmed,  baking-powder  bread  was  baked,  the  tea  was 


BOOK    FOR    GOLD-SEEKERS. 


313 


0011 

we 

two 
like 
the 
fir 
ich, 
s  to 

lO 

ally 

s    ill 

ace ; 

ood 
:oii 
,ere 
was 


set  boiling.  Then  victuals  were  all  diviclcd  into  equal 
])arts,  and  when  supper  was  over  there  wasn't  enough 
left  tt)  feed  a  snow  bird. 

"Our  tin  plates,  cui)s  and  cutlery  havinj^  been  washed, 
a  bijf  square  bucket  about  two-thirds  full  of  water,  was 
l)Ut  on  to  the  stove.  When  this  was  boilinj^  flour,  dried 
salmon  and  bacon  were  thrown  in.  the  whole  riess  boiled 
a  little,  then  cooled  and  divided  into  twelve  equal  parts 
for  the  dojTs.  When  this  was  consumed  and  the  dop^s 
satisfied,  robes  were  spread  down,  thick  niirht  caps  and 
socks  made  of  caribou  skin  were  drawn  on,  every  one 
crowded  under  his  robe,  the  candle  was  put  out  and  the 
first  day  of  Arctic  travel  was  at  an  end.  As  the  fire  went 
out  and  the  heat  with  it.  the  cold  bej^an  to  ^ct  in,  and  it 
was  not  lonp^  before  robes  were  drawn  over  the  head  and 
the  camp  was  asleep. 

".Six  o'clock  found  us  astir,  and  it  was  not  long  before 
a  pile  of  flapjacks  were  fried,  these  with  coffee  being  our 
breakfast.  When  this  was  (lis])atched  the  bedding  was 
rolled  up  and  tied,  caps,  moccasins  and  mitts  were  put  on 
and  the  tent  was  struck  and  folded  into  a  small  bundle. 
.\11  this  was  carried  to  the  sleds  by  some,  while  others 
hunted  up  the  dogs,  now  scattered  around  under  the 
trees,  where  they  had  passed  the  night. 

"\  .Siwash  dog  is  the  foulest,  meanest,  laziest  and  most 
profanily-i)rov()king  animal  I  ever  met,  and  [  suppose 
that  it  is  the  most  at)used  animal  that  comes  under  the 
white  man's  lash.  In  Alaska  these  dogs  answer  the  i)ur- 
pose  of  the  horse  in  .\merica,  being  used  both  for  ])ack- 
ing  and  for  hauling.  .\  good  dog  was  worth  $150  when 
we  left  Circle  ('it\.  and  almost  anything  that  had  f<nir 
legs  brought  not  le.-s  than  .S75.  I  ha\H-  seen  white  men 
be;il  their  dogs  so  mimercifully  that  one  bail  to  inter- 
fere.   A  heavy  whip  or  a  big  stick  satisfies  the  driver  for 


! 


i^? 


314 


THE   CHICAGO   RECORD'S 


a  time,  but  when  on  nnicli  of  a  trip  a  chain  seems  to  fit 
their  needs  better.  When  a  doj^  is  l)eaten  over  the  body 
and  head  with  a  chain  it  is  pretty  brutal,  and  many  a  dof;^ 
has  had  ribs  and  Icj^s  l^roken  and  eyes  knocked  out. 
StranjTje  to  say,  however,  the  white  man  as  a  rule  is  intel- 
ligent enough  to  provide  for  his  dogs,  even  though  he 
beats  them  more  unmercifully  than  do  the  natives. 

"Around  an  Indian  village  the  dogs  subsist  almost 
entirely  on  refuse,  as  the  natives  at  all  times  are  either 
too  hard  up  or  too  indifYcrent  to  give  their  dogs  any 
food  that  a  human  being  can  eat.  They  will  hitch  up  a 
team  and  start  out  for  a  journey  with  dogs  looking  so 
thin  and  weak  that  one  doubts  their  ability  to  go  five 
miles.  If  he  follows  them  a  day,  however,  he  will  be 
mightily  tired  at  night.  Talk  of  the  lives  of  a  cat! 
They  are  not  to  be  considered  in  the  same  instant  with 
the  tenacity  with  which  a  Siwasli  dog  hangs  to  life.  With- 
out exaggeration,  I  have  seen  an  Indian  start  out  with  a 
team  of  dogs  and  travel  eighty  miles  in  three  days,  and 
there  was  not  a  dog  but  had  to  lean  against  a  building 
to  howl,  so  thin  and  weak  were  they.  With  all  their  filth- 
iness  and  meanness  they  are,  as  a  rule,  hard  workers  and 
faithful.  When  they  once  understand  that  the  driver  is 
going  to  do  the  driving  they  get  over  long  distances  and 
haul  big  loads.  In  ordinary  weather,  when  it  is  not 
colder  than  25  degrees  below  zero,  they  can  go  for  ten 
days  without  eating  anything  but  snow,  and  still  keep 
pretty  strong  and  fat. 

"Having  made  the  morning  start  with  much  yelling, 
some  urging  and  just  a  little  profanity,  the  procession 
was  soon  under  way,  and  with  the  good  trail  which  we 
had  a  three  miles  an  hour  gait  was  not  hard  to  keep  up. 
Every  few  miles  we  would  pass  small  piles  or  a  cache  of 
flour,  bacon  and  canned  goods  which  some  husky  miner 


n 

0 


mw 


If    0     I 


i 
f'. 


E\ 


¥i 


■ 

w 

mf  • 

: 

m 


V 

r 

■l 

f 

I' 

■i" 

1 

BOOK    FOR    GOLD-SEEKERSS. 


ai7 


was  slowly  movinpc  up  the  river.  The  failure  of  the  last 
boats  to  get  farther  up  the  river  had  left  quite  a  shortage 
of  flour  aud  bacon  above,  and  the  thrifty  ones  were  'pull- 
ing their  freight'  from  Circle  City  to  the  Klondike,  a  dis- 
tance of  300  miles.  Most  of  them  had  only  three  iir  four 
dogs,  and  in  consequence  were  compelled  to  double  and 
triple  trip  it.  One  loads  his  sled  to  the  limit  of  the  dogs' 
endurance  in  the  morning  and  travels  until  about  2 
o'clock  in  the  afternoon,  when  he  tmloads  and  piles  his 
stuff  near  the  trail  and  returns  for  the  rest  of  the  load, 
staying  for  the  night  at  the  place  where  he  started  in  the 
morning.  The  next  morning  he  takes  the  rest  of  his 
load,  or  as  much  as  he  can  haul,  and  goes  ahead  to  the 
point  where  the  first  of  the  load  was  left.  The  next  day 
he  pushes  on  in  the  same  way,  until  eventually  his  des- 
tination is  reached. 

"One  can  imagine  how  much  patience  and  hard  work 
this  entails,  but  stranger  than  this  is  the  Yukoner's  feeling 
of  security  that  his  cache  when  he  leaves  it  will  not  be 
disturbed.  Travelers  pass  riglit  by  these  caches  every  few- 
days,  and  there  would  be  no  one  to  oppose  one's  helping 
himself  and  passing  on  with  but  little  danger  of'  ever 
being  caught,  but  every  one  lives  up  to  the  one  command- 
ment on  the  Yukon,  'Thou  sJialt  not  steal,'  even  though 
he  breaks  the  others  daily.  There  is  some  chance  for  a 
murderer  up  there,  but  when  a  thief  is  caught  he  is  a 
goner,  and  his  death  is  unmourned.  This  is  the  one 
great  unchangeable  law  up  there,  and  it  is  universally 
upheld.  Whether  from  fear  or  whether  from  the  knowl- 
edge that  each  man  is  often  at  the  mercy  of  his  neigh- 
bor, I  don't  pretend  to  know,  but  the  fact  remains  that 
stealing  in  the  Yukon  is  a  crime  that  seldom  has  to  be 
punished. 

"Our  course  as  day  succeeds  day  is  much  the  same. 


hi:      ,'. 


It  ■' 


818 


THE  CHICAGO  RECORD'S 


I    ' 


"y^^W 


Occasionally  we  strike  a  bad  place  where  snowshoes  are 
necessary,  and  where  the  trail  is  lost,  and  then  every  one 
goes  stamping  arrund  the  snow,  'feeling'  for  the  trail 
with  the  feet.  It  is  surprising  how  quickly  one  can  tell 
after  a  little  experience  where  the  trail  is  when  it  is  cov- 
ered up  by  snow.  (Jccasionally  we  pass  a  cabin,  but  it  is 
always  at  the  wrong  time  of  day  for  us  to  use  it  for  a 
camp.  When  a  cabin  is  seen  about  time  to  camp  the 
heart  of  the  traveler  is  made  happy,  for  he  knows  that 
there  is  a  lot  of  work  saved,  because  no  tent  goes  up  that 
night. 

"Every  miner  is  the  soul  of  hospitality,  and  as  glad  to 
see  you  and  as  cordial  in  his  welcome  as  he  can  be.  He 
won't  listen  to  your  putting  up  your  tent,  even  when  his 
cabin  is  small.  He  won't  let  you  cut  any  wood  or  fetch 
any  water.  He  insists  upon  doing  this  himself,  and  reit- 
erates, 'The  shack  is  yours,  pardner;  make  yourself  at 
home.'  He  will  often  insist  upon  your  sleeping  in  his 
bed,  and  is  content  with  the  floor  for  a  bed,  saying  to 
your  protests  against  routing  him  out,  'Now,  look  here, 
pardner;  I  can  sleep  in  that  bed  all  day  to-morrow,  if  I 
want  to,  but  you  can't,  so  get  in  there.' 

"Such  hospitality  warms  a  man's  heart,  because  it 
is  entirely  disinterested.  To  ofifer  to  pay  for  any  accom- 
modations really  would  hurt  your  host,  and,  though  his 
quarters  are  rough  and  crude,  the  warmth  of  his  welcome 
makej  his  home  a  palace.  When  supper  is  dispatched 
he  wants  the  news  and  gossip  of  the  place  you  have  left, 
and  that  is  all.  In  the  morning  he  will  go  with  you  to 
show  you  a  short  cut,  if  there  be  one,  and  the  strong 
grip  of  the  hand,  the  'Good-by!  Good  luck,  old  man!' 
sends  you  on  your  way  happy  in  believing  that  the  coun- 
try is  full  of  just  such  men. 

"Rough  and  uncouth  arc  some  of  them;  profane,  ancj 


BOOK   FOR   OOLD-SEEKERS. 


319 


with  tendencies  to  jjct  drunk  when  in  town — almost  all  of 
them — but  there  is  nearly  always  a  heart  that  is  j:^ciitle. 
warm  and  g'enerous. 

"After  the  usual  number  of  upsets.  doj:j-fights,  burnt 
fingers  and  nipped  fingers  and  toes,  we  arrived  at  Fort 
Cudahy,  250  miles  from  Circle  City,  and  nine  and  a  half 
days  out.  Here  we  were  to  rest  our  tlogs  and  ourselves 
and  overhaul  our  outfit,  for  from  here  out  we  must  pre- 
pare ourselves  to  get  along  without  being  able  to  get  any 
more  provisions  until  Dyea  is  reached.  A  cjuartcr  of  the 
distance  liad  been  covered,  every  one  was  in  good  shai)e 
and  there  was  no  doubt  in  our  minds  but  that  we  could 
stand  the  trip. 

"Fort  Cudahy  is  a  trading  post  of  one  of  the  Yukon 
companies,  and  it  is  about  three-(|uarters  of  a  mile  from 
Forty  Mile,  where  the  other  company  has  its  post.  It 
was  on  this  creek  that  runs  into  the  Yukon  that  gold  in 
paying  quantities  was  first  discovered.  I^our  days  found 
us  in  shape  to  resume  our  march,  and  on  Jan.  2  we  made 
our  start,  with  a  bright,  clear  day,  and  the  thermometer 
43  degrees  below. 

"At  Fort  Cudahy  I  had  secured  a  thermometer  which 
registered  60  degrees  below  zero.  This  1  nailed  on  the 
rear  of  the  sled  I  was  'clerking'  on,  but  later  on,  when 
the  mercury  in  this  went  out  of  sight  and  one  of  the  In- 
dians m  ttinied,  I  began  to  doubt  the  wisdom  of  having 
anything  that  can  be  us*:. I  to  'keep  cases'  on  the  tempera- 
ture. 

"As  we  passed  Forty  Mile  we  ran  into  a  stretch  of 
river  that  was  rougher  than  any  'rocky  road  to  Dublin.' 
and  it  was  interesting  (for  about  a  minute)  to  notice  how 
many  times  a  minute  a  man  would  jump  from  one  side  of 
his  'gee  string'  to  the  other.  .Sometimes  he  wouldn't. 
clear  the  string,  and  the  result  would  be  a  trip,  and  if  (Jik 


m 


\m 


i  <i- 


!l'i 


Mi     .^ 


320 


THE   CHICAGO   RECOHU'S 


'''.    I 


Vv, 


III' 


didn't  come  down  on  his  face  he  would  surely  j^ct  on  his 
knees.  'I'hen,  too,  the  sled  had  412  different  motions 
which  kept  the  hand  and  arm  that  were  on  the  'f?ee  stick' 
or  guide  pole  waving  hack  and  forth,  up  and  tlown.  in 
an  effort  to  keep  the  sled  from  overturning.  This  lasted 
for  about  eight  miles,  and  I  honestly  think  if  it  had  been 
140  degrees  below  zero,  instead  of  40,  I  should  have  been 
])lenty  warm  enough.  As  it  was,  I  was  soon  dripping 
wet.  a  dangerous  condition  to  be  in,  as  one  chills  very 
(|uickly  after  perspiring.  After  the  <  ougli  ice  was  over 
the  trail  was  magnificent,  as  hard  and  as  smooth  as  a 
board,  for  Klondike,  the  new  El  Dorado,  was  only  fifty 
miles  from  Fort  Cudahy.  and  the  many  men  who  had 
passed  over  the  road  before  us  had  made  the  going  good. 
We  reached  a  cabin  that  night,  where  we  found  a  stove, 
dry  wood  and  four  bunks,  and  you  may  be  sure  we  occu- 
pied it. 

"The  miners  of  this  section  had  'chipped  in'  and  paid 
for  having  two  of  these  houses  built.  They  were  placed 
seventeen  miles  apart,  so  that  they  could  be  easily  reached 
in  a  day's  journey.  They  were  open  for  every  one  who 
came  along,  and  were  a  source  of  great  comfort  and  con- 
venience to  all  travelers.  The  next  day  we  reached  Daw- 
son City,  which  is  the  town  at  the  mouth  of  the  Klondike 
river,  and  the  supply  station  for  the  mines.  There  -was 
little  there  besides  a  bunk  house,  a  warehouse  and  a 
saloon,  but  we  were  welcomed  royally  as  we  ascended 
the  bank,  and  warmly  invited  to  'come  in  and  have  some- 
thing warm.' 

"It  was  here  that  we  became  accustomed  to  associating 
with  millionaires,  for  every  one  who  was  in  the  town  had 
from  one  to  three  claims  each  on  the  new  territory,  and 
while  many  of  them  had  to  'hang  up'  the  drinks  when 
they  bought,  they  considered  themselves  every  inch  mil- 


'  \ 


BOOK    FOR    GOLD-SEEKEKS. 


321 


:(1 


IS 


'  \ 


lionaircs.  just  the  same,  for  they  had  the  pfroinid  and  the 
jj;oId  was  there,  and  they  were  only  waitinj^  for  sprinjj^  to 
jj^et  it  out.  One  man  I  knew,  who  liad  started  for  Dyea 
thirty  days  before  we  left,  had  made  heroic  efforts  to  p;et 
by  this  place,  but  the  temptation  was  too  strong,  and  he 
abandoned  his  party,  struck  off  up  the  creek,  and,  havitifj 
found  a  man  who  was  willinp^  to  jiart  with  an  interest 
in  his  claim,  my  friend  went  down  into  his  sack  and 
weighed  out  $6,000  for  a  cpiartcr  interest  in  the  projierty. 
Many  were  the  happy  men  in  this  part  of  the  country, 
for  prospects  had  been  wonderfully  rich. 

"A  dollar  and  a  half  to  the  pan  in  three  feet  of  gravel 
was  held  to  indicate  that  $J50.(xx)  could  be  taken  from 
that  claim,  for  'bed  rock'  was  from  twelve  to  twenty-five 
feet  deep.  One  young  man  had  repeatedly  panned  out 
$5  and  $6  from  one  i)an.  and  by  'drifting'  and  'burning' 
had  got  to  the  surface  what  was  roughly  estimated  at 
$30,000.  Every  one  who  passed  his  cabin  was  offered 
$1.25  an  hour  to  help  him  work,  but  he  had  succeeded  in 
getting  only  four  helpers,  every  one  else  being  bent  on 
getting  ground  of  his  own. 

"Two  young  'tenderfoots'  were  working  in  an  ignorant 
sort  of  way  at  burning  their  ground,  thinking  that  it  was 
necessary  to  get  to  'bed  rock"  before  they  could  expect 
to  find  gold.  An  'old  timer,'  passing,  asked  them  what 
prosjjects  they  were  having,  and  was  surprised  when  he 
was  told,  'We  haven't  got  to  bed  rock  yet.  and  can't  tell.' 

"'Red  rock?  you  bloody  fool,  you  don't  have  to  wait 
till  you  get  there  to  see  whether  you  have  struck  pay  dirt 
or  not!'  said  the  old-timer.  'Mere,  my  son,  give  me  that 
gold  pan  and  I'll  show  you  how  to  find  out  whether  you 
are  in  it  or  not.'  The  young  men  were  delighted  to  do 
this,  and  watch  the  old  man  'pan  out'  a  shovelftd  of  dirt. 
The  'old  timor'  was  paralyzed  when  he  roughly  estimated 


!  >, 


■        W 


■ f'fl 


r^ 


i"i 

t 


322 


THE  CHICAGO  RECORDS 


the  pan  at  $2,  and  with  a  "Well,  by .  pardner!  this  is 

good  enough  for  mc,'  hv  cut  sonic  stakes  and  hccanic 
their  ncip^hbor. 

He  watched  the  younjj;  men  the  next  day  until  they  got 
to  'l)e<l  rock'  (they  (H(hi't  know  they  were  there  till  he  got 
into  tlie  hole  himself),  when  he  went  down,  and  in  a  short 
time  had  scraped  from  the  bed  rock  seventeen  ounces 
of  as  pure  gold  as  he  ever  saw. 

'"Well,  1  am ,'  he  said.   'If  TM  been  told  of  this  I 

never  would  have  believed  it!  I  am  ])retty  old  young 
men.  but  if  I  can't  make  $1,000  a  day  shoveling  into  a 
sluice  box  alone  (and  1  am  a  pretty  poor  shoveler),  with 
such  ground  as  that  I  hope  I  may  never  make  another 
clean-up!' 

"I  don't  suppose  $50,000  would  buy  these  claims  to- 
day. Such  was  the  news  we  heard  when  we  had  been 
in  Dawson  a  little  while. 

"It  was  hard  work  to  pass  by  such  a  chance,  but  we 
were  a  long  way  from  Dyea.  and  had  no  chance  to  get 
any  more  grub  than  we  had  until  we  were  out,  and  grub 
goes  awfully  fast  sitting  around  a  camp.  The  next  morn- 
ing at  6  o'clock  we  were  ofi  in  a  blinding  snowstorm. 
The  trail  was  covered,  the  wind  blowing  like  the  dickens, 
the  dogs  lazy  and  ugly  and  every  man  in  the  i:)arty  on 
snowshoes,  plunging  more  or  less  blindly  ahead.  It  made 
one  inclined  to  turn  bnck. 

"All  our  footsteps  had  been  toward  the  sea  and  we 
did  not  begin  then  to  do  any  "double-tripping.'  Having 
picked  up  a  white  man  who  wanted  to  get  home,  in  spite 
of  all  the  new  El  Dorados  in  .\laska,  we  left  the  town  of 
rosy  dreams  and  light  hearts  behind. 

"W'c  wallowed  and  sweat  and  swore  ami  yelled  and 
wallowed  and  swore  many  times  until  1 1  o'clock,  when  we 
crowded  in  behind  some  drift  wood,  and  after  many  ul- 


BOOK    FOR    (JOLD-SEEKERS 


8M 


a 


tempts  fi;ot  a  fire  }^oin}j^.  We  wert  M)iiie  fift\  feet  from 
tlu'  sleds  when  we  had  the  fire  J;^>in,L,^  ami  everything 
seemed  to  be  all  rip^ht.  htit  when  we  i^ot  hack  to  where 
we  had  left  them  there  was  nothing-  hut  two  drifts.  At 
first  I  th()U}.,dit  the  dotjs  had  nm  away,  hut  when  Uf  dnjj 
down  a  Httle  we  found  thi-m  all  pi-aeefuliy  slee])iui4  and 
warm  as  toast,  the  drifting,  driving'  snow  haviui;'  (|uiekly 
covi-red  tliem. 

"We  made  ahout  twelvo  miles  that  day.  hut  it  si-emed 
as  if  we  had  t^onc  ii_'  when  we  finally  made  eamp.  The 
nexi  day  our  hearts  were  lijiihtened  by  seeiufj^  some  men 
with  horses  who  had  hrokcn  a  j^jood  trail  for  us.  This 
made  our  progress  rapid.  When  twcj  men  meet  on  the 
trail  they  always  stop  and  pass  the  time  of  (la_\.  I'laoh 
looks  the  other's  face  over  carefully  tt)  see  if  there  arc 
any  white  spots  visible,  which,  should  any  he  noticed, 
are  at  once  spoken  of,  and  then  comes  the  invariable  (|ucs- 
tion,  "Well,  ])ardner.  where  are  you  .t^oinp;?" 

"W'e  were  two  and  a  half  days  S'oiuij;'  the  fifty  miles  to 
Fort  Reliance,  or  Sixty-Mile,  and  laid  up  here  f(;r  the  rest 
of  the  third  da\ .  There  is  a  tradinj^  jiost  here,  owned  and 
run  by  an  old  man  named  Harper.  He  is  the  pioneer  of 
the  country,  havin.^'  been  in  the  Yukon  for  several  years 
(something  like  eighteen.  J  believe),  lie  came  from  far 
off  r.rooklyn.  and  gave  us  the  warm  welcome  every  one 
gets  there.  lie  insisted  upon  our  staying  tit  dinner  atid 
supper,  and  you  may  be  sure  that  we  did  justice  to  the 
tender  moose  steaks,  frozen  potatoes  and  yeast-cake 
bread  which  he  spread  before  us.  lie  gave  us  a  cabin  for 
our  Indians  and  ourselves,  and  the  only  wa\  we  lould  get 
even  was  by  buying  some  moccasins  our  white  passenger. 
Sam,  needed.  Some  Indians  with  a  toboggan  having 
started  along  the  trail  about  two  hours  ahead  of  us,  we 
went  smoothly  and  rapidly  along  our  way  the  next  morn- 


I.    i 


>'•   \ 


I     :l 


!  ■•' 


iim 


324 


rilH    ("HICAOO    UhX'OUDS 


iiij;.  I'ivi'  and  imc  hall  (la\>  l>r()u.i;lil  ii.s  to  iMirt  Selkirk, 
or  IV'lly  riviT  post,  and  liiTc  wc  irsti-il  a  day  and  a  half, 
hroiii  i'rlly  v'wvv  to  I  )yra  wi-  had  nothing;'  ahead  of  us 
to  look  forward  to  sliotdd  ui'  need  sueeor  ui''il  we  n-aohed 
ihi-  eoast,  hut  the  knowledge  that  we  v.ere  half  way  and 
all  (loiii}^'  well  niadi-  the  5(K)  reinaiuiuj;  miles  not  so  inuea 
of  a  tirror  after  all. 


11  f 


1KK)K     l'()l{    (l()l.l)-SHKKi:i{S. 


:{:ir> 


)  i; 


CIIAI'II'.K    Will. 
THE  MINERS'  TllEKiMOMETER. 


.'.■;. 


ITTLI-:    I!(  )'1"TL1':S     lilU'd   uitli    innvurv 
;iri"  (.■aninl  by  "old-tiiiicrs"  mi  ttic   \\\ 
koii.     'I'lu'sc   ari'   Iiam'.v   sultstitnti's   Idi 
■ //  lIuTinoiiii'U'rs,  tiir  wlicn  the  nuTcurv  i> 

solid,  ilu'  wis"  It  ,t\  tirr  ill  that  i-itimtry 
snks  slicltrr.  I'  li  <  iaL;r  di'siTihi's  this 
fcatiirc  (if  aniir  tiavchiii^  as  follows: 

'"At  (•  o'clock  oil  Jan.  15,  with  a 
hcantiful  full  moon,  a  cKar,  hhu'  >k\ 
with  iiiillioiis  of  stai's,  stfraks  upon  stii'aks  of  the  aurora 
llashini;  ffoin  one  hori/on  to  the  other,  ,ind  the  tiuinio 
meter  5 J  decrees  below  /i  10.  we  st.irte(|  on  ihe  last  statu' 
oi  our  jounu'\'.  W  hen  w c  sttauk  ihe  liver  attain  there 
was  no  trail,  and  so  ont  eatiie  the  ^nowshoes.  which  we 
wnvv  all  that  da\.  the  ne\t  d;t\  lindin^'  us  on  a  Itetter  trail. 
\\\'  WHiit  steadih  foiwanl  past  hive  I'iu^crs,  as  live  hi^ 
rocks  which  st;ind  in  thi-  middle  of  the  Lewi's  river  an- 
called;  on  p.ist  Mct'.iniiick  tradiiii^  post,  now  di'seited 
and  forlorn;  past  iln'  Little  Salmon,  where  the  iii-  was 
ronL;li  ■.>:u\  the  ^oitiL;  slow,  ;tnd  so  on  till  the  i'di;  ."^almon 
was  passed  and  Hx>  niihs  h;id  heen  covited  since  leavin;;^' 
I'ellv. 

'  riiat  tiiorniii,!,,''  when  we  wnke  up  it  was  to  rmd  the 
tent  ciiveri'd  itisiilc  wnh  liiist,  oiif  rolus  over  our  heail- 
stiff  with  ice,  w  hell'  out"  lne.itli  Ii;id  come  thronL;li,  ;uid 
cold  as  Al.iska.  We  sta!t<d  a  liic,  and  s(  n  m  had  the 
.stove  red  hot.  (  )ni'  could  keej)  w;inii  li\  ,L;clliiii;  close 
Up  against  the  stove,  but  tlieu  only  that  part  of  the  body 


^il; 


W!i!>'«'^^' 


;{2r. 


TIUO    CllK'ACJO    KKCOKDl^ 


was  waiin  wliiili  was  iK'M  tlic  tiii'.  W'l-  had  stnuk  sonu' 
arctic  ucatlicr  for  a  certainty,  and  wlun  I  went  out  to 
sec  how  thinj^s  looked  it  was  to  tiiid  all  the  do^s  sliiver- 
injj;'  as  if  they  had  the  aj^Mie.  'i"hc  therinometer  was  out  of 
sij^hl,  so  ue  i-ould  not  tell  how  cold  it  really  was,  hut  wc 
km  w  tl  at  it  was  lower  than  ^k)  diorees  h.'low,  and  that 
was  (.'nonj^h. 

"(  )ld-tiniers  on  the  N'ukon  rci^tdate  their  traveling  hy 
the  consistency  of  the  mercury.  A  small  hoil'c  of  thi- 
is  always  carried,  and  they  keep  on  travelinjj^  unt'I  i/,. 
freezes,  wlun.  as  a  rule,  the  majorit\-  of  them  }j^o  in.  > 
camp  and  wait  for  it  to  modirate,  for  this  indicates  a 
temperature  of  at  least  40  decrees  below  zero.  The  con- 
dition of  om- sui)i)lies  made  it  impi'rativi-  that  we  push  on, 
for  a  cold  sua])  fre(|uently  lasts  for  ten  da\s,  and  were  we 
to  try  to  wait  for  warmer  weather  our  food  soon  would  he 
.^"one.  The  order  to  break  camp  caused  a  deal  of  rapid 
talkint^  on  the  part  of  our  Indians,  and  linall\  one  of  them 
canu'  in  and  declared  hi>  intention  of  ^oiii";-  back  to  ("irck' 
("it\.  This  was  all  we  could  ^el  out  of  him,  for,  with  the 
stul)l)ornness  of  his  race,  he  was  'ju^i  ,t;()inj.>'.'  We  were 
in  an  uni'n\  ia!)!-'  position.  'Ihret-  h;  vlred  miles  trom 
our  journe\"s  i-nd,  joo  miles  fiom  tin-  last  trading.;'  post, 
the  temperalm-e  at  least  ^m)  (K'^rees  below  zero,  the  trail 
obliterated,  llu-  oidy  Indian  who  could  be  relied  upon  to 
^uiiK-  us  out  about  to  turn  bailv  all  lliot'  thins^s,  with 
the  depleted  condition  of  our  larder  was  dismaying'. 

".\Ir.  Indian  made  a  paik  of  his  clothing-  and  his  robe, 
and  wlu'U  read)  to  start  aski-d  for  some  dried  lish,  which 
he  ilidn't  ^U't.  lie  made  a  start,  but  i;ot  only  a  little  way 
when  an  arj^ument  with  a  loaded  Mid  cocked  revolver, 
and  the  choici-  laid  belon-  him  of  n-turnini;-  to  the  teiu 
and  takin}.,^  us  out  or  tr\inj4  to  beat  five  bullets,  which  wt- 
promised  wouhl  be  sent  after  him  at  the  first  sign  lie  gave 


11 


0 


V- 


iK'in 
ircU- 
the 
ori' 
om 

»( »sl. 

riiil 

11   to 
u  itii 

liili 

\vi\ 
ti'iit 
we- 
ave 


1'4 


HOOK  Fou  (;oli)-s1':1':ki<:iis.  [\2i 

of  j^oiiifjc.  soon  wi'jikeiu'd  liiiii  ;iii(I  iie  ri'tiinu'd  in  a  sulkv 
mood.  It  was  a  relief  to  see  him  turn  hack,  hut  we  were 
under  a  j^ood  deal  of  strain  watehiii}^  him  frotii  then  on. 
an<l  it  was  dreary  work  takini,'^  turns  with  Sam,  lyinj.^ 
awake  nij^hts  with  a  loaded  revolver  hetween  us  to  see 
tliat  he  did  not  try  to  j;e'  away  in  the  dark.  I'"f)r  the  next 
eleven  days  the  thermom.'ler  never  ^'ot  ahove  46  decrees 
helow  zero,  and  every  one  of  us  was  more  or  less  frozen 
on  the  face,  fmj^ers  and  toes. 

"The  worst  and  most  pitiful  part  of  the  eold  weather 
was  its  effect  on  the  doj.;s.  Tluw  of  them  had  hadly  lac- 
erated feet,  and  when  the  cold  snaj)  struck  us  their  feet 
(piickly  froze.  It  was  ])itiful  when  we  started  that  niorn- 
inp^  to  hear  their  howls  of  pain  as  their  poor,  sensitive  feet 
hroke  throu}j^h  the  crust  at  each  step,  and  I  couid  stand  it 
only  a  little  wa\-,  when  they  were  unliariiessed.  one  of  the 
sleds  was  ahandoned  with  ever\thin}>^  that  possihly  could 
he  left  hehind,  and  the  ih^'^s  were  at  once  killed.  It  seeme<l 
a  harsh  and  cruel  ihinj^  to  do  to  kill  these  faithful  fellows 
after  they  had  served  us  so  faithfully  for  700  miles,  hut 
they  were  useless  to  haul  an\thin^,  tlu-y  would  eat  as 
niucli  as  the  others,  and  to  save  as  nuich  lor  the  {^(jod  ones 
as  possible  demandi'd  such  -1  course. 

"Speakinjj;  of  the  treachery  of  Indians  nininds  me  of 
the  experience  of  a  friend  of  mine,  who.  at  nearly  the 
lace  where  our  trouhle  occurreil,  was  led  hy  his  ^uide 
into  a  blind  slouj^h  and  then  was  abandoned.  When  my 
friend  understoo<l  what  had  happi'ued  lu'  took  a  Winches- 
ter and  chased  .Mr.  Indian  (ive  miles,  hoi)inf;  for  at  least 
one  lon^'-distance  shot,  but  he  never  saw  him.  and  he  L;ot 
well  away  to  lead  some  other  poor  de'vil  into  just  such 
another  predicanienl. 

"We  pressed  on  daily  as  fast  as  we  could,  but  our  plot- 
less was  sl(;w  because  of  the  drifting  snow.    Xcvcrlheless, 

■JO 


!'   n 


n    .1 


iii 


I* 


32& 


THE   CHICAGO   RECORDS 


after  five  days  we  reached  Mud  lake,  after  passing  ^afelv 
through  the  White  Horse  rapids  and  Miles  canyon,  the 
most  dangerous  part  of  the  Yukon,  both  in  sunime.  and 
winter,  and  the  most  awful  and  inspiring  five  miles  of 
travel  I  ever  have  been  through. 

"At  many  places  the  river  was  open  and  great  clouds 
of  steam  soon  envelop  everyone  in  a  suit  of  white  frost. 
The  "cHhing,  rushing  waters  of  the  rapids  were  grand  to 
look    .  the  pleasure  of  such  a  manifestation  was 

sharply  ;ed  with  anxiety  as  to  whether  the  ice  was 
thick  enough  to  bear  us.  If  we  broke  through  we  would 
go  down  that  river  about  400  times  faster  than  we  came 
up,  and  we  would  be  under  tiie  ice  instead  of  on  top  of 
it,  to  boot,  which  brought  small  comfort  ,  even  though  our 
progress  promised  to  be  without  efifort.  About  three  miles 
of  this  brought  us  to  the  canyon.  Here  were  two  routes 
which  we  could  take — one  up  a  hill  about  fifty  feet  high, 
with  a  pitch  of  about  60  degrees  and  along  the  walls  of 
the  canyon.  To  take  this  route  meant  packing  on  our 
backs  most  of  our  stufif,  and  the  taking  a  good  half-day 
to  make  the  portage.  The  other  way  was  through  the 
canyon,  if  the  ice  was  solid  enough  to  hold  us.  We  chose 
the  latter  and  started.  Imagine  a  canyon  about  fifty  feet 
wide  at  the  broadest  place,  and  narrowing  down  to  about 
twenty-five  feet  to  its  smallest  point,  with  perpendicular 
walls  of  rc'l  granite  about  fifty  feet  high.  A  torrent  of 
water  rushing  and  roaring  through  this  limited  channel, 
the  only  foothold  for  travelers  being  the  ice  which  had 
formed  against  the  walls  by  the  spray  as  it  dashed  against 
it. 

"Even  the  dogs  showed  their  fear  and  dislike  of  such 
d  situation,  and  as  we  progressed  farther  into  the  canyon 
it  was  with  difficulty  that  they  could  be  urged  forward, 
for  the  narrowing  ridge  of  ice  brought  us  nearer  and 


BOOK    FOR   GOLD-SEEKERS. 


329 


nearer  the  water.  At  places  one  man  had  to  get  on  the 
side  of  the  sled  nearest  the  river  and  brace  the  sled  from 
that  side,  as,  on  account  of  the  slanting  formation  of  tlie 
ice,  the  sleds  were  in  danger  of  slipping  into  the  water. 
One  can  get  an  idea  of  the  rapidity  of  this  stream  here 
when  he  is  told  that  boats  go  through  here  in  the  summer- 
time in  about  three-ciuarters  of  a  minute,  which  means 
a  speed  of  more  than  sixty  miles  an  hour.  When  finally 
we  got  through  all  right  our  hearts  were  light,  for  we 
knew  the  worst  and  most  dangerous  part  of  our  journey, 
until  we  should  reach  the  mountains,  was  behind  us. 

"At  Lake  Le  I'arge,  before  entering  the  rapids,  we 
found  an  Indian  village,  where  we  hoped  to  get  some 
fresh  meat  and  some  dried  salmon  for  our  dogs,  but  we 
found  them  out  of  everything,  and  so  hard  up  themselves 
(so  tii^y  said)  that  they  had  no  flour  and  no  tea.  They 
told  us  've  could  get  dried  fish  at  the  Takish  house.  At 
Mud  lake  our  supplies  were  so  low  and  our  dogs  so  thin 
that  Sam  volunteered  to  push  on  across  Mud  lake  (or 
Marsh  lake,  as  some  call  it),  and  keep  going  until  he 
reached  the  Takish  house.  He  was  to  buy  up  their  sup- 
ply, if  they  had  any,  and  if  they  weie  out  he  was  to  ofifer 
them  plenty  of  money  to  get  out  and  hunt  for  moose, 
which  he  hoped  they  might  get  in  a  day  or  two  at  the 
latest.  We  watched  him  set  out,  hoping  he  would  be 
successful,  and  it  was  not  long  before  the  glaring,  white 
surface  of  the  lake  hid  him  from  view.  About  2  o'clock 
we  could  see  ahead  of  us  something  on  the  trail,  but  what 
it  was  could  not  be  distinguished  until  we  got  nearer,  when 
we  saw  it  was  Sam  with  two  men  and  a  dog  team. 

"WHien  we  got  together  he  told  us  that  he  had  met  the 
mail  carrier  from  Juneau,  who  in  turn  had  met  a  party 
farther  back,  who  had  told  him  that  in  case  he  ran  short 
of  grub  to  go  up  the  McClintock  river,  at  the  foot  of  Mud 


1          w 

t 

i    h 

''1 

f  !  i         ".! 

a 


tti*  1 


III  ''. 


V* 


330 


THE   CHICAGO   RECORD'S 


lake,  wluro  there  were  six  prospectors  who  had  'plenty  of 
everythiiij^.' 

"This  made  every  one  hajipy  except  the  dogs,  who 
could  not  understand,  so  we  all  went  into  camp  together 
and  got  some  news  from  the  jiostman  as  to  matters  on 
the  outside.  He  told  us  that  McKinley  had  been  elected; 
that  Sharkey  had  got  a  decision  over  I'itzsimmons  in 

their  fight,  and,  as  he  put  it,  'times  have  been  d d  hard 

all  winter.'  He  had  some  newspapers  which  he  let  us 
read,  but  bribes,  threats  or  persuasions  would  not  make 
him  open  his  sack  and  give  us  our  mail.  I  had  heard 
nothing  from  home  since  I  left;  whether  my  family  was 
dead  or  alive  I  knew  not,  and  yet  here  was  this  man  with 
letters  for  me  from  them  which  would  tell  me  all  about 
them,  and  yet  the  fellow  would  not  ojxmi  his  pouch.  Talk 
about  your  Tantalus  cui)sl  This  beat  it  to  death.  The 
next  morning,  with  three  of  the  best  dogs,  an  empty  sled 
and  one  Indian,  I  started  to  find  the  prospectors.  We 
found  the  tr  \il  leading  to  the  river,  and  went  along  it  at 
a  good  rate,  being  consumed  with  joy  at  having  heard 
of  them  and  fear  that  they  had  gone. 

"We  came  upon  their  cabin  after  awhile,  and  saw  smoke 
coming  out  of  their  chinmey,  and  so  with  a  shout  and  a 
whoo])  we  started  for  it  on  a  run.  They  came  tumbling 
out  to  welcome  us.  and  I  honestly  think  they  were  as  glad 
to  see  us  as  we  were  to  see  them.  When  they  heard  our 
story  every  one  went  to  work  getting  us  up  a  feast.  We 
had  beans  with  salt  sides,  chocolate,  boiled  rice  with  rais- 
ins, and  stewed  peaches.  These,  with  some  sour-dough 
bread,  was  a  meal  1  will  never  forget.  They  gave  us  a 
little  bacon,  some  flour  and  cormneal.  and  some  sugar 
and  salt,  and  this  was  all  they  could  spare,  but  I  nevei 
have  felt  so  grateful  for  inod  before  in  my  life.  Tlie\ 
were  to  leave  the  next  day,  so  we  had  come  pretty  near 


a 


JS- 


BOOK  FOR  GOLD-SEEKERS. 


sai 


missinpf  thcni.  When  \vc  j^ot  back  to  our  tent  nine  dogs 
were  made  happy  in  short  order  by  a  granil  big  feast.  In 
the  niglit  one  of  the  dogs,  wlio  was  still  hungry,  got  in 
and  liad  a  lovely  lunch  on  the  rest  of  our  bacon,  but  every 
one  had  had  one  good  feed  in  any  case. 

"The  next  day  we  pushed  across  Mud  lake  and  stopped 
at  the  Takish  house  for  lunch,  but  the  Indians  had  all 
gone,  and  we  would  have  been  pretty  hungry  had  we  re- 
lieil  upon  them  to  feed  us.  Lake  IkMinett  was  reached 
the  next  day.  and  on  the  following  morning  we  had  eaten 
our  last  meal.  Our  dogs  were  getting  weak  fast,  and  that 
day  we  had  to  push  them  hard  to  get  through,  for  ahead 
of  us  were  the  mountains  to  be  passed,  the  greatest  dan- 
ger of  all.  where  travelers  frequently  are  detained  from 
going  over  for  two  weeks  by  high  winds.  If  we  ran  into 
this  sort  oi  gale  it  was  a  case  of  either  starving  to  death 
waiting  for  a  cpiiet  day  or  else  taking  a  desperate  chance 
of  going  over  in  a  storm.  About  4  o'clock  we  reached 
the  canyon  which  led  to  the  foot  of  the  mountains. 

"The  snow  had  drifted  in  here,  and  in  some  i)laccs  was 
forty  feet  deep.  The  sun  had  come  out  g(Jod  and  strong 
that  day  and  made  the  snow  soft,  and  into  this  the  poor 
dogs  would  sink  to  their  bellies  at  every  step.  We  had  to 
do  most  of  the  i)ulling,  for  oiu"  snowshocs  kept  us  up, 
and  so  we  struggled  along,  tired,  hungry  and  discour- 
aged until  darkness  was  at  hand.  Then  we  went  into  our 
last  camp,  determine<l  to  go  over  next  day  or  bust. 
So  many  prospectors  had  come  into  the  Yukon  over  this 
route  in  the  spring  that  there  was  but  little  wood  left,  and 
that  sfreen.  but  we  managed  to  get  the  tent  up  and  start 
a  small  fire.  A  drink  of  nice  cold  watei  and  a  short  smoke 
made  our  supper,  and  soon  every  one  was  abed  to  forget 
his  misery  in  sleep.  The  wind  was  roaring  away  on  the 
top  of  the  mountains,  which  was  poor  solace  to  us,  our 


'  1'  I  ■   1 


it'- 

; 

i       t 


'  I 


■■':'1 


11 


1 1, 


1      ! 


i;     ■■' 


f'ii;  ■: 


m 


332 


THE  CHICAGO  RECORD'S 


only  hope  being  that  if  it  blew  to-night  it  would  be  quiet 
on  the  morrow. 

"At  the  first  streak  of  dawn  every  one  was  up,  and  all 
the  things  were  left  behind  in  the  tent  except  the  dis- 
patches and  mail,  one  big  fur  robe,  in  case  we  got  caught 
on  top  of  the  mountains  and  had  to  sleep  there,  the  axes 
and  the  teapot  to  get  water  in.  Our  other  sled  was  put 
in  the  tent,  and  nine  dogs  were  hitched  to  the  one  sled 
and  we  started.  It  seemed  quiet  on  top,  so  we  had  hopes 
of  getting  through,  but  the  soft  snow,  the  discouraged 
dogs  and  the  steep  ascents  ahead  of  us,  the  fear  that  the 
Indians  didn't  know  where  they  were,  kept  every  one 
pretty  quiet.  Occasionally  we  would  strike  an  ascent  or 
pitch  that  was  like  a  perpendicular  wall,  and  up  this  we 
had  to  boost  and  haul  the  sled,  the  dogs  being  absolutely 
useless.  About  noon  we  got  to  what  looked  like  a  level 
place,  and  the  snow  being  harder  here,  we  made  pretty 
good  headway.  Instead  of  being  level,  however,  this 
ground  was  a  series  of  ascents,  which,  because  of  the  un- 
broken whiteness  of  the  snow,  looked  flat.  When  the 
surface  was  broken  by  the  snowshoes,  however,  and  one 
looked  back,  it  was  with  surprise  that  he  saw  a  consider- 
able rise.  After  getting  over  these,  the  soft  snow  indi- 
cated that  this  spot  actually  was  level,  and  the  dogs  sink- 
ing in  again,  we  finally  had  to  cut  them  loose  and  pull 
the  sled  ourselves,  intending  to  get  this  as  far  as  the  top 
and  hoping  that  the  dogs  would  follow  along.  We  pulled 
right  ahead,  leaving  the  dogs  and  Sam  (who  foolishly  had 
neglected  getting  snowshoes)  behind. 

"About  1 :30  o'clock  we  came  to  the  last  pitch,  the 
steepest  of  them  all,  and  after  getting  the  sled  about  half- 
way up  we  had  to  unload,  and  by  tacking  or  going  at 
right  angles  to  our  intended  direction  we  were  able  at 
last  to  reach  the  top.    Away  down  below  were  the  dogs 


11 


fi 


BOOK   FOR   GOLD-SEEKERS. 


33a 


and  Sam  coming  slowly  and  laboriously  along.  The 
panorama  of  glittering  white  which  spread  out  before  us 
would  have  been  beautiful  indeed  at  any  other  time,  but 
with  twelve  miles  of  descent  still  ahead  of  us,  the  dogs 
two  miles  back,  and  the  wind  blowing  great  guns  on  top, 
nature  looked  anything  but  beautiful. 

"The  Indians  returned  to  where  the  dogs  were  and 
gave  Sam  my  snowshoes.  Then  after  awhile  they  all  got 
up  to  where  I  was.  The  Indians  said  they  found  Sam 
coming  along  all  right,  but  that  he  was  coming  on  his 
hands  and  knees,  as  he  was  pretty  well  played  out  walking 
in  snow  up  to  his  knees.  Having  hitched  the  dogs  to- 
gether again,  we  started  to  go  down.  The  wind  was 
pretty  strong  on  top,  but  after  getting  to  the  bottom  of 
the  first  pitch  it  was  terrible.  It  was  on  our  backs  now, 
but,  while  this  was  more  comfortable,  it  was  more  dan- 
gerous on  the  steeper  pitches,  as  one  was  liable  to  lose 
his  balance  and  slide  with  ever-increasing  rapidity  into  the 
rocks  which  lined  the  road.  After  getting  successfully 
down  one  pitch  and  ascending  another,  we  unhitched  the 
dogs  again,  and,  leaving  one  Indian  with  the  sled,  we 
managed  to  drive  the  dogs  down  to  the  bottom  of  this 
pitch.  The  Indian  then  came  down  with  his  sled,  steer- 
ing it  from  behind,  and  quickly  reached  us.  Here  the 
wind  and  driving  snow  were  worse  than  ever.  The  dogs 
would  not  go.  They  insisted  upon  wandering  to  the  side 
and  lying  down,  so  we  had  to  abandon  them  to  get  down 
ourselves,  as  it  was  getting  dark  fast. 

"Snowshoes  could  not  be  used,  as  one  could  not  get 
a  footing  firm  enough  to  remain  standing.  The  only 
way  to  break  through  the  crust  and  keep  from  sliding  was 
with  the  foot.  For  some  distance  one  would  sink  to  the 
knee  and  make  fair  progress.  Then,  without  warning, 
he  would  strike  a  hard  place  that  was  solid,  his  feet  would 


[j-r:  .1     ; 


'll 


I 


' 


ii  "i 


I'' 


IP 


f! 


^i 


i| 


\n 


«i 


^>>ihJ3 


c 


I 


BOOK    FOR    GOLD-SEEKERS. 


\iSb 


'A 

< 


fly  up,  afld  tlie  wind  would  carry  liini  almost  bodily  Irii 
feet  through  the  air.  ff  he  struck  soft  snow  he  was  lucky, 
hut  generally  it  was  the  hard,  hare  spots  one  landed  on. 
and  it  hurt.    When  in  this  position  the  wind  would  blow 


the 


Urils  and  face,  blinding  ami 


snow  nito  one  s  eyes, 
almost  strangling  him.  Up  again  and  forward,  gasping 
for  breath,  was  all  one  could  do,  but  toward  the  end  weak- 
ness and  anxiety  began  to  tell,  and  one  felt  many  times  in- 
clined to  stay  right  there.  A  turn  of  the  :anyon  showed 
us  a  trail,  and  great  was  our  joy  at  seeing  some  men 
stabling  some  horses,  for  we  knew  then  that  wc  were  at 
Sheep  Camp  and  our  troubles  over. 

"They  at  the  camp  congratulated  us  on  getting  over, 
and  showed  us  where  we  could  get  something  to  eat,  and 
may  be  we  didn't  get  over  there  quickly!  We  went  into 
a  cabin,  which  looked  to  us  much  as  the  land  of  Canaan 
must  have  looked  to  the  children  of  Israel,  and  I  am 
sure  that  Delmonico  cannot  put  before  me  a  meal  that 
would  taste  so  good  as  did  our  supper  that  night  of  bacon, 
potatoes,  onions,  and  flap-jacks  with  s>rup  for  dessert. 

"Our  bed  that  night  was  on  the  floor  of  this  man's  cabin 
and  it  was  indeed  comfort  to  lie  there  listening  to  the  wind 
howling  wildly  outside,  and  had  our  dogs  been  with  us 
there  would  have  been  nothing  to  be  desired.  Two  days 
after  the  dogs  were  rescued — that  is,  all  but  one,  and  he, 
poor  fellow,  had  been  frozen  to  the  ground  and  was  (|uite 
dead.  The  storm  we  met  coming  over  raged  "^r  wo  days, 
and  though  three  attempts  were  made  to  get  them,  the 
men  were  each  time  driven  back,  until  the  weather  mod- 
erated. When  they  got  to  Dyea  they  were  a  forlorn- 
looking  lot,  one  of  them  being  so  exhausted  that  he  had 
to  be  put  on  the  sled  and  dragged  in.  Before  1  left,  how- 
ever, they  were  fat  and  well  again,  and  in  a  few  days 


■1 


i 


*       J    3   9       I      ' 


.    0   )  «      ■» 


•    *      • 


!,'   '  } 


\ 

J 


B  sil 


THE   CHICAGO   RECORDS 

would  be  able  to  return,  such  is  the  recuperative  power 
of  the  Sivvash  do^. 

"Alaska  has  a  great  future  before  it.  Mining  will  be 
the  only  industry  there  of  any  conse{|uence,  and  while 
this  is  confined  entirely  to  placer  mining  at  present,  in 
time  quartz  mines  will  be  opened,  and  in  spite  of  the 
hard  climatic  conditions  there  will  be  many  people  there. 
One  has  to  go  into  Alaska  to  see  how  much  superior  to 
the  United  States  is  England  in  the  care  of  its  colonies  and 
its  people.  At  Fort  Cudahy,  on  the  Canadian  side,  there 
is  a  force  of  mounted  police,  who  loo.:  after  Canada's 
interests  and  are  there  to  represent  and  preserve  law  and 
order.  On  the  American  side  the  only  ofificer  our  govern- 
ment has  sent  in  is  a  customs  official. 

"The  companies  upon  whom  every  one  in  the  countrj 
must  depend  for  supplies  send  in  yearly  hundreds  Oi 
thousands  of  dollars'  worth  of  merchandise,  and  have  ab- 
solutely no  protection  at  all.  They  have  at  two  or  three  dif- 
ferent tinies  felt  their  helplessness,  and  the  people  have 
forced  them  into  doing  things  that  were  manifestly  unfair 
and  improper.  Should  a  few  lawless  men,  at  any  time, 
as  immigration  increased,  make  a  determined  rush  upon 
them  when  conditions  were  favorable,  there  would  be  no 
protection  for  the  companies  except  their  own  men.  Such 
things  never  have  occurred  yet,  but  every  one  knows 
there  is  nothing  to  prevent  it.  If  individuals  can  be  broad 
enough  and  'nervy'  enough  to  send  year  after  year  into 
this  country  goods  to  the  value  of  hundreds  of  thousands 
of  dollars,  it  would  seem  as  if  the  government  which 
owned  this  country  could  well  afford  to  have  a  represen- 
tative there  and  enough  force,  either  civil  or  military,  to 
insure  protection  for  every  one. 

"By  the  expenditure  of  a  Uttle  money  a  good  trail  could 
be  established  into  the  country,  and  by  joining  with  Can- 


■;     •  <        e 
<  '  •  •  f  » 


a    *  *  €  c 


,  t«  t 


BOOK    FOR    GOLD-SEEKERS.  f^ 

ada,  which  vvilhiigly  would  perform  its  sliare.  a  series  of 
relay  stations,  or  supply  stations,  could  be  built,  wliich 
would  insure  easy  and  reasonably  pron,pt  connnunica- 
lon  between  the  Yukon  and  the  outside.  It  is  to  be 
hoped  that  the  present  administration  will  do  sonicthintr 
for  this  country,  and  open  up  a  rej^ion  that  for  vears  will 
offer  golden  opportunities  to  the  poor  man  who  is  willing 


I 


1 1, 
'i' 


;     I' 


t     '     'I 


'11 


'-'t^ 

■--1: 


!lll 


*'•' 


338 


THE   CHICAGO   RECORDS 


CHAPTKIi   XXIV. 
THE  WORLD'S  GOLD  PRODUCT. 

LASKA'S  GOLD  product  and  its  efiect 
on  the  world  is  concisely  treated  by 
R.  E.  Preston,  director  of  the  mint  at 
Washing-ton,  in  an  interesting  com- 
numication  to  the  Xew  York  Herald. 
He  gives  the  estimated  gold  product 
of  1897  of  the  L'nited  States  with  the 
probable  output  from  other  fields.  His 
coninnmication  reads  as  follows: 

"That  gold  exists  in  large  quantities  in  the  newly  dis- 
covered Klondike  district  is  sufficiently  proved  by  the 
large  amount  recently  brought  out  by  the  steamship 
companies  and  miners  returning  to  the  United  States 
who  went  into  the  district  within  the  last  eighteen 
months  So  far,  $1,500,000  in  gold  from  the  Klondike 
district  has  been  deposited  at  the  mints  and  assay  offices 
of  the  United  States,  and  from  information  now  at  hand 
there  are  substatitial  reasons  for  believing  that  from 
$3,000,000  to  $4,000,000  additional  will  be  brought  out 
by  the  steamers  and  returning  miners,  sailing  from  St. 
Michael  the  last  of  September  or  early  October  next 
(1897).  One  of  the  steamship  companies  states  that  it 
expects  to  bring  out  about  Sj.ooo.ooo  on  its  stean.^r  sail- 
ing from  St.  Michael  September  30  (i8()7)  and  has  asked 
the  government  to  have  a  revenue  cuUer  act  as  a  con- 
voy through  the  Bering  sea.  In  view  of  the  facts  above 
stated  I  am  justified  in  est'niating  tiiat  thfc  Kloiulikc  dis- 


'!  i 


V. 

i  n 


ike 
cos 
and 
rom 
out 

St. 
icxt 
t  it 
ail- 
<ed 
on- 
love 

lis- 


BOOK    FOR    GOLD-SEEKEHS.  Wtt 

triot  will  auf^^nuMit  the  world's  gold  supply  in  1897  ncariv 

$().CXJO.OCJO. 

"The  gold  product  of  the  Dominion  of  Canada  for 
i8()6.  as  estimated  by  Dr.  G.  M.  Dawson,  director  of  the 
geological  survey  of  that  countr\.  was  $2,810,000.  Of 
this  sum  the  Yukon  placers,  within  liritish  territory, 
were  credited  with  a  production  of  $355,000.  The  total 
l)roduct  of  that  country  for  1897  has.  therefore,  been 
estimated  at  $10,000,000,  an  increase  over  1896  of  $7,200,- 
000.  From  this  the  richness  of  the  newly  discovered  gold 
field>  of  the  Klondike  is  evident. 

'Tn  this  connection  it  is  important  to  know  what  will 
be  the  probable  increase  in  the  several  countries  of  the 
world,  and  for  the  purpose  of  comj^arison,  based  upon 
information  received,  the  following  table  of  the  gold 
product  of  the  United  States,  Australia,  Africa,  Mexico, 
the  Dominion  of  Canada,  Russia  and  British  India  for 
i8()6,  and  the  estimated  product  of  these  countries  far 
1897,  is  here  giver;: 

1896.  1897-  Increase. 

I'nited   Stales.  .$  53,000,000    $  60,000,000  $  7,ocx3,ooo 

Australia  46,250,000  52.ooo,cx)o  5,750,000 

Africa    44,(X)0,ooo  56,000,000  i2,(xx),cx)o 

.iexico 7,cxDO,ooo  9,ooo,(XK)  2,(XX),(kk) 

I )oiu.  (:«f  Canada       2,8io,(xxi  lo.cxio.cxx)  7.2(K),(kk) 

Russia   22,cx30,ooo  35,ooo,ocx)  3,ooo,(xxj 

British   India  ..       5,825.000  7,000,000  i,i75,(xx) 

Totals  ....$180,885,000     ^^2i<),ooo.(xxD     S38,i25,(x)o 

"The  world's  gold  product  for  i8i)6  is  estimated  tn 
have  been  $205,000,000.  In  justification  of  the  above 
estimate  of  the  increase  in  the  countries  meiUioned  1 
may  remark  that  of  the  United  States  is  based  upon  the 
deposits  at  the  mints  aiul  assav  offices  for  the  first  six 
moi  ths  of  the  year,  which  clearl}   indicate  a  largely  iu- 


hn 


if' I 


340 


THE   CHICAGO   RECORD'S 


creased  production,  and  that  the  increase  for  the  year 
will  aggregate  $7,000,000.  The  gold  product  of  Africa 
for  1896  is  estimated  to  have  been  $44,000,000.  For  the 
first  six  months  of  1897  the  output  of  the  Witwatersrandt 
mines,  as  shown  by  oflficial  returns,  was  1,338,431  ounces, 
an  increase  of  333.928  ounces,  as  compared  with  the  first 
six  months  of  1896.  There  is  no  doubt  that  the  rate  of 
production  in  the  Witwatersrandt  mines  will  be  main- 
tained for  the  remainder  of  the  year,  and  their  output 
of  gold  for  1897  will  be  fully  $12,000,000  greater  than  that 
of  1896. 

"The  deposits  of  gold  at  the  Australian  mints  for  the 
first  five  months  of  the  year  clearly  indicate  a  substantial 
gain  in  1897  over  1896.  Upon  the  basis  of  the  deposits 
for  the  first  five  months  at  the  mints  the  Australian  Insur- 
ance and  Ranking  Record  for  the  month  of  June  esti- 
mates that  the  gold  product  for  1897  of  the  several  colo- 
nies will  aggregate  2,700,000  ounces,  of  the  value  of  $52,- 
550,000.  This  would  be  an  increase  of  $5,750,000  over 
the  product  of  1896. 

"The  gold  product  of  Mexico  for  1896  is  estimated  to 
have  been  $7,000,000.  The  information  received  indi- 
cates that  the  product  for  1897  will  approximate  $9,000,- 
000,  an  increase  of  $2,000,000. 

"The  Russian  product  for  1896  was  $22,000,000;  for 
1897  't  is  estimated  at  $25,000,000,  an  increase  of  $3,000,- 
000. 

"The  gold  product  of  British  India  for  1896,  from  offi- 
cial information  received,  is  estimated  at  $5,825,000.  The 
returns  of  the  mines  for  the  first  six  months  of  1897 
indicate  an  increased  production  over  1896  of  $1,200,000. 

"l-'rom  the  data  above  given  it  is  safe  to  estimate  that 
the  seven  countries  above  named  will  show  an  increase 
in  their  gold  output  for  1897  over  1896  of  $38,700,000, 


I 


BOOK   FOR   GOLD-SEEKERS. 


341 


for 


offi- 
Thc 
J1897 
1,000. 
that 
rcase 
[000, 


and  that  the  world's  product  for  1897  can  therefore  be 
estimated  at  not  less  than  $240,000,000.  There  is  no 
doubt  that  the  world's  product  of  gold  will  contijiue  to 
increase  for  a  number  of  years  to  come,  as  new  mines 
will  be  opened  U])  in  all  parts  of  the  world,  and,  with 
improved  appliances  for  mining  and  methods  of  extract- 
ing the  gold  contained  in  the  ores,  I  believe  that  by  the 
close  of  the  present  century  the  world's  gold  product 
will  closely  approximate,  if  not  exceed,  $300,000,000. 

"I  have  spoken  above  of  the  addition  likely  to  be  made 
in  1897  to  the  world's  stock  of  gold  by  the  Klondike  dis- 
trict, by  the  Transvaal,  by  the  United  States,  Australia, 
Russia,  Mexico,  India,  etc.  Of  all  these  gold-producing 
countries,  of  course,  the  Klondike  is  at  present  the  one 
of  most  obsorbing  interest.  It  strikes  the  imagination 
to-day  as  California  did  the  mind-  of  the  '4oers.  It  will 
add  in  1897  possibly  $6,000,000  lu  the  gold  treasure  of 
the  world. 

"Xow  as  to  the  influence  of  ^  -h  addition  to  the  world's 
gold.  The  influence  it  will  exert  di-nndN  mainly  on 
how  many  years  the  Klondike  distru  i  shall  continnc  a 
producer  and  how  large  its  annual  increment  to  the 
world's  existing  stock  of  gold  shall  be.  There  is  every 
reason  to  believe  that  Alaska  and  the  adjacent  I'.ritish 
territory  are  possibly  as  rich  in  gold  as  was  (  ilifornia 
or  Australi.t  when  first  discovered.  I  have  estimated  that 
the  Klon'jke  district  will  in  i8()7  produce  $6,o(x').o.  >o 
worth  of  gold.  It  will  add  to  this  product  from  \  ■  to 
year  probably  for  a  mininuim  of  one  or  two  (Kcades. 
And  whether  the  gold  conies  from  American  or  P)ritish 
territory  is  a  matter  of  indifference,  except  to  the  own- 
ers, and,  to  some  extent,  to  the  countries  prodttcing  it. 
The  effect  of  the  increase  on  the  economic  condition  of 
mankind,  on  the  rate  of  discount,  the  rate  of  interest,  the 


i      t 


IM 


342 


THE   CHICAGO   RECORD'S 


rate  of  wasj^es.  on  prices  and  on  monetary  policies,  of  a 
newly  discovered  f^old  field  of  wonderful  richness  is  the 
same,  wiiether  the  field  be  located  in  American,  British 
i»r   Chinese   territory. 

"Xow,  the  first  infiuence  that  the  new  addition  to  the 
world's  existing  stock  of  gjold  will  have  will  lie  felt  hy 
silver.  In  fact,  it  has  already  been  felt  by  it.  Gold  is  the 
natural  competitor — we  might  almost  say  antagonist — 
of  silver  as  a  monetary  medium,  and  every  ounce  of 
gold  newly  placed  on  the  market  deprives  from  17 J  to 
35  ounces  of  silver  of  a  possible  employment  as  money 
tliat  it  might  have.  I  say  this  becau''c  gold,  weight  for 
weight,  is  now  worth  thirty-six  and  six-tenths  times  as 
much  silver,  and  because,  at  most,  half  of  the  gold  dis- 
covered finds  industrial  employment. 

"The  new  additions  to  the  world's  stock  of  gold, 
whether  they  come  from  the  Klondike,  Cri]-)i)le  Creek  or 
the  Transvaal,  from  India,  Australia  or  Russia,  will  ren- 
der bimetallism  by  the  L'nited  States  alone  more  difiicult 
and  more  improbable  than  ever,  and  will  even  seriously 
imju'ril  the  slender  chances  that  international  bimetallism 
now  has. 

"Ilimetallists  have  long  l)een  asking  the  (juestion 
where  the  gold  is  to  be  found  that  is  to  take  the  place  of 
the  silver  demonetized.  The  discoveries  at  Cripple 
(  reek,  in  the  Transvaal  and  on  the  Klondike  are  a  suffi- 
cient answer  to  this  question.  The  mines  of  the  world 
have  been  turning  out  gold  of  late  years  in  greater  pro- 
fusion than  ever  before.  The  year  i8<)3  marks  an  epoch 
in  this  respect.  In  the  report  of  the  director  gf  the  mint 
upon  the  production  of  the  precious  metals  in  the  United 
Slates  during  the  calendar  year  1893  I  called  attention 
to  the  fact  that  the  world's  output  of  gold  in  that  year 
was  tlie  largest  in  hist^iry,  amounting  to  $155,522,000, 


■1 


BOOK    FOR   GOLD-SEEKERS. 


343 


ii't  I 
111 


and  that  it  was  16.08  per  cent  greater  than  the  annual 
average  of  tlie  period  of  the  greatest  productiveness  of 
the  Cahfornian  and  Austrahan  gold  mines. 

"And  in  the  report  of  the  same  series  of  the  calendar 
year  1894  1  remarked  that  the  value  of  the  world's  pro- 
duction of  gold  in  that  year  not  only  equaled  the  average 
value  of  both  gold  and  silver  in  the  period  1861-1865, 
but  exceeded  it  by  $11,204,600,  and  that  the  probability 
expressed  by  me  in  1893  that  the  value  of  the  world's  out- 
put of  gold  in  1895  and  1896  would  e(|ual  that  of  both 
metals  in  the  }'ears  inmiediately  preceding  the  beginning 
of  the  depreciation  of  silver  had  been  changed  into  a 
certainty  by  the  events  of  i8()4,  since  the  average  annual 
yield  of  gold  and  silver  of  all  countries  in  llu"  i)eri()d 
1866-1873  exceeded  that  of  gold  alone  in  181)4  by  less 
than  $11,000,000.  If  the  production  of  gold  in  i8<)7 
reaches  that  figure,  which  T  confidently  believe  it  will, 
of  ,$240,000,000,  it  will  exceed  the  average  yearly  value  of 
both  the  gold  and  silver  product  of  the  world  for  the 
period  of  eight  years — 1866  to  1873 — wliich  just  pro- 
ceded  the  beginning  of  the  depreciation  of  silver — viz., 
$190.831,000 — by  over  $50,000,000. 

"Leaving  out  of  consideration,  therefore,  the  indus- 
trial employment  of  the  two  metals,  the  world  now  an- 
nually produces  in  gold  ah  e  some  .$50.ooo.o(X)  more  for 
monetar'-  uses  than  it  did  in  both  gold  and  silver  during 
the  eight  years  (on  an  average)  that  preceded  the  begin- 
ning of  the  dei)reciation  of  the  latter  metal. 

"On  the  supposition  that  silver  has  entirely  ceased  to 
be  coined,  the  world  is  richer  in  18(^7  in  material  for  the 
coinage  of  full  legal  tender  or  standard  mf)ney  than  it 
was  at  anv  former  period  of  the  world's  histor\.  and  the 
indications  are  that  it  will  grow  richer  in  this  respect 
in  everv  succeeding  vear  for  decades  to  come. 

21 


1 1 
1 


!i     i 


i"  1 


u 

■4 

|: 

i 

'.  i 

T 

iiy 

1'  " 

■■ 

!■■    ] 


344 


THE   CHICAGO   RECORD'S 


11  I  ; 

''  '  \ 

''■■'\ 

■I 

Ii 


"Hence  my  belief  tliat  tlie  first  effect  of  the  new  addi- 
tions of  f^old  to  tlic  stock  already  in  existence  will  be 
an  iffect  detrimental  to  bimetallism,  whether  national 
or  international.  There  are  some,  T  know,  who  think 
that  the  increased  production  of  cjold  will  have  the  con- 
trary effect,  and  that  it  will  lead  to  the  remonetization 
of  silver.  They  base  their  argument  on  this,  that  the 
increased  production  of  p^old  will  be  followed  by  a  depre- 
ciation of  its  value.  This  might  be  if  the  new  demand 
for  gold  did  not  increase  more  rapidly  than  the  supply. 
I'.ut  the  former  is  likely  to  exceed  the  latter. 

"'Jhere  is,  in  fact,  at  the  present  time,  no  limit  to  the 
demand  for  gold.  The  tendency  of  nations  is  toward 
the  single  gold  standard.  Apart  from  the  United  State?, 
there  is  not,  I  believe,  a  country  on  the  face  of  the  earth 
that  would  not  adopt  gold  monometallism  if  it  had  the 
ability  to  do  so,  with  silver  as  a  subsidiary  or  token  coin- 
age. There  is  not  a  country  in  luirope  with  any  full 
legal  tender  silver  coins  but  would  replace  them  by  gold 
coins  if  it  could  do  so  without  too  great  a  sacrifice.  (Ger- 
many would  gladly  put  $100,000,000  in  circulation,  in- 
stead of  its  silver  thalers.  I'Vancc  and  all  the  countries  of 
the  Latin  I'nion  would  replace  their  full  legal  tender 
5-franc  i)ieces  by  gold  could  they  easily  get  it.  Russia's 
demand  for  gold  is  unbounded.  Austria-Hungary  can- 
not get  enough,  and  so  01*  every  other  coimtry  in  Europe. 
Japan  wants  gold  now  that  it  has  adopted  the  gold  stand- 
ard. I'"ven  China  shows  an  inclinatioti  to  follow  the  ex- 
ample of  its  concpieror,  l)ut  that,  of  course,  is  out  of  the 
c|uestion.  .All  St)uth  America  is  crying  for  gold.  Chili 
wants  it,  Colombia  wants  it,  Peru  wants  it.  Venezuela 
has  some,  but  wants  more.  Central  America  wants  it. 
Even  Mexico,  the  last  stronghold  of  silver,  is  feeling  the 


h 


BOOK    FOR    GOLD-SEEKERS. 


345 


i     ■] 


Ihc 

ili 

:1a 

it. 

the 


burdensomencss  of  its  present  system  in  the  height  of 
its  rate  of  exchangee. 


'More  than  this.     The  nations  of  Europe  want  go 


1<1. 


not 


but 


at( 


il,  for  thev  li 


Illy  ns  currenc 

come  to  understand  that  gohl — gohl,  not  all  kinds  of 
money — is  the  sinew  of  war.  Germany  has  a  gold  fund 
locked  Uf)  in  a  fortress,  and  the  accumulations  of  that 
metal  made  by  other  governments,  ostensibls  for  differ- 
ent purposes,  arc  really  oidy  so  much  war  material,  w  hich 
the  nations  of  Eurojjc  can  no  more  dispense  with  than 
they  can  with  a  standing  army  or  a  navy.  And  where 
no  such  fund  can  be  actually  pointed  to,  as  in  England, 
there  is  felt  the  confidence  that  it  can  be  had  at  any  time 
on  the  credit  of  the  nation.  Then  it  must  be  remembered 
that  all  great  loans  arc  now  made  and  must  be  made  in 
gold.  Only  home  loans  are  made  in  any  other  medium. 
This  disposes  of  the  contention  that  there  is  likely  to 
be  any  depreciation  in  the  value  of  gold  consetjuent  (ju 
the  increased  supply. 

"Will  the  new  additions  to  the  gold  stOL>;  of  the  world 
have  any  effect  on  prices?  .Should  the  increase  of  the 
world's  production  due  to  the  yield  of  gold  in  the  Klon- 
dike district,  as  well  as  in  the  Transvaal,  be  any  way 
near  as  large  as  that  due  to  the  mines  of  California  and 
Australia  in  the  years  inuiiediately  succeeding  the  dis- 
covery of  the  metal  in  those  countries,  it  pr(t])al)l\-  will, 
in  time,  especially  if  the  new  additions  bear  the  same 
proportion  to  the  already  existing  stock  of  gold  in  the 
world  as  did  those  of  California  and  Australia.  I'ut  any 
increase  of  prices  that  may  thereby  be  caused  will  l)e  grad- 
ual and  may  not  be  noticed  for  some  years  to  come.  It 
cannot  be  noticed  until  gold  begins  to  depreciate  in 
value,  and  of  that  there  is  no  ])resent  ])rosp"ct. 

"Shortly  after  the  discovery  of  gold  in  California  and 


ii:  1 


346 


THE   CHICAGO   RECORDS 


m- 


Australia  there  was  a  very  marked  rise  in  the  general 
level  of  prices,  which  writers  on  the  subject  have  gener- 
ally attributed  to  the  decline  of  the  value  of  gold  at  that 
time.  French  publicists  were  the  first  to  call  attention 
to  this  phenomenon.  This  was  in  1851,  1852,  and  1853. 
Chevalier  wrote  about  it  in  1857.  In  1858  another  emi- 
nent I'rench  writer  published  a  book,  entitled  'The  Ques- 
tion of  Gold.'  in  which  he  showed  the  greatness  of  the 
rise  and  the  consequences,  favorable  or  otherwise,  which 
it  might  have  for  individuals  or  for  states.  The  following 
year  Chevalier  took  up  the  subject  anew  and  endeavored 
to  forecast  the  commercial  and  social  effects  which  the 
decline  of  gyld  might  have  in  the  future.  In  England 
several  statisticians  noticed  the  same  depreciation  about 
the  same  time.  Xewmarch  and  Macculloch  doubted  it. 
But  in  1863  Stanley  Jevons  demonstrated  it  in  his  essay, 
'A  Serious  Fall  in  the  ^■alue  of  Gold  Ascertained  and  Its 
Social  Effects  Set  I'^orth.'  Ten  years  later  De  Foville, 
after  a  long  and  laborious  investigation,  came  also  to  the 
conclusion  that  there  had  been  a  decrease  in  the  pur- 
chasing power  of  money. 

"While  the  value  of  gold  was  thus  declining  there  was 
a  sudden  and  extraordinary  increase  in  the  supply  of  the 
metal.  From  1831  to  1840  the  annual  production  had 
not  exceeded,  on  an  average.  20,289  kilograms,  or  $13,- 
484.000.  I'>om  1841  to  1850,  after  the  rich  auriferous 
deposits  of  the  Ural,  and  especially  of  Siberia,  had  begun 
to  be  worked,  the  average  annual  product  rose  to  54.759 
kilograms,  or  $36,393,000.  The  annual  average  was 
abruptly  raised  by  the  discovery  of  the  gold  diggings  of 
California  and  Australia  to  199,388  kilograms,  or  $132,- 
51^,000,  from  185 1  to  185s,  and  to  an  annual  average 
of  101,750  kilograms,  or  $134,083,000,  from  1856  to 
i860.     The  production   subsequently  averaged    185,057 


BOOK    FOR    (JOLD-SEEKERS. 


847 


trous 

•759 
was 

of 

I132,- 

jrage 

|6  to 
,057 


kilograms,  or  $122,980,000,  from  1861  to  1865.  and  195,- 
026  kilograms,  or  $129.6 14,000,  from  iSf/)  to  1870.  I'rom 
1493,  that  is  from  the  discovery  of  America,  until  1850, 
that  is  in  357  years,  the  ([uantity  produced  was  4,752,070 
kilograms,  or  $3,158,223,000.  l-'rom  1851  to  1870,  in  20 
years,  the  quantity  of  gold  produced  was  3,905,205  kilo- 
grams, or  $2,595,996,000.  This  newly  extracted  gold, 
therefore,  represented  more  than  82  per  cent  of  the  i)ro- 
duction  anterior  to  1850,  and  more  than  45  per  cent  of  the 
total  i)roduction  after  1493. 

"It  is  easy  to  see  that  such  a  revolution  in  the  condi- 
tions of  production  caused  a  decline  of  gold  which  be- 
came manifest  in  a  rise  of  prices. 

"The  rise  of  prices  was  general  at  first.  In  1858,  ac- 
cording to  Levasseur,  the  price  of  wheat,  compared  with 
the  price  in  1848,  had  doubled;  the  price  of  natural  i)rod- 
ucts,  compared  with  the  price  in  1847,  had  increased  67.19 
per  cent;  the  price  of  manufactured  articles  compared 
with  that  of  1847  had  risen  14.94  pcr  cent;  the  average 
prices  of  all  commodities  had  increased  41.61  per  cent. 
The  learned  writer  took  care  to  remark  that  the  rise  of 
prices  was  not  due  exclusively  to  the  decline  of  gold.  He 
admitted,  in  the  first  place,  that  war  and  famine  had 
caused  a  rise  of  about  20  per  cent  in  the  prices  of  natural 
as  distinguished  from  manufactured  products,  and  of  2 
per  cent  in  manufactured  products,  and  that,  besides, 
speculation  in  1856  had  swollen  all  j^rices  to  the  extent  of 
5  per  cent.  Leaving  out  of  consider?.tlon  tliesc  transi- 
tory causes,  natural  products  had  increased,  in  1858,  by 
42.19  per  cent,  manufactured  products  by  7.94  per  cent, 
all  connnodities  considered  as  a  whole  by  an  average  of 
25  per  cent.  From  this  rise  of  25  per  cent  it  was  neces- 
sary to  deduct  5  per  cent  in  order  to  take  into  account 
the  effect  of  the  developments  of  industry  and  of  the  in- 


{M 


i'f  i 


ill 


348 


THK   CHK'AOO    RECORDS 


crease  of  the  nunil)er  of  consumers.  As  a  final  result  he 
found  that  the  i^rcatcr  abundance  of  p^old  had  caused  a 
rise  of  20  per  cent  in  i)rices.  A  decline  in  the  value  oi 
money  thus  amounted  to  16.67  ])er  cent. 

"In  1863  Stanley  jevons  reached  a  conclusion  almost 
the  same.  He  believed  that  the  decline  of  j.jold  could  not 
be  kss  than  15  per  cent,  and  that  it  niip^ht  be  more.  In 
1S63,  or  thereabouts,  the  conseciuences  of  the  decline  be- 
gan to  be  less  apparent  than  in  1858.  The  general  rise 
of  prices  was  succeeded  bv  movements  of  a  very  different 
kind.  Several  causes  which  Mr.  Lcvasseur  had  already 
drawn  attention  to  began  either  to  counteract  or  to 
strengthen  the  effects  of  the  i)lentifulness  of  the  standard 
metal,  so  that  in  the  case  of  certain  commodities  there 
came  a  decline  instead  of  a  rise,  while  in  others  the  de- 
cline became  greater  still. 

"In  1873,  when  Mr.  De  I'oville  published  the  results 
of  his  investigations  concerning  prices,  the  movement, 
which  in  1850  was  faintly  outlined,  became  very  marked 
and  well  dcfmed.  That  writer  showed  that  the  prices  of 
1873  presented,  as  compared  with  those  of  half  a  century 
before,  a  rise  of  90  per  cent  for  foods  of  animal  origin, 
of  30  per  cent  for  vegetable  foods,  and  45  jier  cent  for 
domestic  licpiors.  He  showed,  on  the  other  hand,  a  de- 
cline of  prices  of  35  per  cent  for  mineral  products,  of  50 
per  cent  for  textiles  and  45  per  cent  for  chemical  products, 
glassware  and  pajx-r. 

"Uv  a  combination  of  rises  and  declines  of  prices,  ac- 
cording to  the  method  which  he  called  that  of  l)udget 
averages,  Mr.  De  I'oville  came  to  the  conclusion  that 
there  had  been  an  increase  of  33  per  cent  in  the  prices  of 
connnodities,  corresponding  to  a  decrease  of  25  per  cent 
in  the  purchasing  power  of  money  from  the  period  1820- 
25  to  1870-75. 


ot 


In 


ise 
.'lit 


to 


.TO 


nit, 


KCCl 


ot 


;in. 
for 


cU 


SO 


ac- 

[Isot 

that 


:?s  ot 


S20- 


I  II       '  p  I  ' 


1 1 


Wfli^H 


I 


BOOK    FOR    GOLU-SKEKtIUS. 


:{:ii 


lit 


"It  will  hp  roniatked  that  in  this  pi.'rio(l  of  fifty  years 
the  (|uaiitity  of  jj^old  produced  a'tnost  trchled  as  compared 
with  the  ,^,^J  years  hetween  \4^)Ji,  and  iSj^,  The  ([uaiiti- 
lies  produced  amounted  in  1SJ5  to  ^^.t^-'O.^io  kiloj^aanis, 
(jr  $2/k)(),558,(XX),  and  in  1875  to  <).5_\^/)(/)  lsili><;rani>,  or 
$6,329,448,000.  Vet  the  decline  of  j^uld  was  only  25  per 
cent,  it  nuist  be  remarked,  however,  that  this  deprecia- 
tion of  25  per  cent  was  due  to  a  combination  of  causes  of 
various  kinds,  and  was  not  due  entirely  to  the  abundance 
of  gold.  Between  1825  and  1875  an  economic  revolution 
was  accomplished  in  the  world  greater  than  most  politi- 
cal revolutions.  To  describe  the  revolution  just  referred 
to  would  bo  to  write  the  industrial,  commercial,  financial 
and  monetary  history  of  those  fifty  years. 

"Judging  from  the  effect  of  the  gold  discoveries  in 
California  and  Australia  in  gradually  raising  general 
l)rices  from  1850  to  1873  or  thereabouts,  it  would  be  only 
natural  to  conclude  that  the  effect  of  the  now  rapidly  in- 
creasing conditions  made  annually  to  the  world's  prcjduct 
in  the  Transvaal,  Australia,  the  Uniteil  States,  Russia 
and  in  the  Klondike  district  would  have  a  similar  effect, 
provided  they  bore  something  like  the  same  proportion 
to  the  already  existing  stock  of  gold  as  did  those  of  Cali- 
fornia and  Australia  to  the  stock  alreatly  on  hand  in  1850. 
Since  1871  the  production  of  gold  has  been  about  5,200,- 
000  kilograms,  or  $3,455,920,000,  or  will  be  by  the  end  of 
the  present  year.  Since  1886  alone  the  product  has  been 
about  2,718,000  kilograms,  or  $1,806,383,000.  The  gold 
product  from  1886  to  1897  has  been  nearly  25  per  cent  of 
the  total  output  of  the  gold  mines  of  the  world  fn^m  14<j3 
to  1885,  and  the  total  product  of  gold  from  1871  to  i8()7 
has  been  approximately  60  per  cent  of  the  world's  product 
of  that  metal  from  the  discovery  of  .\merica  to  1870. 

"Such  an  enormous   production  of  gold   since    1870 


f? 


TTTE    (M  lie  AGO    RECORDS 


'".I 


would  Ir.'ul  OIK'  lo  l)cli(.'vc  that  there  would  ?ieccssari!y  he 
caused  thereby  a  i^reat  rise  of  prices.  Wut  as  a  matter 
of  fact  the  contrary  has.  on  the  whole,  been  the  case.  A 
.Cfcneral  decline  of  ])rices  hef^an  in  1S73.  and  notwithstand- 
ing the  vast  increase  in  the  world's  stock  of  gold  just  re- 
ferred to,  the  decline  still  continues  Economists  and 
statisticians  of  great  merii  l>elieve  that  this  general  de- 
cline is  due  to  what  they  v-all  the  ai)preciation  of  gold, 
although  how  there  can  be  an  appreciation  of  gold  when 
the  world's  output  of  the  metal  since  187T  has  been  about 
60  JXM-  cent  of  its  total  product  from  I4()3  to  1S70  they  do 
not  explain. 

"This  vast  increase  in  the  gold  stock  of  the  world  has 
found  expression  in  the  l(M\ness  of  the  rate  oi  discount, 
in  the  facility  with  which  municipalities  and  states  efifect 
lo-Mis  of  great  magnitude  at  a  rate  of  interest  lower  than 
ever  before  in  the  history  of  the  world,  and  in  the  vast 
accumulation  of  gold  and  silver  bullion  in  the  great  banks 
of  the  world.  The  fact  that  prices  have  not  risen  as  a  con- 
setpience  of  the  increase  is  undoubted  evidence  that  the 
causes  of  thei"^  (i«.(.line  have  their  source  elsewhere  than 
in  the  scarcity  of  gt)ld  or  ,)f  money  in  general.  For,  as 
remarked  above,  there  is  now  more  gold  available  for 
monetary  purposes  than  there  was  gold  and  silver  befo:e 
the  decline  of  ])rices  began.  Xot  only  this,  but  the  substi- 
tutes for  money  with  wliicli  (  vciy  business  man  is  familiar 
have  vastly  increased  since  1873.  With  tlie  development 
of  c'.edit  that  now  obtains  in  the  work'  the  quantity  of 
the  Viiedia  of  circulation  can  have  no  controlling  influence 
on  the  jirices  of  conniiodities. 

"T  know  it  is  almost  a  despairing  view  to  cake  that, 
notwithstanding  the  vast  additions  yearlv  making  to  the 
gold  stock  of  the  worid.  there  is  no  immediate  prospjct 
of  a  general  rise  of  prices  from  that  cause ;  and  yet,  con- 


w 


Wf 


BOOK    FOR    GOLD-SEEKERS. 


353 


•t 


sidcr-'t-j^  the  simple  fact  that  the  adchtioti  to  the  world's 
gold  stock  since  1871  has  been  nearly  60  per  cent  of  the 
world's  output  of  this  metal  from  the  discovery  of  Amer- 
ica up  to  1870,  and  that  the  product  since  1886  up  to  the 
end  of  1897  (an  estimate  of  $240,000,000  being  made  for 
that  year)  was  nearly  25  per  cent  of  the  total  product 
from  1493  to  1885,  I  can  reach  no  other  conclusion.  The 
great  additiDU  to  the  world's  stock  of  gold  since  1873  is 
a  demonstrated  fact,  but  so  also  is  the  continued  decline 
of  prices. 

"The  advocates  of  silver  maintain  that  '.he  decline  is 
due  to  the  demonetization  of  that  metal  and  the  conse- 
quent scarcity  of  money.  Yet  mor  .-y  was  never  more 
plentiful,  rates  of  discount  and  interest  never  Iow.t,  ac- 
cumulations in  the  banks  never  greater. 

"These  facts  conclusively  refute  their  contention. 

"May  not  the  true  cause  be  found  in  the  stability  of 
the  value  of  gold — the  most  desirable  ([uality  in  a  money 
metal — and  in  the  improvement  in  technical  processes 
and  the  cheapening  of  transportation — an  improvement 
and  a  cheapening  still  going  on — as  well  as  in  the  almost 
universal  substitution  of  machine  U)r  human  labor?" 

It  is  reported  from  London  that  Russian  expeditions 
have  discovered  gold  fields  in  the  vicinity  of  the  sea  of 
Okhotsk  and  tliat  the  government  is  ab.  ut  to  send  to 
the  peninsula  of  Kamchatka  to  develoi)  the  supposed  gold 
region  there.  This  rep(^rt  caused  great  interest  in  the 
country,  esf/ccially  among  those  who  are  following  closely 
the  enormous  gold  tlevelo])ments  of  the  world  which  have 
recently  occurred.  An  examination  of  the  map  of  North 
America  will  show  at  a  glance  that  the  great  gold  field 
of  Alaska,  which  is  now  being  developed,  is  a  part  of  the 
same  general  line  of  mountains  which  supplied  the  enor- 
mous gold  production  of  California;    indeed,  the  same 


ii. 


354 


THE   CHICAGO   RECORD'S 


general  line  which  produced  the  gold  of  Peru,  of  Cen- 
tral America,  of  the  United  States  and  now  of  Alaska 
and  the  Klondike.  This  mountain  range  seems  to  cross 
from  the  North  American  continent  to  Asia  at  the  liering 
straits,  and  the  extension  of  this  general  range  across 
into  Asia  covers  the  very  country  into  which  the  Russian 
government  is  pressing  gold  developments  and  the  gen- 
eral search  for  gold.  The  report  announces  that  a  Rus- 
sian expedition  has  discovered  12  gold  regions  in  the 
vicinity  of  the  sea  of  Okhotsk,  and  it  believes  that  the 
western  peninsula  of  Kamchatka  will  develop  gold  fields 
which  will,  as  the  dispatch  puts  it,  "be  a  second  Califor- 
nia." 

.Marcus  I'aker,  of  the  United  States  geological  survey, 
conmienting  on  the  news  from  London,  said: 

"Whether  the  prediction  of  the  Russians  that  they  are 
to  develop  gold  fields  iti  Kamchatka  which  will  rival  the 
early  history  of  our  California  gold  fields  is  to  be  realized 
or  not,  certainly  there  can  be  no  doubt  that  the  gold  of 
the  world  has  enormously  increased  ami  is  now  increasing 
wonderfully.  There  are  two  distinct  gold  fields  to-day 
v.hic!i  are  producing  gold  in  very  great  quantities.  South 
Africa  and  North  /\merica.  The  Alaska  fields  are,  of 
course,  a  part  of  the  same  general  line  of  mountains 
which  developed  such  wonderful  gold  deposits  in  our  own 
territory  less  than  half  a  century  ago,  and  whether  the 
mountains  of  Kamchatka  and  Siberia  are  a  part  of  the 
same  general  system  or  not,  it  would  not  be  surprising  if 
these  reports  of  large  gold  deposits  there  should  also  be 
confirmed.  The  fact  is,  there  is  a  greater  incentive  to 
the  production  of  gold  to-day  than  ever  before. 

"There  are  two  or  three  reasons  for  this.  First, 
silver  is  so  cheap  that  there  is  less  incentive  for  its  produc- 
tion, and  the  people  who  had  formerly  given  their  atten- 


BOOK    FOR    GOLD-SEEKERS. 


355 


of 


be 
to 


tion  to  the  mining  of  silver  are  now  looking  for  new  gold 
fields;  second,  gold  mining  and  gold  production  becomes 
easier  every  year,  as  new  methods  develop  and  new  dis- 
coveries are  made.  Take  the  great  gold  fields  of  Cali- 
fornia, which  were  supposed  to  be  worked  out  years  ago; 
the  cyanide  process  now  gives  promise  of  making  them 
again  productive,  and  it  is  (|uito  probable  that  it  will  be 
profitable  to  work  over  all  the  rejected  material  which 
was  thrown  away  by  the  men  who  covered  that  great 
gold  field  and  to  produce  from  it  great  quantities  of  gold. 
This  is  not  unlikely  to  be  the  case  further  south,  in  Mex- 
ico, Central  America  and  Peru  where  such  (juantities  of 
gold  were  mined  many  years  ago.  Add  to  this  the  gold 
developments  of  South  Africa,  Australia,  Xorth  America 
and  prospective  Siberia,  and  it  is  not  surprising  that  the 
gold  production  of  the  world  is  more  than  keeping  pace 
with  the  growth  of  business.  As  everybody  knows,  the 
gold  production  of  the  world  has  steadily  increased  dur- 
ing the  past  few  years,  that  of  last  year  having  l)een 
greater  than  any  in  the  known  history  of  the  world,  while 
all  indications  now  point  to  a  still  greater  increased  pro- 
duction for  1897." 

Mr.  Bakers  remarks  that  the  gold  production  of  the 
world  has  increased  with  such  rapidity  suggests  some 
incjuiry  upon  this  subject.  The  inciuiry  shows  that  the 
gold  of  the  world  to-day  is  nearly  or  quite  three  times  as 
much  as  it  was  50  years  ago.  Mulhall,  who  has  been 
widely  quoted  in  the  papers  of  the  United  States  in  the 
past  few  weeks,  indicates  in  his  latest  dictionary  of  statis- 
tics that  the  amount  of  gold  in  the  world,  coined  and  un- 
coined, 50  years  ago,  amounted  to  less  than  $2,500,0003,- 
000.  Taking  his  figures  for  1890  and  adding  the  produc- 
tion since  that  time,  it  would  appear  that  the  g(jld  of  the 
world  to-day,  coined  and  uncoined,  is  over  $7,000,000,- 


V-. 


W- 


M 


iili! 


N  t'     i 


.'{f.G 


THE   CHIC  AGO    RECORD'S 


ooo.  heinjTf  nearly  or  f|uite  three  times  as  nuicli  as  it  was 
50  years  aj^o.  Had  there  been  no  increase  in  the  popula- 
tion meantime  there  would  thus  be  three  times  as  much 
jjold  for  each  person  now  as  there  was  half  a  century  ago. 
lUit  the  population  of  the  world  has  increased  50  jxt  cent 
in  that  time,  so  that  the  amount  of  j^old  for  each  individ- 
ual is  therefore  about  twice  what  it  was  at  that  time.  This, 
however,  relates  to  gold  in  bulk  and  not  gold  money. 

A  further  study  of  statistics  shows  that  the  increase 
in  the  production  of  the  gold  which  is  coined  into  money 
has  been  as  great  as  the  increase  in  the  production  of 
the  metal  itself.  Fifty  years  ago  only  33  per  cent  of  the 
gold  in  the  world  was  coined;  now.  66  per  cent  is  coined 
money.  So  it  appears  that  while  the  amount  of  gold  in 
the  world  for  each  individual  has  been  doubled  in  50 
years,  the  proportion  of  that  gold  which  has  been  turned 
into  coin  has  also  been  doubled,  thus  making  the  gold 
money  of  the  world  four  times  as  much  per  individual 
as  it  was  50  years  ago. 

This  increase  in  gold,  coupled  with  the  increase  in  per- 
centage of  that  metal  which  is  coined  is  one  of  the 
important  facts  to  be  taken  into  consideration  in  the  de- 
termination of  the  cause  of  the  falling  ofif  in  the  demand 
for  silver  and  the  consequent  falling  ofi  in  its  price. 


BOOK    FOR    GOLD-SEEKERS. 


367 


CHAPTER   XXV. 
A  MODEL  INDIAN  TOWN. 

LITTLi;  CITY  of  Metlakalitla.  in  Alaska, 
is  owned  and  {governed  entirely  by  Indians, 
and  it  has  a  history  that  is  not  paralleled 
in  any  other  part  of  the  world.  William  J. 
Jones,  who  has  been  sent  to  the  Klondike 
country  by  the  CHICAGO  RECORD, 
visited  the  Indians'  city  on  his  way  to  the 
gold  country  and  sent  back  a  letter,  describing  the  inter- 
esting conmnmity.    He  wrote: 

"Mctlakahtla  is  nestled  on  the  east  side  of  Annette 
island  and  is  one  of  the  first  ports  of  call  on  the  south- 
east coast  of  Alaska.  From  two  niou.iia'ns  with  frown- 
ing peaks  which  profile  the  clear  western  sky  conies  dash- 
ing down  from  their  snow-capped  summits  a  volume  of 
water  which  is  one  of  the  scenic  attractions  of  this  pic- 
tures(|ue  coast.  The  city  itself  is  in  an  advanced  state 
of  inii)rovenient.  and  the  inhabitants,  whose  ancestors 
some  forty  years  ago  were  blood-thirsty  savages,  have 
developed  a  remarka!)le  character  for  utilizing  the  mod- 
ern arts  of  civilization. 

"A  little  over  two  score  of  years  ago  the  Rev.  William 
Duncan,  representing  the  Church  of  England,  first  went 
among  this  tribe  of  Indians  and  sought  to  plant  the  first 
seeds  of  Christianity  in  their  savage  natures.  They  were 
then  living  on  the  Skecna  river,  in  Ikitish  territory,  and 
what  few  white  men  had  up  to  that  time  dared  to  invade 
their  territory  of  savagery  had  been  put  to  death.  It 
recjuired  nearly  thirty  years  to  wean  them  from  the  teach- 


f     i 
!      i 

i:, 
t 

m 


ft  li 


358 


THE   CHICAGO   RECORD'S 


ings  of  their  ancestors  of  centuries  gone  by,  and  many 
times,  so  Mr.  Duncan  informed  me,  his  life  was  in  great 
danger;  but  nev-r  once  did  he  betray  the  slightest  sus- 
jjicion  of  fear  for  his  own  or  Mrs.  Duncan's  safety.  By 
kind  acts,  religious  teachings  and  trusting  them  in  all 
things,  the  good  missionary  was  successful  in  winning 
the  whole  tribe  of  some  500  people  over  to  the  apprecia- 
tion of  the  advantages  of  religious  and  commercial  civil- 
ization. 

"At  the  opportune  time  he  applied  to  the  dominion 
government  for  the  exclusive  reservation  of  the  site 
occupied  by  the  tribe,  and  asked  for  protection  against 
the  encroachment  of  the  whites.  The  request  was  refused 
and  the  proposition  was  laid  before  the  American  con- 
gress, and  one  of  the  last  offtcial  acts  of  President  Arthur 
was  to  sign  a  bill  for  the  absolute  transfer  of  Annette 
island  to  the  tribe  of  Mctlakahtla  Indians.  In  1888, 
under  the  direction  of  Mr.  Duncan,  the  Indians  moved 
to  the  island,  laid  out  and  began  the  occupation  of  the 
town  site  of  Mctlakahtla.  What  was  then  a  wilderness 
is  now  a  thriving  little  city,  and  is  policed  and  governed 
in  much  the  same  manner  as  the  municipalities  of  the 
states.  An  Indian  magistrate,  elected  by  the  household- 
ers, adjusts  all  disputes  and  decrees  judgments  for  viola- 
tion of  any  of  the  city's  ordinances.  A  council  of  ten 
delegates,  which  is  elected  annually  by  popular  vote, 
adopts  the  laws  and  native  police  offtcers  enforce  its 
decrees.  Not  a  drop  of  spirits  is  allowed  on  the  island, 
and  there  is  only  one  man  of  this  colony  of  800  Indians 
who  uses  tobacco,  and  he  is  nearly  80  years  old. 

"White  people  are  discouraged  from  coming  here;  ttic 
Indians  want  to  be  left  alone  to  pursue  their  work.  A 
large  salmon  cannery  afifords  employment  for  nearly  200 
people  in  both  canning  and  fishing,  and  every  depart- 


m 


iri 


BOOK    FOR    GOLD-SEEKERS. 


359 


Ji 


nient  is  in  charge  of  an  experienced  Indian,  and  nianv 
of  them  are  exceptionally  well  trained  and  skillful  in 
attending  to  their  difficult  duties.  Last  year  thev  sold 
over  18,000  cases  of  salmon  for  $3.25  a  case.  The  ma- 
chinery is  of  modern  ])attern,  operated  by  steam  and 
managed  by  natives.  Close  by  is  the  sawmill,  which 
manufactures  a  high  grade  of  lumber,  and  has  a  cai)acitv 
of  10,000  feet  a  day.  Scattered  throughout  the  city  are 
six  stores,  all  well  stocked  with  staple  articles  of  com- 
merce, and  it  is  particularly  noticeable  that  there  is  a 
general  lack  of  cheap  jewelry  or  catch-penny  Yankee 
notions.  In  all  of  the  stores  I  only  noticed  one  white 
shirt  for  sale,  and  it  was  marked  at  55  cents.  The  streets 
are  laid  ofif  on  straight  lines,  and  substantial  broad  side- 
walks lead  to  all  parts  of  the  city.  Each  family  lives  in  a 
neat  one  or  two  story  cottage,  neatly  painted,  and  in 
the  center  of  large-sized  lots,  in  which  grow  all  kinds 
of  vegetables,  flowers  and  house  ])lants.  The  dwellings 
are  painted  white,  and  the  rooms  arc  as  comfortably  fur- 
nished as  the  majority  of  houses  in  more  civilized  com- 
munities. One  feature  in  particular  I  noticed  was  the 
large,  open  and  old-fashioned  fireplaces  that  were  so 
noticeable  in  the  times  succeeding  the  colonial  days. 

"A  large  school,  divided  into  three  departments,  two 
of  which  are  under  the  control  of  white  pcoi)le,  and  the 
other — the  juvenile  class — is  taught  by  a  native,  furnishes 
the  necessary  educational  facilities.  The  average  daily 
attendance,  I  am  told,  is  about  ninety  pupils.  A  hand- 
some, large  church  building,  the  interior  of  which  is 
tastily  arranged,  and  with  a  seating  capacity  of  about 
600,  is  the  place  where  these  ix'ople  assemble  each  .Sun- 
day for  worship.  One  of  the  attractive  features  of  this 
unique  community  is  the  native  band  of  thirty  pieces. 
The  music  is  good,  and  many  of  the  national  airs  are 


r( 


mm 


III 


360 


THE   CHICAGO    RECORD'S 


played  two  or  three  times  a  week.  The  leader  is  a  full- 
blooded  Indian  by  the  name  of  Ben  Ilalden,  and  is  24 
years  old.  He  can  play  a  tune  on  any  instrument  on  the 
island,  and  the  only  instruction  he  ever  received  was 
from  Mr.  Duncan.  The  string  band  is  excejitionally  good 
and  affords  nuisic  for  all  dances  and  entertainments.  An 
electric  plant  is  being  installed,  and  next  winter  every 
dwelling  will  be  supi)liod  with  artificial  illumination. 

"Happy  and  contented  as  these  peo])le  arc  in  their 
little  island  homes,  surrounded  with  all  the  nccessar}- 
comforts  of  civilization,  it  lias  not  been  their  province 
to  escape  from  the  attempted  enforcement,  or.  rather, 
encroachment  of  what  is  regarded  as  modern  civilization. 
Their  little  island  was  invaded  by  prospectors  in  their 
efforts  to  find  gold,  and  some  few  miles  distant  rich  and 
valuable  quartz  ledges  were  discovered  and  at  once  a 
company  of  rich  men  was  formed  in  San  Francisco  to 
wrest  the  wealth  away  from  the  rightful  owners.  The 
good  guardian  of  the  comnumity,  the  Rev.  Mr.  Duncan, 
went  to  Washington  and  told  the  president  about  his 
little  colony,  its  prosperous  condition,  and  asked  to  have 
their  island  freed  from  the  threatened  invasion  of  white 
men.  The  appeal  was  not  in  vain,  and  the  secretary  of 
the  interior  has  just  instructed  the  United  States  district 
attorney  of  Alaska  to  order  the  prospectors  to  vacate 
the  island  under  penalty  of  prosecution  for  trespassing. 

"The  founder  of  this  remarkable  little  colony,  and 
which  is  about  the  only  tribe  of  Indians  on  the  coast 
which  has  not  suffered  or  deteriorated  greatly  from  the 
effects  of  religious  contagion,  is  a  short,  little  old  man 
who  is  passing  down  the  shady  side  of  three-score  and 
ten  years.  His  eyes  are  bright,  his  step  elastic,  and  his 
whole  demeanor  denotes  the  vast  reserve  and  control 
over  an  abundance  of  will  power.     In  his  every  effort 


BOOK    FOR   GOLD-SEEKEHS. 


iJtil 


in  behalf  of  his  diarjjos  ho  is  sincere,  and  their  success 
parallels  his  own  happiness.  Already  he  realizes  the 
approach  of  the  first  golden  rays  of  the  sunset  of  his  exist- 
ence, and  is  now  i)laiuiin}^  and  layinj::^  out  the  work  for 
the  education  and  jj^uidance  of  his  successor,  who  will 
soon  be  nominated." 

The  Episcoi)al  mission  at  Circle  City  receiuly  estab- 
lished a  hospital,  a  much-needeil  institution  iu  a  i)lace 
where  every  man  is  sup])ose(l  to  be  for  himself  alone. 
IJishop  Rowe  of  the  Alaska  diocese,  recentl\  s^ave  some 
interesting  facts  about  the  field  of  mission  work  under 
his  charge.  'I'he  bishop,  whose  official  residence  is  in 
Sitka,  personally  luakes  the  round  of  all  the  stations  of 
the  interior,  that  he  may  get  a  better  miderstanding  of 
the  work,  which  for  the  greater  part  is  among  the  Indians. 

There  are  three  missions — St.  James,  k'ort  \'ukou  :md 
Circle  City — that  administer  to  about  2.000  natives,  i.^cx) 
of  whom  are  ba]itismal  members  of  the  church:  and  there 
are  several  other  stations  besides  these.  Much  pains- 
taking work  has  been  done  in  ofi"ering  them  the  scripture 
in  a  way  that  they  can  understand.  Many  of  the  Indians 
can  read  in  their  own  language,  which,  as  printed,  con- 
sists of  a  literature  of  translations  of  the  bible,  i)ra\er- 
book  and  hyiun-book.  These  Indians  seem  particularly 
susceptible  to  religious  teaching.  At  Anvik,  near  the 
mouth  of  the  river,  there  are  conunodi(Mis,  well-built 
mission  buildings  in  a  beautiful  location.  Tlie  i\cv.  J.  W. 
Chapman  is  in  charge.  In  addition  to  religicnis  teaching 
there  is  a  day  and  boarding  school  that  has  made  notice- 
able progress  in  enlightening  the  peo])le.  A  little  educa- 
tion seems  to  show  luore  (juickly  when  ap])licd  to  an 
Indian  than  it  does  on  any  other  race.  It  shows  on  the 
surface.  It  smooths  out  the  wrinkles  on  liis  forehead  as 
if  the  tangled  threads  of  life  had  been  set  aright.      He 


I    -I 


\ 

i. 

!! 

362 


THE   CHICAGO   RECORDS 


ii' 

i  1 

m 

. 

looks  much  bettor,  and  no  doubt  the  effect  is  far-rcach- 

The  impressive  form  of  the  Episcopal  service  is  ren- 
dered in  church,  with  some  additions,  in  that  the  cate- 
chetical ])art  is  reijcated  over  ajjain  in  the  Indian  lan- 
jj;uai;e.  The  responses  by  the  dark  jjortion  of  the  confjre- 
ij^ation  are  solenmly  and  relii^iously  performed,  even  the 
little  children  };ivini;-  almost  painful  attention  and  lisping 
the  stran.q;e  words,  to  the  wonder  of  the  white  conlinj^ent. 
Then  as  hest  they  can  they  follow  somewhat  laboriously 
in  the  sin^ginj;'. 

A  thousand  miles  is  as  nothiui^  in  T.isliop  Rowc's  juris- 
diction. It  is  more  than  that  far  from  Anvik  to  Circle 
Cit\-.  and  yet  they  are  spoken  of  as  neighbors.  The  Rev. 
J.  L.  i*revost  has  charge  spiritually  of  the  few  hundred 
miles  (jf  tlu'  river,  which  includes  the  mining  towns  and 
the  ]iost  at  tlie  month  of  Tanana  ri\er.  which  latter  place 
is  called  I'ort  Adams:  the  missi(jn  is  designated  St. 
James.  Mr.  I'revost  has  made  that  station  his  residence 
for  two  or  three  years.  A  boarding  school  for  natives 
is  there,  and  among  other  enlightening  intluences  he  has 
started  a  small  nrwspa])er.  uhich  is  issued  red-hot  from 
the  i^ress  twice  a  \ear.  and  it  is  a  very  interesting  little 
paper,  for  it  contains  the  news  of  the  country — something 
of  all  that  is  going  on — from  llersclicl  island  to  the 
mines  and  from  Uering  sea  to  Mackenzie  river.  ■Mr.  Pre- 
vost  has  a  small  steamboat  at  his  disposal  and  is  enabled 
to  move  thoroughly  over  his  field.  The  work  of  relig- 
ious teaching  at  Fort  Yukon  for  the  most  part  has  been 
deputed  to  a  native  catechist. 

Other  protestant  denominations  have  missions  on  the 
Yukon  and  along  the  coast  ofi  Alaska,  notably  the  Pres- 
byterians and  the  Methodists,  and  besides  these  the  Cath- 
olics and  the  Greek  church  have  long  had  a  strong  foot- 


lie 
ic 


lie 

1- 


■1 


I  i 


IW 


^^V' 

^^^v 

t 

ii- 


f  ■ 


BOOK   FOR   GOLD-SEL'KEKS. 


305 


hold  anionp^  the  Hskinios  and  Indians.  There  arc  several 
Cathohc  schools  that  have  done  much  for  the  natives. 

The  work  of  the  protestant  missionaries  will  he  facili- 
tated by  the  introduction  of  the  little  Siberian  reindeer, 
provided  the  experiment  proves  a  success,  which  now 
seems  likely,  althouf^h  it  will  be  rather  slow  in  practical 
benefits.  The  Eskimos  will  need  to  be  patiently  taught 
new  traits.  Their  natural  inclination  is  to  kill  and  eat. 
This  likewise  is  the  rulinj:::  passion  of  their  doi^^s.  and 
both  must  be  trained  ami  restrained. 

The  maj(jrity  of  the  protestant  missionaries  are  mar- 
ried, and,  of  course,  have  their  families  with  them.  There 
are  those,  especially  of  the  Church  of  ICngland  missions, 
who  have  almost  grown  old  in  this  jxirticular  field.  Uishop 
P)ompas  of  the  Selkirk  dicxx'se  has  been  in  the  country 
since  the  establishment  of  the  mission,  thirty  years  ago. 
It  is  said  he  can  take  a  slab  of  dried  salmon  in  each  pocket 
and  for  a  few  days  out-travel  an  Indian  courier.  And 
the  worthy  bishop,  while  extending  that  sway  of  the 
gospel,  has  taken  some  thought  at  odd  times  of  worldly 
matters.     fTis  wealth  is  estimated  at  $250,000. 

Dr.  Sheldon  Jackson,  the  philanthropist  of  Alaskan 
fame,  has  been  for  nearly  twenty  years  icU'nlified  with  the 
country,  and  he  has  also  become  a  wealthy  man  and 
owns  valuable  property  in  the  United  States.  The 
Jesuits  enter  the  field,  of  course,  to  stay.  Father  I'ar- 
nuni,  a  brilliant  man,  when  asked  when  he  was  coming 
back  to  the  world  again,  said: 

"Oh,  never,  my  child,  to  sta\-  any  length  of  time.  A 
Jesuit,  you  know,  volunteers  for  life.  My  place  is  among 
the  Eskimos." 

A  story  is  told  of  two  missionaries,  both  nominally  of 
the  same  faith,  who  were  established  at  Point  P.arrow, 
which  is  the  very  northernmost  point  of  land  in  Alaska, 


m 


366 


THE   CHICAGO    RECORD'S 


jutting  away  out  into  the  Arctic  ocean,  and  almost  within 
signahng  distance  of  the  north  pole.  At  the  beginning 
of  winter,  when  the  nearest  other  white  men  were  500 
miles  away,  they  fell  out  with  each  other,  and  both  got 
so  mad  that  they  wouldn't  speak;  and  it  was  for  keeps, 
too.  During  the  long  winter  they  lived  in  the  same 
house,  but  neither  ever  said  a  word  or  paid  any  attention 
to  the  other  any  more  than  if  he  was  not  there.  They 
!ead  a  good  deal  and  stared  at  the  wall  right  straight 
past  each  other,  ancl  when  they  got  very  lonesome  they 
went  out  and  talked  to  the  l^skimos.  When  they  came 
back  and  met  again  they  didn't  even  recognize  each 
other's  presence  so  far  as  to  look  disgusted.  Time  passed 
very  slowly  with  them.  In  fact,  the  missionary  that  came 
away  in  the  boat  when  sunmner  came  admitted  that  it  was 
the  longest  winter  he  ever  experienced. 


■ 


BOOK    FOR   GOLD-SEEKERS. 


367 


CHAPTER    XXVT. 
GAME  IN  THE  KLONDIKE  COUNTRY. 

AMI-",  is  not  so  plentiful  in  tlif  known 
jj^old  ])1accr  area  of  Alaska  as  an  en- 
tlmsiastic  Ninirofl  ir.if^ht  wish.  Still  it 
is  not  necessary  for  everybody  to  feed 
on  dojT  meat  on  the  Upper  Yukon  river 
and  m  the  vi<inity  of  the  Klondike  f:^o\d 
field  in  winter,  as  a  member  of  a  party 
which  was  up  there  said  several  of  the  members  did.  He 
refused  the  dish,  but  at  the  same  time  he  acknouledj^ed 
that  more  than  once  after  food  had  been  thrown  to  the 
dogs,  literally  speaking,  he  had  snatched  it  away  from 
them  before  they  c(nild  eat  it.  I'ish  which  small  worms 
had  ajjpropriated  to  themselves  he  did  not  hesitate  to  eat, 
he  said,  and  was  glad  to  get  it. 

That  is  one  of  the  great  troubles  which  will  be  encoun- 
tered by  persons  visiting  the  gold  field.  The  farther  up 
the  Yukrjii  one  travels  the  scarcer  becomes  the  food  ,  up- 
ply,  until  in  the  Klondike  regitjii  and  thereabouts  it  ceases 
almf)st  entirely.  J'here  is  ])ractically  no  large  game,  with 
the  exception  of  one  or  twf)  nnxjse  and  reindeer,  which 
have  become  separated  from  the  rest  of  the  herd  and 
wandered  nit  there,  ^o  that  pros]>ectors  who  intend 
visiting  the  field  sh'juld  not  rely  in  the  least  on  the  re- 
sources of  the  country  to  feed  them.  There  may  be 
a  few  rabbits,  ducks,  and  geese  in  the  spring,  which  dis- 
appear very  quickly.  These  are  not  sufficient  t(j  supply 
even  the  wants  of  the  few  natives  who  wander  noniad- 
ically  about  the  region. 


!!-^']!l 


36S 


THE  CHICAGO  RECORD'S 


[^  U 


Lower  down  the  Yukon,  at  certain  sea>ons  of  the  year, 
there  is  ahuiulance  of  game,  probably  Irom  4fjo  to  500 
miles  from  the  Klondike  river.  The  moose  is  about  the 
larfj;est  of  the  mammals,  while  the  reindeer  is  fairly  i)lenti- 
ful.  As  the  pfjpulation  has  increased  the  jj^anie  has  cor- 
respondinj^ly  decreased,  and  in  the  winter  the  Indians 
there  have  had  hard  time  securinj^  focjd,  as  they  are 
very  improvident.  During-  the  season  when  it  is  abun- 
dant they  never  think  (jf  layinj^  by  a  supply.  There  are 
beavers  on  the  streams  and  various  kinds  of  deer,  bear, 
and  caribou.  In  the  winter  months  these  go  south  and 
disappear  almost  entirely.  The  jxjlar  bear  is  found  sev- 
eral degrees  farther  north,  never  appearing  in  that  vi- 
cinity. 

In  the  mountain  streams  which  feed  the  Yukon  river, 
up  toward  its  heacl,  near  the  Kathul  mountain,  there  are 
mountain  trout  of  good  size  and  flavor.  Many  of  these 
streams  dry  uj)  in  the  winter,  as  they  are  fed  by  glaciers, 
which,  of  course,  in  cohl  weather  are  frozen  entirely.  The 
salmon  is  found  in  the  Yukon,  but  only  lower  down,  to- 
ward St.  Michael.  Occasionally  they  are  caught  high  up 
on  the  Yukon,  but  the  water  is  rather  cohl  for  them, 
'['here  is  a  sort  of  fish  known  as  the  white  fish  which  is 
found  near  the  Klondike  river,  and  is  said  to  be  excellent 
eating.  It  ranges  in  size  abcnit  the  same  as  <Hir  black 
bas. ,  and  is  f)ne  (jf  the  chief  mainstays  of  the  Indians.  In 
winter,  if  it  ,-  not  too  cold,  holes  are  cut  in  tin  ice  and 
the  fish  pulled  out  '  \-  means  of  bone  hooks.  They  are 
more  plentiful  'han  any  other  kind,  and  the  ice-ookl 
water  appears  to  be  their  natural  habitat. 

F-arly  in  the  spring  water  fowl,  such  as  duels,  geese, 
and  swan,  jnit  in  an  ap[)earance,  but  they  do  not  tarry 
long,  and  wend  their  way  after  a  stay  "f  only  a  few  days. 
They  are  very  i)lentiful  when  they  do  api)ear,  and  the 


BOOK   FOR   GOLD-SEEKERS. 


369 


natives  kill  ihcm  by  hunrirccls.  The  trouble  is,  however, 
that  things  of  the  kind  do  not  last  as  they  do  in  warmer 
climates. 

Reindeer  formerly  were  seen  in  very  larp^e  numbers 
on  the  Yukon,  s(jme  two  or  three  hundred  miles  from 
where  the  Klondike  fhjws  into  it,  and  a  jj;entknian  who 
spent  two  or  three  wiiUers  there  several  years  ago  said 
recently  that  he  had  seen  a  herd  of  at  least  5,000 
cross  the  river  on  the  ice  in  one  day.  lie  also  saw  moose 
and  caribou  in  herds  of  large  number,  but  such  an 
occurrence  is  an  unusual  rather  than  a  conmion  one. 

William  Ogilvie  had  this  to  ^ay  in  his  report  to  the 
Canadian  government  in  rega/d  to  the  animals  and  fish 
found  in  the  Yuk(jn  district: 

"Game  is  not  nmv  as  abundant  as  before  minitig  be- 
gan, and  it  is  difficult,  in  fact  impossible,  to  get  any 
close  to  the  river,  'ihe  Indians  have  to  ascend  the  tribu- 
tary streams  ten  to  twi'uty  miles  to  get  anything  worth 
going  after.  Here  on  the  ujjlands  vast  herds  (jf  carib(  u 
still  wander,  and  wlien  the  Indians  encounter  a  herd  tiiey 
allow  very  few  to  escape,  even  though  they  do  not  refpiire 
the  meat.  When  they  have  plenty  they  are  not  at  all 
provident,  and  conse(|uently  are  often  in  want  when  game 
is  scarce.  They  often  kill  animals  which  they  know  are 
so  i)Of)r  as  to  be  useless  for  focnl,  just  f<jr  the  love  of 
slaughter. 

"An  Indian  wlu)  was  witli  me  oni'  day  saw  two  caribou 
passing  and  wanted  me  to  shoot  them.  I  explained  ''j 
him  that  we  had  pleiily,  and  that  I  would  not  fU-rtroy 
them  uselessly,  but  this  ilid  not  accord  with  his  v'f-?-  I  It- 
felt  displeased  because  I  did  uoi  kill  thcui  m\selt  .*r  .  wd 
him  my  rifle  f(jr  the  i)ur])()se,  and  remarked  in  as  gwud 
luiglisli  as  he  could  connnaml:  '1  like  to  kill  whenever 
1  see  it.' 


I  I 

5  ■  ?l 


I  » 


370 


THE   CHICAGO   RECORD'S 


M 


.H 


'it 


"Some  years  a,s^o  moose  were  very  numerous  alon^' 
the  river,  l)ut  now  they  are  very  seldom  seen,  except 
at  some  distance  back  of  it.  Early  in  the  winter  of  1887- 
88  the  Indians  remained  around  the  miners'  cam]is,  and 
subsisted  by  l)e,q-c,infi^  until  all  further  charity  was  refused. 
Even  this  for  some  time  did  not  stir  them,  and  it  was  not 
until  near  Christmas  that  sheer  hunc^er  drove  them  off 
to  hunt.  One  party  went  up  the  Tat-on-duc  some  fifteen 
or  twenty  miles,  and  in  a  short  time  was  revelling;  in 
game,  especially  caribou.  The  other  party  did  not  suc- 
ceed for  some  time  in  .^ettinp^  anything',  although  a  large 
district  was  searched  over,  but  finally  went  up  Coal  «:reek 
about  twenty  miles,  and  there  killed  eighteen  moose  in 
one  day.  They  brought  in  two  thousand  pounds  of  the 
meat  to  the  post,  and  sold  it  for  ten  cents  per  pound 
to  the  miners,  with  whomjt  was  in  great  demand  on 
account  of  the  prevalence  of  scurvy  hi  the  camp.  A 
boom  in  mining  would  soon  exterminate  the  game  in  the 
district  along  the  river. 

"There  are  two  s])ecies  of  caribou  in  the  country;  one, 
the  ordinary  kind,  found  in  most  parts  of  the  northwest, 
and  said  to  nuich  resemble  the  reindeer;  the  other,  called 
the  wood  caribou,  a  much  larger  and  more  beautiful  ani- 
mal. F.xcept  that  the  antlers  are  nuich  smaller,  it  appears 
to  me  to  resemble  the  elk  or  wapiti.  The  ordinary  cari- 
bou runs  in  herds,  often  numbering  hundreds.  It  is 
easily  approached,  and,  when  fired  at,  jumjis  around 
awhile  as  though  tmdecided  what  to  do;  it  then  runs  a 
short  distance,  but  just  as  likely  towards  the  hunter  as 
from  him.  stops  again,  and  so  on  for  a  number  of  times. 
At  last,  after  many  t)f  them  have  been  killed,  the  remain- 
der start  on  a  continuous  run.  and  probably  do  not  stop 
luitil  the\  have  covered  tw  enty  or  thirty  miles.  When  the 
Indians  find  a  herd  they  surround  it,  gradually  contract- 


|M::f 

V 

i     ! 
«             ? 

t    '.I 


TIIK    IIUST    I'AN. 


H'J 


f  '  ' ' 


liM 


!   "      ■ 

!      1   ' 
■■  ."}  1 

'i       '    ! 

'■■J' 

BOOK   FOR   GOLD-SEEKERS. 


373 


ing  the  circle  thus  formed,  when  the  animals,  being  too 
timid  to  escape  by  a  sudden  rush,  are  slaughtered  whole- 
sale. 

"There  are  four  species  of  bear  found  in  the  district — 
the  grizzly,  brown,  black,  and  a  small  kind,  locally  known 
as  the  'silver  tip,'  the  latter  being  gray  in  color,  with  a 
white  throat  and  bearil,  whence  its  name.  It  is  said  to 
be  fierce,  and  not  to  wait  to  be  attacked,  but  to  attack  on 
sight.  I  had  not  the  pleasure  of  seeing  any,  but  heard 
many  yarns  about  them,  some  of  which,  I  think,  were 
hunters'  tales.  It  ap]x'ars,  however,  that  miners  and 
Indians,  unless  traveling  in  numbers,  or  specially  well 
armed,  give  them  as  wide  a  berth  as  they  conveniently 
can.  Wolves  are  not  plentiful.  A  few  of  the  connnon 
gray  species  only  arc  killed,  the  black  being  very  scarce. 

"The  Arctic  rabbit  or  hare  is  sometimes  found,  but 
they  are  not  numerous.  There  is  a  curious  fact  in  con- 
nection with  the  ordinary  hare  or  rabbit  whicli  I  have 
observed,  but  of  which  I  have  never  yet  &een  any  satisfac- 
tory explanation.  Their  numbers  vary  from  a  very  few 
to  myriads  in  periods  of  seven  year;-.  For  about  three 
years  one  may  travel  for  days  without  seeing  more  than 
a  sign  of  them;  then  for  two  years  tiiey  arc  numerous, 
and  increase  for  two  years  more,  until  finally  tVte  country 
is  alive  with  them,  when  they  begin  to  disappear;  and  in 
a  few  months  there  is  none  to  be  seen.  If  it  i.s  an  epi- 
demic that  carries  them  off,  it  is  strange  thajt  their  car- 
casses are  never  observed  in  any  number. 

"It  appears  the  martens  are  also  subject  to  a  periodical 
increase  and  decrease,  and  in  this  case  a  satisfactory 
explanation  of  the  cause  is  also  wanting. 

"The  principal  furs  procured  in  the  district  are  the 
silver-gray  and  black  fox,  the  number  of  which  bears  a 
greater  ratio  to  the  number  of  red  foxes  than  in  any 


•^1 

1 

■f  i-fi 


V,  ■rii 


m 


."^■1! 


|!: 


374 


THE  CHICAGO   RECORD'S 


Other  part  of  the  country.  The  red  fox  is  very  common, 
and  a  species  called  the  'blue'  is  abundant  near  the  coast. 
Marten,  or  sable,  are  also  numerous,  as  are  lynx;  but 
otter  are  scarce,  and  beaver  almost  unknown. 

"It  is  probable  that  the  value  of  the  gray  and  black  fox 
skins  taken  out  of  the  country  more  than  ecjuals  in  value 
all  the  other  furs.  I  could  f^ct  no  statistics  concerning 
this  trade  for  obvious  reasons.  The  mountain  sheep  (big- 
horn), and  mountain  goats  exist  everywhere  in  the  terri- 
tory; but,  as  they  generally  frequent  the  sides  of  the 
highest  mountains  they  are  seldom  seen  from  the  river. 

"Birds  are  scarce.  A  few  ravens  were  seen  along  the 
river,  and  three  or  four  remained  in  the  vicinity  of  the 
boundary  all  winter.  They  were  generally  more  active 
and  noisy  on  stormy  days  than  at  other  times,  and  their 
hoarse  croaks  had  a  dismal  sound  amid  the  roar  of  the 
elements. 

"A  few  magpies  were  seen  near  Nordenskiold  river, 
and  a  few  white-headed  eagles  were  also  noticed. 

"During  the  winter,  near  the  boundary,  numbers  of 
small  birds,  somewhat  resembling  the  'chickadee,'  were 
seen,  but  they  were  much  larger  and  had  not  the  same 
note.  Of  owls,  not  a  specimen  was  met  with  anywhere. 
Partridges  were  very  scarce,  only  half  a  dozen  or  so 
of  the  ordinary  kind  being  noticed;  but  at  the  head  of 
the  Tat-on-duc  and  Porcupine,  ptarmigan  were  abun- 
dant. Wild  geese  and  ducks  are  plentiful  in  their  season, 
and  of  ducks  there  are  many  more  species  than  I  have 
seen  in  any  other  part  of  the  territory.  ]\Iost  of  these 
were  observed  on  the  head  of  the  Porcupine;  but,  having 
no  means  of  preserving  the  skins,  I  had  to  come  away 
without  specimens. 

"A  very  beautiful  species  of  loon  or  diver  was  met 
with  on  the  Porcupine.    It  is  smaller  than  the  great  north- 


BOOK   FOR   GOLD-SEEKERS. 


376 


ern  diver,  but  marked  much  the  same  on  the  body,  the 
difference  being  principally  in  the  head  and  neck — the 
bill  is  sharper  and  finer  and  the  head  smaller;  but  its 
chief  distinguishing  feature  is  the  neck,  which  is  covered 
with  long,  beautiful  dun-colored  down  for  more  than  half 
its  length  from  the  head  downward.  T  tried  to  kill  one 
so  as  to  get  the  skin  as  a  specimen,  but  after  1  had  fired 
three  times  at  close  range  with  heavy  shot  it  seemed  as 
lively  as  if  I  had  not  fired  at  all.  I  then  killed  it  with  my 
rifle,  but  the  bullet  so  tore  and  luangled  the  skin  that  it 
was  useless. 

"With  the  exception  of  a  small  species,  locally  called 
the  'Arctic'  trout,  fish  are  not  nuiuerous  in  the  district. 
Schwatka  calls  this  trout  the  'grayling.'  but  from  the 
descriptions  and  drawings  of  that  fish  which  I  have  seen 
this  is  a  different  fish.  It  seldom  exceeds  ten  inches  in 
length,  and  has  fins  very  large  for  its  size,  which  give  it, 
when  in  moti(Mi,  the  aj^pearance  of  having  wings.  Its 
dorsal  fin  is  very  large,  being  fully  half  the  length  of  the 
body,  and  very  high.  It  is  of  a  brownish  gray  color  on 
the  back  and  sides,  and  lighter  on  the  belly.  It  is  found 
in  large  numbers  in  the  upper  part  of  the  river,  especially 
where  the  current  is  swift,  and  takes  any  kind  of  bait 
greedily. 

"The  flesh  is  somewhat  soft  and  not  very  palatable. 
Lake  trout  are  caught  in  the  lakes,  but  as  far  I  saw  are 
not  numerous  nor  of  large  size.  They  take  a  troll  bait 
readily,  and  a  few  were  caught  in  that  way  coming  down 
the  lakes,  but  the  largest  did  not  weigh  more  than  six  or 
seven  pounds.  Salmon  came  up.  I  was  assured  by  sev- 
eral Indians,  natives  of  the  district,  tu'  far  as  Lake  Le- 
Barge,  and  are  never  found  above  it.  but  Dr.  Dawson 
reports  their  dead  bodies  along  the  river  for  some  miles 
above  the  canvon.    1  mention  this  to  show  the  unreliabil- 


I. 


376 


THE  CHICAGO   RECORD'S 


te 


ity  of  information  rcccivcTl  from   the  natives,  who  frc- 
(luently  neither  nndcrstand  nor  are  understood. 

"On  the  way  down  sahnon  were  first  seen  twenty  or 
twcnty-fivc  niiles  above  I'^ive-Finger  rapids.  One  can 
easily  trace  their  passage  through  the  water  by  the  sHglit 
ripple  tiiey  make  on  the  surface  and,  with  care,  they  can 
be  taken  by  gently  placing  a  scoop  net  in  their  way  and 
lifting  them  out  when  they  enter  it.  After  coming  up  the 
river  two  thousand  miles  they  are  poor,  and  would  not 
realize  much  in  the  market.  At  the  boundary,  in  the  early 
winter  months,  the  Indians  caught  some  that  were  frozen 
in  on  small  streams,  and  fed  them  to  their  dogs.  Some 
of  these  I  saw;  they  were  poor  and  spent." 


BOOK    FOll    GOLD-SEEKERS. 


vn 


CIIAPTKR   XX\I1. 

DOGS,  INDIANS  AND  REINDEER. 


ROSPECTORS  and  miners  in  the  Yu- 
kon country  have  to  deal  with  two 
l)ropositions  —  dogs  and  huMans. 
Both  are  hard  to  solve.  The  dog  pop- 
ulation of  the  northwestern  states  of 
this  country  has  l)een  reduced  consid- 
erably since  the  Klondike  fever  set  in, 
and  in  Seattle,  Taconia  and  Portland 
dogs,  good,  broad-footed,  thick-necked,  shaggy-haired 
canines,  have  become  more  valuable  than  horses. 

This  uni(|ue  conditit)n  of  affairs  results  from  the  great 
and  growing  demand  for  (U)gs  to  be  used  in  hauling 
sledges  in  the  ^\ikon  country,  Alaska.  While  thousands 
of  horses  for  which  their  owners  camiot  get  $3  a  head 
arc  roaming  over  the  plains  of  eastern  Washington  and 
Oregon,  good-sized  dogs  are  bringing  $15  to  $30  each  in 
the  local  markets  of  Seattle  and  Tacoma.  At  Juneau  their 
value  is  double  that  sum  and  on  the  Yukon  river  a  good 
dog  brings  from  $100  to  $150.  To  the  Yukon  miner  the 
dog  has  become  what  the  reindeer  is  to  the  Laplander 
and  the  pony  to  the  cowboys  of  Texas  and  Mexico — a 
beast  of  service,  and  a  most  valuable  one. 

Every  steamer  sailing  for  Alaska  since  the  spring  of 
1897  past  has  borne  northward  several  dozen  dogs  des- 
tined for  service  in  front  of  heavily  laden  sledges.  They 
are  taken  by  boat  to  Dyea,  at  the  head  of  salt-water  navi- 
gation, and  there  are  jiut  in  harness  to  assist  in  hauling 
the  precious  outfits  and  supplies  over  the  Chilkoot  pass 


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THE  CHICAGO   RECORD'S 


and  down  the  /arther  slopes  to  the  series  of  fresh-water 
lakes  forming  the  headwaters  of  the  Yukon's  trihutaries. 
Up  to  May,  when  the  ice  breaks  up,  dog  teams  slide  over 
the  smooth  surfaces  of  these  lakes  with  surprising  rapid- 
ity, considering  the  loads  they  haul.  There  are  portages 
to  be  made  around  dangerous  rapids,  and  here  again 
their  services  are  invaluable.  Arrived  at  the  central  i)osts. 
such  as  Dawson  City.  Forty  Mile  or  Circle  City,  both 
men  and  dogs  take  a  rest,  but  in  most  cases  the  dogs  are 
put  into  harness  again  for  a  trip  to  the  diggings. 

The  sledge  dogs  arc  too  valuable  not  to  receive  good 
care  where  that  is  possible.  Their  owners'  first  care  in 
this  respect  is  to  obtain  plenty  of  food  for  them,  which 
consists  principally  of  fish,  usually  salmon,  caught  in 
the  Yukon  river  by  the  natives.  An  ordinary  dog  will 
eat  daily  two  pounds  of  dried  salmon,  which  equals  seven 
pounds  of  fresh  fish.  At  I'orty  Mile  last  winter  dried 
salmon  sold  at  20  to  50  ceiUs  a  pound,  and  bacon  that 
was  fit  only  for  dogs  to  eat  sold  at  37!  cents  a  pound. 
In  some  of  the  larger  camps  on  the  Yukon  dog  boarding 
houses  have  been  established.  Here  the  dogs  are  ct.rcd 
for  properly  at  from  $6  to  $15  a  month,  according  to  the 
season  and  the  price  of  the  food. 

The  native  Yukon  dog  is  much  more  valuable  than  the 
importations  from  Puget  sound.  The  dogs  must  be  ac- 
climated in  order  to  stand  the  severities  of  the  winter. 
It  is  found  that  dogs  taken  from  Montana  and  Dakota 
endure  the  Yukon  winters  with  less  suffering  than  those 
bred  in  the  milder  climate  of  Puget  sound.  Two  splendid 
native  Alaskan  specimens  were  brought  to  Tacoma,  their 
owner  finding  it  cheaper  to  pay  their  passage  on  the 
steamer  than  to  have  them  boarded  at  Dyea  during  his 
trip  for  supplies.  The  animals  weighed  eighty-two  and 
eighty-three    pounds,    the  larger  one-    having    cost    its 


BOOK   FOK    OOLD-SEEKEKS. 


379 


owner  .*''iii7  at  Circle  City.  This  one  is  a  cross  between 
a  dog  belonging  to  a  family  of  missionaries  tiiat  went  to 
the  Yukon  years  ago  and  another  ancestral  dog  that 
hailed  from  the  shores  of  the  Mackenzie  river.  These 
animals  are  stout,  well  proportioned,  well  muscled  and 
have  e.xceptionally  short  and  heavy  necks.  Their  ears  are 
short  and  lifted  like  those  of  the  Eskimo  dog.  Their 
coats  are  dark,  and  the  hul..  w';ilc  Mot  close,  is  smooth 
and  heavy  enough  to  form  a  comfortable  protection 
against  the  arctic  winters,  and  also  against  the  Yukon 
m()sc|uitoes. 

A  specially  ])n'i)ared  dog  food  made  out  of  meal  and 
coarse  meat  from  the  packing  houses  is  now  being  manu- 
factured in  the  fortn  of  a  cracker,  and  seems  likely  to  come 
into  general  use. 

lUickskin  moccasins  are  provided  by  many  owners  to 
keep  the  feet  of  the  faithful  little  draft  animals  from  being 
worn  law  on  the  ice  and  snow.  They  are  about  nine 
inches  long  and  made  much  after  the  pattern  of  a  child's 
stocking.  Pack  saddles  are  also  coming  into  use  this 
spring.  These  are  so  arranged  that  the  dogs  can  carry 
a  weight  of  from  ten  to  twenty  pounds,  besides  dragging 
a  sled.  The  saddie-bags  fall  on  either  side  and  straps  are 
arranged  tt)  prevent  the  pack  from  sliding  forward  or 
backward. 

A  Tacoma  dealer  Iia.>  built  up  a  large  business  in  the 
manufacture  of  dog  harness.  A  suit  of  harness  usually 
weighs  two  and  a  half  pounds.  The  collar  is  made  to 
slip  over  the  dog's  head,  obviating  the  necessity  of  buck- 
ling it  about  the  animal's  neck  when  the  driver's  hands 
are  cold  and  munb.  The  collar  is  made  of  leather,  faced 
with  sheepskin  and  stuffed  with  deer  hair.  The  hames 
are   inclosed   in   the  collar,  and   attached   to   them   are 


1 


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m 


4  ^  <    ■ ' 


1^ 


m  THE  CHICAGO   RECORD'S 

hiuklis  for  fasti'iiitijj  tlic  traces.  On  each  collar  arc  placnl 
riiifjjs.  to  which  the  traces  of  a  tloj^  in  the  lead  may  he 
attached,  makiiip  it  easy  to  drive  teams  in  tandem.  Traces 
to  the  harness  for  native  <lops  are  ina<le  of  heavy  web 
material,  hecanse  the  dops  eat  the  leather  harness.  Tliey 
devour  liie  collars  on  sipht  if  permitted.  This  peculiar 
craviuf;  makes  is  necessary  to  keep  the  animals  separated 
when  harnessed,  so  they  will  not  chew  one  another's  col- 
lars. When  the  weh  traces  hecome  oily  the  do^s  chew 
even  them,  and  it  is  only  a  matter  of  time  when  the  weh 
trappings  hecome  food  for  their  hunjjry  wearers. 

Several  in-f;oinj.j  parties  have  taken  in  hurros  antl 
siuall  horses  instead  of  dops  for  draft  and  j^eneral-service 
beasts.  It  is  said  that  one  pony  or  hurro  will  draw  i,.(ny(^ 
j)ounds  on  the  fro/en  surface  of  a  lake.  Another  advan- 
tage claimed  is  that  they  can  he  used  more  j)rofilal)l\  as 
pack  animals  durinj.j  the  sunnuer.  .\  Circle  C'il\  firm 
works  a  train  of  thirteen  horses,  haulinr  from  S(X)  to  i..V>f) 
pounds  each  on  sleds  and  re<|uirin}.r  hut  three  drivers. 
All  returned  miners,  however,  miite  in  declaring  that  the 
dog  is  holding  his  own  well  against  the  competition  of 
the  horse,  and  the\  say  that  large  numbers  will  be  needed 
on  the  \'ukon  for  yeais  to  ctJine.  It  is  expected  that 
within  a  few  years  the  government  will  be  able  to  su|)ply 
many  reindeer  from  the  herd  now  established  at  Point 
Harrow. 

E.  M.  McClaine  and  A.  M.  Sterns,  two  eastern  miners, 
have  started  north  with  a  new  kind  of  freight  convey- 
ance. It  is  a  water  and  ice  craft  combined.  The  main 
part  is  a  box,  bviii:  like  a  large  watering  trough,  eight 
feet  long,  twenty-two  inches  wide  across  the  bottom, 
three  feet  across  the  top  and  twenty-two  inches  high. 
I'liiuath  the  box  ari'  iwo  nuuiers,  five  inches  high  and  a 
little  longer  thai  the  bed.    The  party  had  six  of  these  con- 


I         V  i 

■t     V 


Nil 


i 


BOOK    FOR    OOLD-SKKKKHS. 


R81 


vcyaiiccs.  wliicli  will  Ik-  usrij  as  >lc<ls  on  IuidI  ;m«l  boats 
on  watiT.  l'*or  use  in  thr  water  two  of  the  sleds  will  he 
joined  toj^etlu-t  hy  hlorks  at  the  eiuls.  niakin^j  a  stronj^'ir 
water  rraft.  To  eaeli  side  of  the  conveyance  a  1)>^  will 
he  attached  to  render  it  more  buoyant.  The  trouph-liki- 
boxes  are  made  of  j^jalvanizi-d  iron,  and  it  is  intended  to 
sell  them  on  the  N'nkun  for  hath  tubs,  the  usual  price  of 
a  bath  there  beinij  $i. 

The  standard  do^r  sKd  consists  of  a  narrow  box  four 
feet  lou}^.  the  front  half  bein^j  covered  or  boxed  In,  motmt 
I'd  on  a  floor  ei;,dit  feit  lonj^^  resting  on  nnmers.  In  this 
l)ox  the  passenj^iT  sits.  wra|)|>ed  ii;  rabbit  skins  so  that 
he  can  hardly  move,  his  heail  and  shoulders  otily  projrct- 
in^.  In  front  and  behind  and  on  top  of  the  box  is  plai-ed 
all  the  Iuj4}.ja}4e.  covered  with  canvas  and  securely  lashed, 
to  withstand  all  the  joltinj,'  and  possibU-  upsfts.  and  snow- 
shoes  within  easy  reach. 

.•\n  importaiU  item  is  the  doj.j\\hip.  terrible  to  the  dojj 
if  used  by  a  skillful  hand  and  tirrible  to  thi'  user  if  he  be 
a  novice:  for  he  is  sure  to  half  stran>.,'Ie  himself  (»r  to 
hurt  his  own  face  with  the  business  end  of  the  lash.  Tin- 
whip  has  a  handle  nine  inches  lonj;  and  lash  tliirtv  feel. 
and  weij.;hs  four  pounds.  The  lash  is  of  folded  and 
plaited  seal  hiile.  and  for  fivi-  fiet  from  tlu'  handle  lui-as- 
ures  five  inches  round,  then  for  fourteen  feet  it  jj;raduall\ 
tapers  ofT.  endinj,'  in  a  sinj.jle  thon^'  half  an  inch  thick 
and  eleven  feet  lonj;.  .\  skilird  (!ri\er  can  |)ick  out  a  <lo^' 
and  almost  a  spot  on  a  do^'  \n  ith  this  lash.  Th.'  lash  nnist 
be  trailinj.;'  at  full  leu^Mh  iKliitid,  ulu-u  a  jerk  .md  turn  of 
the  wrist  causes  it  to  tly  forward,  the  tliiik  part  tust.  and 
the  taperinj.;  en<l  continuinj.;  the  motifts.  iill  it  is  at  full 
lenj^th  in  froiU.  and  the  lash  makiuj^;  the  fur  tly  from 
the  victim.  \\\\\  often  it  is  UKule  to  crack  over  the  heads 
of  the  dogs  as  u  warning. 

2:1 


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I,:    \ 


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382 


THK   CmCAdO   RBrO'lDS 


The  (lops  .iro  haniossod  to  the  front  of  the  sled,  each 
by  a  separate  thonjij  of  seal  hide,  all  of  dififereiit  lengths, 
fastened  to  a  light  eanvas  harness.  The  nearest  dojj;  is 
ahont  fifteen  feet  from  the  sled,  and  the  leader  of  an 
eleven-dog'  sled,  with  bells  on  her,  about  fifty  feet,  the 
thongs  thus  increasing  in  length  by  about  three  feet. 
When  the  going  is  good  the  dogs  spread  out  like  the  fin- 
gers of  a  hand,  but  when  the  snow  is  deep  they  fall  into 
each  other's  tracks  in  almost  single  f\\v.  As  they  con- 
tinually cross  and  recross  each  other,  the  thongs  get  grad- 
ually i)laited  almost  up  to  the  rearmost  dog,  when  a  halt 
is  called,  the  dogs  are  made  to  lie  down,  and  the  driver 
carefully  diseiUangles  thetu,  taking  care  that  no  dog  gets 
away  meanwhile.  <  )ften  one  of  the  men  must  run  ahead 
on  snowshoes  for  the  dogs  to  follow  him. 

The  Indians,  as  the  natives  of  tlu>  N'ukon  are  called  by 
miners,  are  said  to  be  dull,  and  unreliable.  William  ( )gil- 
vie.  the  ("anadian  laud  surveyor,  who  studied  natives 
while  he  measured  triangles,  summed  up  his  observations 
of  the  Indians  of  the  N'ukon  in  the  following  language: 

"I  had  very  little  opportunity  to  learn  anything  of  the 
language,  maimers,  customs,  or  religion  of  the  natives  on 
iiiy  way  through  their  country,  my  time  with  them  being 
so  short,  and  none  of  the  whites  whom  I  met  in  the  dis- 
trict seemed  to  possess  any  information  upon  which  I 
could  draw.  I  got  a  few  items,  but  as  they  may  or  may 
not  be  facts.  I  shall  not  report  them.  The  statements  of 
every  oiu-  I  met,  however,  pretty  well  establish  that  by 
one  of  their  laws  inheritance  is  through  the  mother. 

"As  far  as  possible  I  have  obtaimd  the  numbers  of  the 
various  bands  along  the  river.  lU'ginning  at  the  coast 
the  numbiT  of  the  Chilkoots.  as  stated  by  Commander 
Xewcll.  was  i.^S  souls,  of  whom  about  forty  were  full 
grown  men. 


■'  '■    t- ) 


m 


BOOK    FOR    GOLD-SEEKERS. 


383 


l)V 


"As  far  as  I  could  j;atlior  iroin  (i.  Carmack.  who  lives 
with  the  Tajjish  Ituhans,  and  has  one  of  thctu  for  a  wife, 
there  arc  of  them  about  112  souls  all  told,  hut  tnauy  of 
these  are  almost  permanently  located  with  the  Chilkoots, 
some  of  the  latter  havinjj  Taj^ish  wives. 

"The  Tagish  complained  bitterly  to  me.  as  well  as  they 
could,  havinj;  oidy  a  few  words  of  'Chinook'  and  h'njjlish 
with  which  to  convey  their  meanitifj,  of  the  tyratmy  and 
robbery  of  the  Chilkoots.  Klohk-.Slnm.  the  chief  of  the 
Tafjish,  said.  'C'hilkoot  all  same  doj^,'  imitatinjj  the  snap- 
pinjj  action  of  a  dojj^  as  he  said  so.  Those  who  have  had 
any  experience  with  Indian  dops  can  appreciate  the  com- 
parison. These  people  are  scattered  alonp  the  river  fn»m 
the  I'eslintoo  up.  The  only  market  they  have  at  present  for 
the  few  furs  they  collect  is  on  the  coast  at  the  head  of  the 
inlet,  and  they  say  they  are  robbed  of  half  their  pfoods 
on  the  way  there  by  the  Chilkoots.  (^n  my  way  to  the 
summit  I  met  three  or  four  Ta<;ish  cominj;  in  with  two 
l)acks  of  furs,  to  trade.  Meetinj;  nie  afterwards  at  the 
summit,  one  of  them  informed  me  that  they  were  met 
a  short  distance  outside  the  village,  and  one  of  the  packs 
was  taken  from  them  by  force,  and  the  other  paid  for  at 
forced  prices.  .Much  of  this  talk  1  have  no  doubt  was  in- 
tended to  create  sympathy  and  induce  charity,  as  they, 
like  many  other  Indians,  are  inveterate  beggars;  but  I 
have  no  doubt  they  are  little  more  than  slaves  to  the 
Chilkoots,  and  are  both  robbed  and  swindled  most  bare- 
facedly. 

"lielow  I'ive  l-'inger  rapids  I  saw  two  families  of  In- 
dians, consisting  of  ten  or  twelve  souls,  very  poor  look- 
ing, and  the  most  stupid  I  have  ever  met.  Wanting  to 
buy  some  tea  and  other  stuff  of  me,  they  tendered  in 
payment  the  tin  stamps  that  are  put  by  some  manufac- 
Lurers  on  plugs  of  tobacco.    These,  they  signified  to  us, 


I 


1  ( 


till 


•  li 


i(! 


384 


THK    CFMrAGO    RKCOROS 


i'l 


» 


lia«l  1)1011  j^ivi'ii  to  tlu'iu  in  cxclianj^i"  for  furs  by  the  coast 
Indians.  It  is  possihlc  they  liad  pot  thcni  from  the  It;- 
(lians  on  the  tohaeeo.  and  were  trying  to  swindle  nic, 
hut  I  am  inclined  to  think  not. 

"At  Stewart  river  there  are  two  Indian  men.  two  wom- 
en and  two  children.  ( )ne  of  the  men  had  picked  up  a  few 
words  of  English  from  the  miners  and  traders  the  winter 
before,  and,  as  far  as  could  be.  was  very  communicative. 
He  infonned  me  that  there  were  about  thirty  faiuilies  of 
Indians  up  the  river  twenty  or  thirty  miles,  "one  day.'  as 
he  ex|)ressed  it.  They  were  living  on  salmon,  and  had  no 
trouble  in  catching  all  they  re(|uired. 

"I'etween  Stewart  river  and  I^)rty  Mile  river  three  fam- 
ilies were  met  with.  but.  as  they  knew  neither  I'lnglish 
nor  *Chino(tk,"  no  information  as  to  their  hcachpiarters 
could  be  got  from  them.  It  is  probable  they  were  a  part 
of  the  band  located  at  I'ort  Reliance.  .Mr.  Harper  in- 
formed me  that  the  band  at  the  latter  place  numbered 
about  twelve  families,  or.  say.  70  souls.  ;\t  Uelle  Isle, 
fifteen  miles  below  the  boundary.  David's  band  is  located. 
It  numbers  65  or  70  souls.  About  100  miles  below  the 
boundary  Charley's  band  has  its  headcpiarters.  It  num- 
bers about  twelve  families,  in  all  about  66  souls.  I  came 
more  in  contact  with  the  last  two  bands  than  with  any 
of  the  others,  as  David's  band  was  only  twelve  miles  from 
my  winter  (piarters  foT  some  months,  and  many  of  them 
were  fre(|uently  in  the  house  with  mc  for  a  night  or  two 
on  their  way  to  and  from  I'orty  Mile  river.  A  missionary 
sent  over  by  I'ishop  I'ompas.  who  is  in  charge  of  the 
diocese  of  Mackenzie  river  for  the  Church  .Missionary 
society  of  England,  was  stationed  with  David's  band  all 
winter. 

"Some  years  ago,  when  Archdeacon  McDonald,  now 
in  charge  of  the  mission  work  at   I'ort   .McPherson,  on 


1  ,i 


'i.[ 


l'l<<>SI'l-.<riiK>>    s||(iKiN(i    A    Nl-.w    (   KI'.I.K. 


if 

t 

pi   li 

V  d  "i^ 

^  -■'  ,      i     • 

t 

i 

■ 

Mil 


BOOK    FOR   GOLD-SEEKERS. 


8117 


Peel  river,  was  stationed  at  I'cjrt  Yukon,  and  afterwanls 
at  Rampart  house,  Charley's  hand  used  to  resort  to  those 
posts  for  their  trade,  and  that  Rentlenian  tauj^lit  thciu  to 
read,  and  instructed  tlieni  in  the  principles  of  the  Chris- 
tian relijjion.  It  is  pleasant  to  be  able  to  testify  that 
they  have  profited  by  this  instruction,  and  still  retain  a 
lovinp  memory  of  those  times.  They  hold  every  Sunday 
a  service  amonj^  theniselves,  reading  from  their  books 
the  prayers  and  lessons  for  the  day,  and  sinjjjinp;  in  their 
own  languajj^e  to  some  old  tune  a  simple  hymn.  They 
never  ^o  on  a  journey  of  any  lenjjth  without  these  books, 
and  always  read  a  portion  before  Miey  ^o  to  sleep.  I  do 
nov  pretend  that  these  men  are  faultless,  or  that  they  do 
not  need  watchinfj.  but  I  do  believe  that  most  of  them  are 
sincere  in  their  professions  and  strive  to  do  what  tluy 
have  been  taught  is  right.  They  are  greedy  and  selfish 
in  their  transactions  with  whites,  but  I  think  much  of 
that  is  because  they  have  probably  never  had  the  sm 
of  undue  greed  put  forcibly  before  them  by  their  pas- 
tor. 

"David's  and  Charley's  bands  manifested  to  me  a  much 
stronger  sympathy  for  Canada  than  for  the  United  States. 
Some  of  this  feeling  might  be  due  to  policy,  for  aught  I 
know,  but  hitherto  most  of  their  dealings  and  all  their  ed- 
ucation have  been  Canadian.  The  total  nundjer  on  the 
river  is  482,  of  whom  13C  are  below  the  boundary,  leav- 
ing 346  domiciletl  in  Canada.  It  does  not  appear  that 
any  live  permanently  on  the  upper  Polly  or  .Stewart." 

Omer  Maris,  writing  from  Juneau,  touched  upon  one 
phase  of  Alaskan  Indian  life  seldom  heard  of.  That  por- 
tion of  his  letter  which  treats  of  "Indian  Slavery"  reads 
as  follows: 

"The  other  day  a  gentleman  pointed  out  two  Indians 
passing  on  the  street  and  remarked:    'There  goes  a  slave.' 


'«  ^1 


tf 


if 


I    •!l 


If' 


I  , 


ii< 


111 

r 

m 

M 

■ 

M 

lik^..ti.£» 

388 


THE   CHICAOO  RECORD'S 


I  had  luard  tlu*  statcnu'tit  niadt-  tliat  slavery  yet  exists 
aiiKJiiR  the  Alaska  IiKhans.  hut  't  was  a  surprise  to  he 
confronted  with  an  actual  remnant  of  the  institution  al- 
most within  the  shadow  of  a  federal  court  house.  Of  the 
two  Indians,  the  slave  and  his  master,  to  whom  my  at- 
tention was  directed,  the  slave  was  rather  the  better 
dressed,  and  he  was  also  the  more  intellij^ent  lookinj;. 
Since  then  I  have  observed  the  pair  j^veral  times.  p[en- 
erally  workinj^  together  on  some  transient  job.  like  saw- 
injj:  wood,  apparently  on  an  even  footinj;,  althouj^h  the 
master  seems  to  do  more  sitiinjjf  around.  I  would  judj^e 
from  appearances  th.at  the  slave  is  the  better  contented 
of  the  pair,  for  the  other  seems  careworn  with  the  respon- 
sibility of  keepinjT  him  at  work. 

"The  custom  of  holding  slaves,  up  to  a  few  years  ago, 
was  very  common  among  all  the  tribes.  Children  stolen 
from  one  tribe  by  members  of  another,  and  captives  taken 
in  battle  and  their  descendants,  were  held  in  bondage. 
Some  of  the  wealthier  chiefs  reclined  in  (oriental  style — 
as  far  as  compatible  with  the  fur  and  fish  business — and 
had  scores  of  slaves  to  do  their  bidding. 

"Of  course  the  government  has  interfered  as  far  as 
practicable  to  put  a  stop  to  the  custom.  A  few  years  ago 
the  captain  of  the  Wachuset,  acting  under  instructions 
from  the  government,  assembled  all  the  coast  tribes  with- 
in reach  and  announced  through  interpreters  that  they 
nnist  give  up  their  slaves,  and  offered  to  the  latter  full 
protection.  Many  of  the  chiefs  complied  with  the  order, 
but  there  are  still  many  others  who  by  threats  and  'ghost 
stories'  are  able  to  control  their  slaves.  The  Alaska  In- 
dians will  unflinchingly  face  many  dangers,  especially 
those  of  the  sea.  but  they  are  particularly  afraid  of  being 
killetl — that  is.  by  their  fellow-man — and  the  chiefs  take 
advantage  of  this  trait  to  breed  and  train  into  their  slaves 


HOOK    KOR    (;OI.r»-SKEKERS. 


8W 


the  idea  that  otlicr  linhans  ami  iviii  uhit(.>  will  kill  tlu'iii 
if  thc'v  atti'inpt  to  run  away.  This  idea.  to^itlKT  with 
the  fact  that  the  slaves  are  petierally  kept  as  much  as  pos- 
sible froni  contact  with  the  whites,  has  served  to  perpetu 
ate  the  custom,  and  there  is  still  an  a^^rej^ate  of  several 
hundred  Indians  held  in  hondajje. 

"The  Indians  are  not  especially  cruel  masters.  The 
condition  of  slavery  seems  to  re>i  '"ijhtly  on  its  subject"^. 
Till-  natives  are  kindlier  natured  man  are  those  farther 
south,  and  I-'atlur  I'larmnn  te''^  me  that  the  farther  north 
one  jjoes  the  better  natu.  I  he  tind<  them  \lv  says 
that  in  all  of  the  live  years  that  he  has  been  amon^j  the 
immits  of  the  ^  ukon  delta  he  ua^  nevir  seen  a  lijiht  or 
violent  disaj^reement  amonj^'  the  native  people.  He  thinks 
that  the  climate  has  something:  to  do  with  it.  and  it  may  be 
true,  but  it  would  be  hardly  fair  to  draw  the  corulative 
inference  that  the  best  people  or  the  hij.jhest  cidturi-  will 
sometime  be  found  in  the  vicinity  of  tlu-  iH)rth  pole." 

The  "Klouvlikers"  who  will  take  tin-  "overland"'  route 
to  the  jilacer  mines  will  not  meet  the  I'arinjj:  strait  "busk- 
ers," as  the  h'skimos  are  called.  .V  corres])ondent  of  the 
CHlCAdO  KlXORl)  spent  a  season  with  the  I'.erinK' 
strait  F.skimos.  and  the  interesting  letter  he  wrote  about 
them  reads  as  follows: 

"In  all  the  years  since  the  e.xodus  from  Lapland  the 
Iierinp  strait  hlskimo  has  cluns:  to  his  primitive  cust()ms. 
lie  still  lives  in  teiUs.  thouj^h  whereas  formerly  they  were 
made  from  walnis  hides  or  deer  skins,  in  recent  years  he 
has  sid)stituted  the  more  convenient  drill  or  canvas,  ob- 
tained from  whalers  or  tradinj.,^  stations.  .*^i.\  months  (May 
to  October)  he  moves  about  the  coast,  fishing,  huntinjj;  or 
wholly  idle.  The  Oi-ier  six  months  are  spent  in  his  bara- 
boras  or  duj^ont.  In  April,  wlien  the  jj^round  with  which 
his  lull  is  covered  on  side  und  top  begins  to  thaw  and  drip, 


t 


■  I 

;  t 


^f™!!; 


u  I 


I  •       .    ! 


}H 


W'l 


;  I 
} 


I'll 


390 


THE   CHICAGO   RECORD'S 


he  ap^ain  takes  to  his  tent  on  the  beach,  and  immediately 
makes  preparations  for  his  seal  hunt,  which  provides  him 
with  staple  foods — seal  oil,  blubber  and  meat — besides 
fur  for  clothinpf  and  for  barter  with  the  whaler. 

"Sealing  beinj^  over  he  returns  home  and  engages  in 
fishing  until  wlialcrs  and  other  ships  collect  at  Point  Spen- 
cer, some  time  in  June  or  July,  when  he  again  launches 
his  omiak  and  departs  for  that  place.  Here  he  stays  until 
the  shii)s  leave,  fishing,  trading  or  enjoying  a  general 
good  time.  In  accordance  with  his  industry  lie  lays  in  a 
sn])ply  of  sugar,  flour,  molasses,  powder,  lead,  cajis. 
knives,  axes,  needles,  thread,  etc.  This  done,  he  journeys 
into  the  lakes  through  Grantly  iiarbor  and  finishes  his 
fishing,  returning  some  time  in  Octolvr. 

"In  these  days  an  extended  trading  goes  on  among 
the  Eskimos  of  the  various  districts.  Deer  skins  and  deer 
legs  and  sinev.s  are  brought  over  from  I"!ast  cajje  in  large 
(|uantities  and  bartered  for  red  fox  skins,  in  great  demand 
on  the  Siberian  side,  (^gorooks,  or  large  seal  skins  from 
the  Kotzebue  sound,  used  for  soles  in  the  manufacture 
of  their  boots,  arc  exchanged  for  j)OW(ler,  lead,  tobacco 
and  caps.  Ivory  and  whalebone  in  great  plenty  conies 
from  Indian  ])()int  and  King's  island,  and  are  traded  off 
for  tobacco,  knives,  calico,  flour  and  the  like.  I'rom  Golo- 
vin  bay  and  Xoi  ton  sound  come  the  mink,  lynx,  red  fox, 
beaver  and  wolf  skins,  all  in  great  demand  among  the 
Alaskans  west  and  north  of  these  two  bays. 

"In  the  selection  of  a  building  site  the  strait  Eskimo 
chooses  a  bank  near  the  shore,  with  a  gentle  slope  to- 
ward the  south.  Here  he  excavates,  with  his  whalebone 
shovel,  a  place  ten  or  twelve  feet  s(|uare  and  about  six 
feet  deep.  Level  with  the  floor  he  digs  a  tunnel  three 
and  one-half  or  four  feet  s(|uare  out  to  the  hillside,  and 
here  he  sets  up  a  driftwood  inclosure  with  an  opening  at 


BOOK    FOR    OOLD-SEEKERS. 


m\ 


the  top  large  enoujj^li  to  admit  one  person  at  a  time.  In 
all  the  long  winter  months,  wlun  the  snow  drifts  keep 
the  subterranean  resident  confined  for  weeks  at  a  time, 
but  little  snow  finds  its  way  through  this  opetiing.  More- 
over, as  the  heat  rises  to  the  to]i  little  of  it  escapes  through 
the  tunnel. 

"The  room  thus  excavated  is  studded  closely  with 
driftwood,  of  which  there  is  always  an  abundance;  a  raf- 
ter is  placed  at  each  corner,  reaching  to  a  s(|uare  frame 
or  skylight  in  the  center.  This  is  covered  with  the  in- 
testine of  jeals  or  walrus,  instead  of  glass.  The  spaces 
between  the  rafters  are  filled  out  with  brush,  whalebone, 
split  logs  or  (jdds  and  ends  of  boards  found  along  the 
beach.  This  thatch  is  covered  with  sod  or  loose  ground, 
and  the  home  is  complete — a  home,  warm  and  comfort- 
able, and  one  that  others  no  obstruction  to  tiie  almost 
continual  north  wind  from  January  to  the  middle  oi  May. 

"As  a  rule  no  fireplace  is  found  in  these  underground 
dwellings.  BiU  little  cooking  is  done.  The  natives  live 
on  dry  fish,  stored  up  in  sununcr.  or  on  raw  frozen  tom- 
cod  caught  through  the  ice  by  the  wtmien  in  the  wiiUer. 
This,  with  seal  oil.  blubber  and  seal  meat,  constitutes  the 
entire  diet.  Knives,  forks  and  spoons  are  unknown.  The 
men  find  an  excellent  std)stitiUe  in  their  first  an<l  second 
fingers,  which  they  di])  into  the  tray  of  seal  oil  and  lick 
with  gusto.  The  women  use  three  fingers,  and  the  chil- 
dren all  four. 

"For  the  young  people  of  tlu'  family,  or  families — for 
they  crowd  into  one  hut  as  niau)  as  l)os^ibly  can  find 
sleeping  room — a  ])latform.  six  feet  long,  is  constructed. 
the  entire  width  of  the  room,  midway  between  floor  and 
ceiling.  Here  the  bi^ys  and  girls  rest  U.^'ir  lind)s  in  months 
of  sluiuber.  the  tlcn^r  being  reserved  for  the  (jld  folk. 
L'pon  entering  the  room  the  Eskimo  carefully  brushes 


H 


( 


'   ''  I' 


f  ( 


ffifr 


-f 

*■/    ! 

^t^    1 

m 


^ 


392 


THE   CHICAGO   RECORD'S 


from  his  dotliinj,'  every  particle  of  snow.  Then,  taking 
ofif  his  artiga,  he  sits  nude  to  the  waist,  chattinj^  until 
b'Mltinie.  Ik'dtimc  is  any  hour  when  the  elders  of  the 
household  feel  like  going  to  bed.  When  that  time  arrives, 
all  clothing  i.-^  removed  and  the  family  retire  to  their  deer- 
skins. Extreme  filth  troubles  the  Eskimo  not  .at  all.  \'er- 
min  he  rather  likes  than  dislikes,  although  there  is  a  limit 
to  all  things.  When  his  artiga  becomes  unbearable  he 
hangs  it  outside  the  hut  on  a  cold  night  and  the  trouble 
is  remedied. 

"The  habits  of  these  people  vary  considerably  in  dif- 
fereiU  districts.  I-ispecially  is  this  difference  noticeable 
between  the  Alaskans  living  on  the  coast  and  those  less 
fortunate  confined  to  the  islands.  There  is  a  distinct 
variation  in  appearance,  habits,  mode  of  building,  con- 
struction of  sleds  anil  boats,  maimer  of  traveling,  |)er- 
sonal  decoration  and  clothing.  Whereas,  on  the  main- 
land the  Alaskans  live  in  villages  of  loo  or  200  inhab- 
itants, in  separate  one-njc^m  underground  dwellings,  on 
St.  Lawrence  island,  for  example,  and  elsewhere  in  the 
I'ering  sea,  they  live  in  large  above-ground  huts  of  an 
oval  or  round  shape,  the  interior  of  which  is  divided  by 
walrus  hides  into  a  munber  of  sleeping  ajjartments.  In 
the  center  is  left  a  large  living  room,  used  -as  w^ell  for 
stt)rage.  This  room  has  a  fireplace  in  the  center,  and  the 
s(|uare  frame  in  the  roof  is  made  removable.  The  fire 
is  made  sometime  during  the  day,  and  when  a  desired 
temi)erature  is  obtained  the  still-burning  pieces  of  wood 
are  thrown  outside  through  the  scpiare  hole  in  the  roof; 
the  smoke  is  allowed  to  escape  and  the  firejilace  in  the 
floor  is  covered  over  with  boards.  Tiien  no  fire  is  made 
until  the  next  day. 

"The  growing  importance  of  the  Alaskan  mines  and 
the  development  of  the  country  along  the  lines   fixed 


BOOK    FOR    GOLD-SEEKERS. 


•d\i\i 


by  its  principal  iiidustrii's  Iiavi-  justititd  the  experiment 
begun  in  1891  by  Dr.  SlieMon  Jackson  of  introilucing 
the  Siberian  reindeer  and  instructing  tlie  Eskimos  in  the 
care  of  tliem,  I'"or  long  journeys  across  a  desert  of  snow 
dog  trains  will  not  answer.  Xot  only  is  their  progress 
slower  than  is  that  of  the  reindeer,  but  they  cannot  carr\ . 
in  addition  to  their  own  burdens,  enough  food  for  a  k)ng 
stage  across  country.  With  reindeer  it  is  different.  .After 
covering  from  fifty  to  ninety  miles  in  a  day — twice  or 
thrice  the  distance  t<»  which  a  dov:;  team  is  e(|ual — the 
deer  may  be  tiu'ned  out  at  night  to  seek  their  own  foddiT 
under  the  sikjw.  .More  than  that,  with  such  a  rcindeir 
herd  as  .Siberia  nas.  the  natives  of  .Alaska  woidd  have 
that  resource  of  food  and  clothing  of  which  tJK'N  now 
are  in  so  hitter  need." 

l-'ather  Uanuun  of  the  Catholic  mission  at  the  di'lta 
of  the  ^'ukon  has  spent  five  \ears  in  the  far  north — 
traveling,  teaching  and  preaching,  winter  and  sumnuT. 
Si)eaking  of  tiie  introduction  of  reindeer  into  .Alaska,  he 
made  the  stati-nieiit  that  the  Catholics  are  not  considered 
in  their  distribution;  that  the  animals  all  go  to  i'rotestaiit 
missions. 

"Why  is  your  church  not  put  on  an  ei|ual  fooling  witii 
(Jther  denominations"-"  he  was  asked. 

"I  know  of  no  reason.  All  1  know  is  that  the  Catho- 
lics are  not  gi-tting  any  favors  from  the  government." 

"Do  y(ju  think  tiie  e.Nperiment  of  introducing  reindeer 
will  succeed?" 

"\'es.  eventually:  but  there  are  obstacles,  the  most 
serious  of  which  are  the  Eskimo  dogs.  Tiie  dog^  and 
the  reindeer  can  uevtT  live  together,  and  now  the  «logs 
have  the  held.  They  will  kill  and  eat  the  deer.  The 
Imuiit  would  not  give  up  his  dogs  f<jr  an\  tiling  el>e.  We 
have  Ix'en  trying  to  inlroilucc  the  St.  iJernard  and  other 


m 


,    i 

il;  I. 


''■■ 


-i 


u 


jMk 


I 


394 


THE   CHfCACO    RECORDS 


p. 


m 


breeds  of  what  we  call  'white'  doRs.  hut  the  same  trouble 
comes  in  as  with  the  reindeer — the  Eskimo  curs  kill  and 
devour  them. 

"They  are  stranpre  animals,  as  we  are  used  to  regard- 
inp  dogs,  being  more  like  wolves.  They  have  no  such 
thing  as  affection  in  their  make-up.  but.  on  the  other 
hand,  they  are  not  particularly  hostile.  When  a  strange 
man  comes  into  the  camp  they  pay  no  attention  to  him 
whatever.  They  do  not  bite,  neither  can  they  Iiark.  and 
there  is  a  fumiy  thing  in  that  connection.  When  they 
are  brouglit  into  association  with  'white'  dogs  they  try 
to  learn  it.  and  it  is  the  most  awkward  and  discordant 
attempt  at  barking  that  any  one  ever  heard.  I>ut  they 
are  treacherous.  They  tolled  poor  jack,  my  St.  I'ernard. 
away  from  the  '  mse.  and  then  all  jumped  on  him  like  a 
pack  of  wolves  and  ate  him  up,  and  they  v»ill  serve  the 
reindeer  the  same  way." 

I'ather  liarnum  remarked  upon  the  prevalent  idea 
that  a  reindeer  is  nearly  as  large  as  a  horse. 

"On  the  contrary."  he  said,  "it  is  a  vicious,  malevolent 
little  animal,  hardly  larger  than  an  ordinary  deer,  that 
will  sit  up  on  its  haunches  and  strike  savagely  at  a  man 
with  its  front  feet.  Hut  there  is  no  doubt  about  its  use- 
fulness and  adaptability  to  the  country  at"id  the  recpiire- 
nients  of  the  people." 


HOOK    FOK    GULU-SEEKl^Jlltj. 


3»6 


*^-r^ 


CHAPTRK  X.WIII. 
HISTORY  OF  ALASKA. 

CZAR'S  (Ircaiii  of  Russian  ajj^pran- 
(lizcmont  led  to  tin-  disoovory  of  Alas- 
ka. IVtcr  till'  ( Jn-at  had  (.-om-eivod 
tlic  idra  of  piishint,'  on  past  Asia  to  the 
AiiKTu-an  c-ontim'iit  and  fonndinj,^  a 
Russian  iinpiro  in  tlio  nc-w  world.  To 
%;^  this  end  ho  si-nt  out  an  vxplorint,'-  rx- 

■"  pfflitiou   imdcr  tiu-  leadership  of  \  eit 

r»erinij,  a  Danish  eaptain  in  the  Rus- 
sian service.  The  expedition  started  in  I'ehruarv.  172;, 
and  thoufjh  the  czar's  death  oeeurred  in  the  same  month. 
the  monareh's  scheme  was  carried  forward  hy  Catherine, 
his  widow,  and  rrmcess  I'.lizaheth,  his  daughter. 

The  arduous  work  of  explorinj^  the  .^iherian  coast  and 
waters  continued  for  sixteen  years  before  the  Alaskan 
coast  was  sij^dited.  The  second  Kanichatkan  expedition 
was  six  years  in  crossing  .Siberia.  It  was  in  the  sprinj; 
of  1741  that  Berinjv  and  his  lieutenant.  Chirikof.  put  ^m^ 
into  P.ering  sea,  the  waters  of  which  i'.erin^r  had  dis- 
covered on  his  previous  expedition.  They  had  two  small 
vessels.  One  was  commanded  hy  Derintr.  the  other  hv 
Chirikof.  The  little  craft  became  separated  at  sea.  and 
never  were  reunited.  Chirikof  bore  awav  to  the  ea>t. 
ami  during:  the  nii^dit  of  July  13.  1741.  sij^hted  land  in 
latitude  53.21.  It  was  afterward  disclosed  that  this  was 
thirty-six  hours  in  a.lvance  of  r.eriiiij's  discovery  of  the 
mainland  of  America. 

Chirikof  sent  a  party  ashore  in  one  of  his  small  boats 


■i 


!!■ 


n 


h' 


u 


', .'    li 


■ .  .':  I- 


396 


THE   CHICAGO    RECORDS 


to  explore  the  iiiitiiediatc  country  and  secure  fresh  water. 
Soon  after  leavinp;  the  vessel,  they  passed  around  a  roeky 
point  and  disajjpeared  from  sifrht.  As  they  failed  to  re- 
turn at  the  appointed  time,  another  hoat's  crew  was  sent 
ashore.  Soon  a  p^reat  smoke  was  seen  arisintj  from  the 
shore,  and  two  lar.i;e  canoes  filled  with  threatening;  "-'i- 
tives  came  out  from  the  land.  They  refused  to  hoard  the 
stranffe  ship,  and  it  dawned  upon  Chirikof  that  all  the  nu-n 
he  had  sent  ashore  iiad  been  massacred.  This  reduced 
his  crew  to  small  numbers,  and  Chirikof  decided  to  re- 
turn to  the  Kamchatkan  coast. 

The  return  voyaqe  was  attended  with  frisj^htful  hard- 
shii)s  and  sufiferin.y^.  Scurvy  attacked  the  men,  many 
died,  and  the  others  were  rendered  helpless  by  sickness. 
After  weeks  of  this  sufiferin^,  the  vessel  reached  the 
Kaiuchatkan  coast,  with  only  the  i)ilot  on  deck.  Chiri- 
kof was  one  of  the  first  stricken  with  scurvy,  but  he  re- 
covered. 

Ilerinj^'s  i)arty  suffered  even  tjreater  hardshijis.  After 
si^htinjj  the  coast  and  makinjT  a  landin.t;',  T.erinj:^  j^ave 
orders  to  lift  anchor  and  return  to  Kamchatka.  The 
ship  became  lost  in  the  maze  of  islands,  and  was  wrecked 
upon  a  barren  island.  Tliere  the  survivors  passed  the 
winter,  many  of  them  dyin.c;'.  Caves  were  (\u^  in  the 
sandy  bank  of  a  little  stream,  and  a  scanty  and  uncertain 
food  supi>ly  was  obtained  by  killing  sea  animals  and  re- 
sortinpf  to  the  flesh  of  dead  whales  cast  upon  the  beach. 
Bering  died  on  this  island  December  8.  1741. 

In  the  spring  the  handful  of  survivors  coiistructcd  a 
boat  from  their  wrecked  vessel  and  succeeded  in  working 
their  way  back  to  the  Siberian  coast,  where  they  were  re- 
ceived with  great  rejoicing,  having  long  been  given  up 
for  dead. 

Although  the  discoverer  lost  his  life  on  the  first  ex- 


IJOOK    FOR    GOl.lJ-SKEKKUS. 


8»7 


ex- 


pcflition.  l.i>  work  was  fdllowcd  uj)  hy  his  countrymen, 
and  in  the  pursuit  of  the  fur  trade  numerous  settlements 
were  made  by  the  Russians  at  various  points  on  the  coast. 
( )f  these  seahnp;^  posts  there  were  about  forty,  of  whieii 
Arciianj;el  was  the  most  important.  The  territory  had 
been  fj^ranted  in  I7<)t)  l)y  luiiperor  Paul  \'I1I.  to  the  Rus- 
sian l"ur  compauN .  and  in  i8,V).  when  the  charter  was  re- 
newed, sealiu.c:  had  developed  to  such  an  extent  that  the 
annual  exportations  aniomited  to  25,000  skins,  besides 
many  sea  otter  and  beaver  skins,  and  al)out  i8.o(xi  sea 
horse  teeth.  In  i<S63  the  expiration  of  the  charter  of 
the  company  foinid  Russia  extremely  desirous  of  being 
relieved  of  the  anxiety  to  which  the  ])rotection  of  it.^ 
subjects  and  the  maintenance  of  a  jjovernment  in  a  far- 
away arctic  region  subjected  it.  It  has  been  asserted  by 
some  that  the  negotiations  instituted  by  the  I'nited  .States 
for  the  purchase  of  the  peninsula  contemplated  reward- 
ing Russia,  mider  the  guise  of  a  nominal  purchase,  for 
its  friendliness  to  the  American  union  during  the  civil 
war.  riiis  view,  however,  is  hardly  tenable,  in  view  of 
ilie  lack  of  interest  Russia  had  taken  in  its  American 
possessions.  The  Russian-American  l''ur  company  for 
connucrcial  reasons  had  been  aggressive,  but  the  Russian 
government  had  confined  itself,  after  the  granting  of  the 
charter  of  the  company,  to  the  protection  of  its  Alaskan 
subjects  and  the  maintenance  of  order  among  them. 

lie  the  motives  for  the  i)urchase  what  they  may,  in 
1867  the  entire  Russian  possessions  in  America  were 
ceded  to  flie  C'nited  ."States.  The  i)urchase  was  negoti- 
atetl  by  Secretary  William  II.  Seward,  who  considered  it 
the  most  important  act  of  his  career,  though  he  declared 
that  two  generations  would  pass  before  the  value  of  the 
acc|uisition  could  be  appreciated.  There  can  be  no  doubt 
that  he  was  anxious  to  effect  the  purchase,  but   Russia 


!^ 


M) 


:(  ■) 


f  if 


•  ',;i 


It 


^^H 

^:b 

iHt 

ill 

I*  ''* 

•  ■;! 

4|J 

re';- 

■■H 

II 

K"*i 

M  W 

W  '■     '' 

jw  i' 

»<■■'',   'j            " '  ,f 

N'      '■           '■■ 

tfi'   ■: 

4      r,         ■ 

898 


THE   CHICAGO    RECORDS 


made  the  first  advatico.  The  state  department  ncfTf)tiate(l 
a  secret  treaty,  which  the  senate  afterward  ratified,  pro- 
vichnfjf  for  the  transfer  of  Alaska  to  the  I'nited  States  in 
consideration  of  tlie  payment  of  $7,200,000  in  ^old,  at 
that  time  e(|uivalent  to  more  than  $10,000,000  in  jrreen- 
back  currency.  XotwithstaiuHng  the  fact  that  $10,000,- 
000  was  a  most  inconsiderable  consideration  for  a  trans- 
action so  hif^  with  possibilities,  Secretary  lUa  declares 
tliat  "there  is  little  doubt  that  a  like  offer  frot  .  tny  other 
luiropean  government  would  have  been  rejected."  it 
bein^  a  time  when,  "in  the  judgment  of  the  people  the 
last  thinj;  we  needed  was  additional  territc^ry." 

The  state  department's  negotiation  and  the  senate's 
ratification  were  not  the  conclusion  of  the  business,  for 
in  order  to  carry  out  the  transaction  contemplated  by  the 
treaty  an  appropriation  by  congress  became  necessary. 
There  were  objectors  in  congress  who  opposed  the  con- 
summation of  the  convention.  Cadwalader  C.  Washl)urn 
declared  that  when  the  treaty  for  Alaska  w^as  negotiated 
"not  a  soul  in  the  whole  I'nited  States  asked  for  it."  He 
asserted  that  the  treaty  was  negotiated  secretly,  without 
chance  for  a  hearing  and  that  the  country  ceded  was  ab- 
solutely witliout  value,  (ieneral  lUitler  strongly  re-en- 
forced Mr.  Washburn's  argument,  declaring  that  he 
would  rather  give  Russia  $7,200,000  for  its  friendship  pro- 
vided it  v.ouid  keep  its  peninsula  of  ice  and  the  respon-^i- 
bilitics  attached  thereto.  ( ieneral  Schenck  and  Mr.  Shcl- 
labargcr  also  were  in  the  opposition,  but  the  side  that  had 
for  its  supporters  (General  Uanks  and  Phaddeus  Stevens 
finally  was  victorious.  There  was  nnich  bitterness  against 
.Secretary  Seward  for  having  negotiated  a  "star  cham- 
ber" treaty,  but  congress  voted  the  recjuired  appropria- 
tion.    Before  this  was  done,  however,  I'resident  Andrew 


BOOK    FOR    GOLD-SEEKERS. 


»9'J 


Iliad 

MIS 

Inst 
mi- 


rcw 


Johnson  liad  taken  possession  of  the  countr\  in  the  name 
of  tlie  I'niled  States. 

The  name  Alaska,  formerly  spelled  Aliaska,  is  derived 
from  a  native  word  Al-ak-shak.  sij^iiifyinpj  "great  conn- 
try,"  and  the  world  is  jnst  awakening  to  the  appropriate- 
ness of  the  designation.  From  north  to  sonth  .Alaska  e.\ 
tends  900  miles  from  sea  to  sea;  from  I'ering  sea  on  the 
west  to  the  IJritish  boundary  line  the  distance  is  7ck)  miles. 
Alaska's  area  of  Coo.ooo  s(|uare  miles  is  best  appreciated 
by  comparison  with  more  familiar  regi(jns.  The  ])enin- 
sula  is  twice  as  large  as  the  state  of  Texas;  three  times 
as  large  as  California;  more  than  ten  times  as  large  as 
Illinois;  about  eleven  times  as  large  as  .\ew  York  state; 
about  five  hundred  titnes  as  large  as  Rhode  Island,  and 
nine  times  the  size  of  all  the  .\ew  England  states  taken 
together. 

The  first  period  in  the  development  of  Alaska  is  hi- 
cluded  between  the  years  1867  and  i8<>o,  and  furnishes  a 
striking  analogy  to  the  course  that  has  been  taken  in  the 
opening  up  of  British  North  America.  In  the  transfer 
of  the  i)eninsula  to  the  United  States  the  business  men 
wiio  composed  the  Alaska  Commercial  company  saw  the 
opportunity  for  a  fortune,  and  before  the  possibilities  of 
the  L'nitcd  States  purchase  were  known  or  even  con- 
ceived, the  wealth  of  .'\laska  and  its  islands  had  passed 
for  a  term  of  years  into  the  control  of  this  far-sighted 
corporation.  There  is  no  doubt  that  the  purchase  money, 
amounting  to  less  than  half  a  cent  an  acre,  long  since  has 
been  returned  in  profits  on  the  seal  fisheries,  but  it  has 
been  returned  to  the  government's  beneficiaries  and  not 
to  the  government.  In  the  first  five  years  money  ])aid 
into  the  treasury  on  the  lease  of  the  .Maska  Commercial 
company,  paid  8  per  cent  upon  the  first  cost.  Indeed,  the 
two  small  seal  islands  i)aid  a  goodly  percentage  on  the 
24 


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< 
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BOOK    FOR    GOLD-SKKKKIIS. 


401 


O 

M 
U 
•/! 


H 
X 

< 

in 
< 

< 


])urchasc  iiiomv  for  the  entire  province,  and  simply  in 
rent  to  the  {.(overninent  they  tnore  than  repaid  their  cost, 
hut  despite  these  partial  shouinji^s  the  fact  remains  that 
the  ^government's  had  barj^ain  diverted  the  income  from 
a  rich  property  to  the  hands  of  a  few,  who  were  wise 
enoiiph  to  secure  the  concession. 

In  1890  the  lands  of  the  fur  seal  islands  passed  from 
the  Alaska  Commercial  company  into  the  control  of  the 
Xorth  American  Connuercial  company.  The  new  le,-^- 
sec  went  farther  from  the  old  established  tradinj.^  posts  for 
traffic  with  the  natives,  makinp^  such  endeavor  to  develop 
the  country  as  never  had  entered  into  the  desi}^ns  of  its 
predecessor.  A  monthly  mail  route,  ()i)en  seven  months 
out  of  the  twelve,  was  established  between  Sitka  and 
ISerin^  sea,  and  the  postoffices  that  followed  the  mail 
route  opened  up  communication  between  the  iiUerior  and 
the  United  States. 

Prior  to  the  year  1884  the  j^fovermnent  of  Alaska  was 
essentially  military,  that  is  to  say,  federal  customs  offi- 
cers were  sustained  in  the  territory  to  prevent  the  selling 
of  li(|Uor  to  Indians  and  white  men.  \\  i  only  natives  to 
govern  there  was  little  occasion  for  a  government.  How- 
ever, as  the  white  residents  of  the  southeastern  coast  in- 
creased in  number  a  more  pretentious  government  be- 
came desirable,  but  the  matter  was  agitated  for  several 
years  without  fruit.  A  convention  was  held  at  Juneau  in 
1881  and  M.  D.  Hall  was  sent  as  a  delegate  to  congress. 
Congress,  however,  would  have  none  of  Mr.  lUdl  in  an\ 
official  capacity,  and  while  the  matter  of  Alaska's  civil 
and  economic  condition  had  been  brcnight  to  the  atten- 
tion of  the  American  govermiient  and  people,  yet  Alaska 
still  was  without  representation  of  any  sort  in  congress. 
In  the  next  session  of  congress  the  matter  was  brought 
up,  but  no  action  was  taken,  and  it  was  not  until  1883 


Ml. 


.  I . 


:i. 


I;  i 

i 


w 


'I) 


111 


.!..■- 


f  ^1  ? 


THK   CHICAGO    UKCOUUS 

that  coiij^rc'ss  j^rantid  tlu-  proviiicr  any  scinhlaticc  of 
civil  ^(ncniiiH'nt.  TIu'  1)111  wliii-Ii  hi-caiiic  a  law  in  that 
yi-ar  was  iiitrodm-i-c]  hy  St-nator  lU-iijainiti  llarriMin  and 
i-ntitk'd  '■■j'lic  ( )rj;anic  Act  of  Alaska."  This  hill  pro- 
vided for  till'  appointuu'iit  of  a  j^ovcrnor,  a  marshal,  a 
clerk,  and  district  jndffc,  a  clerk  of  the  conrt,  and  fonr 
United  States  commissioners,  the  last-named  to  have 
their  residences  in  four  of  the  principal  cities  of  the  terri- 
tory and  the  other  ofllcials  to  have  offices  at  Sitka,  the 
temporary  capital.  All  were  to  he  appointed  hy  the 
president.  The  first  actual  representation  of  the  terri- 
tory thus  constituted  in  the  political  affairs  of  the  I'nited 
States  was  in  1888,  when  the  Democrats  of  Alaska  sent 
dele},'ates  to  the  democratic  national  convention  and  the 
credentials  of  these  democrats  were  honored.  '{"he  Re- 
l)ul)lican  national  connuittee  holdintj  office  hetween  1888 
and  \H()2  allowed  Alaska  permanent  representation  the 
same  as  the  other  territories  and  the  same  recognition  was 
accorded  hy  the  democratic  convention  of  1892. 

In  the  spring  of  that  year  the  efforts  of  representative 
men  of  Alaska  had  resulted  in  the  enactment  of  a  law 
which  for  the  first  time  provided  for  the  suitahle  transfer 
of  land-titles  in  Alaska.  Uy  the  terms  of  this  act  in- 
dividuals t)r  companies  were  permitted  to  purchase  land 
at  $2.50  an  acre,  and  dwellers  in  towns  were  permitted 
to  ac(|uire  valid  title  to  their  holdings.  Up  to  the  present 
time  Alaska  has  no  representative  government,  hut  is 
administered  hy  the  federal  authorities  directly,  in  the 
same  manner  as  is  the  District  of  Columhia.  I'p  to  the 
late  discovery  of  gold  Alaska  has  lacked  partisans  to 
plead  its  cause  in  congress.  Now,  however,  that  the 
Yukon  region  is  drawing  from  all  quarters  of  the  United 
States  the  hardiest  and  the  hravest,  it  has  much  to  hope 
from  an  early  session  of  congress  in  the  way  of  legisla- 


Hi 


nooK  Kou  r.oLi>  skkkkfis. 


40S 


tion  to  place  it  *m  a  k'vd  with  (»tluT  iinadinittid  terri- 
tories. 

The  follow itijr  are  the  federal  ofliieials  in  Alaska: 

("lovenior -John  ( i.  I'.radv.  Sitka. 

I'liited  .Siatrs  Uul^v — (  liarles  S.  Johnson,  Sitka. 

I'nited  Slates  District  Attorney— lUtrtoii  E.  ISeiuictt. 
Sitka. 

I'nited  States  Marshal— Jatnes  M.  Slump.  Sitka. 

Clerk  of  Distriet  lonrt  and  I'.x-l  )tVuio  Secretarv  of 
State  -Albert  I).  l"".lliott.  Sitka. 

Treasury   department    ofVuials: 

Collector  of  Cnstoin.s — Joseph    X.  Ivev.  Sitka, 

.\j.rent  Seal  Islands — Joseph  Murray.  Assistant  agents 
seal  islands:  John  .\1.  .Morto  i.  J.  11.  Crowley,  and  James 
Jiidj.;e. 

Special  Atj^em  Investiiration  l-ur  Seal  I'isheries.  Seal 
Islands — Professor  1).  .S.  Jordan. 

Special  Agent  Salmcm  I'isheries— Howard  M.  Kut- 
chin. 

Assistant  Agent  .Salmon  I'isheries— James  C.  I'.oatner. 

Interior  department  officials: 

Register  of  Public  Lands— John  W.   Dudley.  Sitka. 

Receiver  of  Public  .Money — Rosuell  Shelly.  Sitka. 

Surveyor  (ieneral  of  Alaska— W.  L.   Dnstin.   Illinois. 

Commissioners— At  Sitka.  Caldwell  W.  Tuttle;  ;it 
Wrangel.  Kenneth  .M.  Jack.son;  at  Cnalaska.  Lycurgus 
R.  Woodward;  at  Juneau  City.  John  \.  ()strander;  at 
Kadiak.  Philip  Gallagher :  at  Circle  City  John  1'..  Crane; 
at  St.  Michael.  L.  11.  Shepherd;  at  Dyea.  John  L'.  Smith; 
at  Cnga,  Charles  H.  Ishani. 

The  opponents  to  the  consunnnation  of  Secretary  Sew- 
ard's negotiation  for  the  purchase  of  Alaska  had  a  certain 
basis  of  trutli  for  their  slur  uixm  Alaska  as  a  peninsula 
of  ice.  for  in  the  north,  at  St.  Michael  and  Point  Harrow, 


I 

Ml 


I! 

) 


-4^ 


-f'vi 


■0  i| 


404 


THE   CHICAGO   RECORDS 


wells  have  been  dug  through  60  feet  of  solid  ice  and  the 
same  is  true  along  the  Yukon.  The  summit  of  Mt.  St. 
Elias,  18,000  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea,  is  covered 
with  perpetual  snow.  From  the  south  side  of  this  moun- 
tain eleven  great  glaciers  are  slowly  traveling  to  the  sea, 
and  one  of  them,  the  Agassiz  glacier,  is  twenty  miles  wide 
and  fifty  long,  covering  an  area  of  not  less  than  1,000 
.s(|uare  miles.  In  the  interior  the  plains  are  covered 
with  ice  for  eight  months  in  the  year.  On  the  Aleutian 
islands,  however,  is  luxuriant  vegeiation.  There  are  no 
large  trees,  but  the  miniature  prairies  are  covered  with 
rich  vegetable  mold  and  a  rich  grovvth  of  grass  and  shrub- 
bery. Scientists  predict  that  from  the  Aleutian  country 
will  yet  be  drawn  the  best  supplies  of  butter  and  cheese 
for  the  Pacific  coast.  Along  the  southern  coast  of  the 
mainland  the  climate  is  balmy,  and  even  where  the  win- 
ters are  most  rigorous  and  long-drawn-out  the  spring 
and  the  sliort  sunmier  are  seasons  of  rapid  growth  of 
vegetation  and  of  endurable  temperature. 

There  are  tliirty  or  more  volcanoes  in  Alaska,  about 
eight  of  which  are  in  active  eruption.  Shishaldin,  a  vol- 
canic mountain,  9,000  feet  high,  is  known  to  burn  con- 
stantly. One  hundred  miles  from  Unimak  island,  where 
this  volcano  is  situated,  is  Pavlof,  another  smoking 
mountain.  Mt.  Makushin,  on  Unalaska  island,  is  about 
a  mile  in  height,  and  also  more  or  less  active.  There  are 
other  smoking  volcanoes  on  Cnimak,  Akutan,  and  Atka 
islands.  Besides  Its  numerous  volcanoes  Alaska  boasts 
the  highest  known  mountain  in  North  America.  This 
peak,  Mt.  Wrangel,  has  an  elevation  of  19,000  feet,  and 
there  are  others  that  crowd  it  closely.  Besides  Mt.  St. 
Elias,  with  its  altitude  of  more  than  three  miles,  is  Mt. 
l''airwcather;  5,500  feet  high;  Mt.  Crillon,  15,000;  Mt. 
Perouse,  14,300. 


V   / 


i 


BOOK    FOR    GOLD  SEEKERS. 


405 


The  mountains  at  Cape  Prince  of  Wales,  from  which 
the  continent  of  Asia  may  be  seen,  are  barren  and  rug-- 
ged.  Toward  the  l)ase  they  sloi)e  out  gradually  and  end 
in  a  long  stretch  of  sandy  beach.  The  proximity  of  Si- 
beria suggests  to  all  who  look  across  the  strait  and  see 
another  continent  rising  before  them  the  desirability  of  a 
bridge  to  si)an  the  stri])  of  water  and  join  the  hemis- 
pheres. ■  Desirable  it  certainly  would  be,  but  altogether 
impracticable,  it  is  said.  The  current  is  too  swift,  and  the 
vast  (|uantities  of  ice  which  fall  into  the  Arctic  ocean  and, 
in  the  breaking-up  season,  bear  down  to  the  south,  would 
demolish  in  short  order  any  abutments  that  might  be 
erected.  It  has  been  suggested  that  the  strait  might  be 
tunneled  or  that  vast  quantities  of  the  basaltic  rock  might 
be  torn  out  of  the  cliffs  on  Cape  Prince  of  Wales  and  used 
to  form  a  highway  between  Asia  and  .America. 

To  return  to  the  subject  of  the  climate,  the  coast  coun- 
try of  Alaska  derives  great  benefit  from  the  Japan  ocean 
current,  which  tempers  the  raw  air  and  modifies  the  harsh 
winds  that  blow  from  the  north.  Throughout  all  the 
coast  country  the  precipitation  of  rain  and  snow  is  very 
heavy  and  seaso.is  of  excessive  rainfall  are  very  likely  to 
continue  for  weeks  at  a  time.  Xeverthele.ss  the  Alaskan 
rains  are  not  so  cold  as  are  the  rains  even  in  the  temper- 
ate zone,  and  while  the  air  ""';  cool  at  all  times  it  is  not  raw 
at  any  season.  In  the  interior  there  is  less  rainfall  than 
on  the  coast,  and  there  summer  heat  rises  to  excessive 
temperature.  The  mercury  has  been  k-nown  to  ri.se  as 
high  as  1 20  degrees,  but  tlie  extreme  cold  of  winter 
(|uickly  follows.  I'ifty  and  (k)  degrees  below  zero  is  the 
usual  mininuun  temperature,  although  70  degrees  is  on 
record.  It  is  the  extreme  humidity  of  the  atmosphere 
and  the  heavy  precipitation  at  all  seasons  that  produces 
the  '-oniarkable  venlure  already  mentioned.     All  garden 


'! 


':m 


mw 


Ml- 


;f*' 


406 


THE   CHICAGO   RECORD'S 


vcfijctables  thrive  in  this  chniate,  and  many  small  fruitP 
are  indigenous  to  the  soil.  Up  to  the  pres">it  no  stock- 
man has  made  a  success  of  raising  either  large  or  small 
cattle.     The  climate  is  trying  to  farm  animals. 

In  his  rei)ort  James  Sheakley,  governor  of  Alaska,  in 
i8()6  transmitted  to  the  interior  department  the  following 
particulars  regarding  the  seal  catch,  the  mines,  and  the 
fisheries  of  Alaska,  together  with  facts  touching  civil  con- 
ditions in  the  territory: 

"The  sunmiary  of  the  seal  catch  in  Bering  sea  for  the 
season  of  1896  shows  that  7.965  male  and  12,641  female 
seals  were  killed. 


Season  of  1895. 

Eighteen  American  vessels  caught 6,454 

Thirty-six   British  vessels  caught 24,762 

Fifty-four  vessels  caught 31,216 

Number  oi  boarding  operations.  171. 


I 


!|l 


Season  of  1896. 

Twelve  American  vessels  caught 2,907 

Fifty-four   British  vessels  caught 17.805 

Sixty-six  vessels  caught 20,712 

Number  of  boarding  o])erations,  181. 

Total  number  of  miles  steamed  by  the  patrol  fleet  to 
date,  77.464-5- 

Number  of  American  vessels  seized  in  Bering  sea,  2. 

Number  of  I'ritish  vessels  seized  in  Bering  sea,  4. 

"Of  the  sixty-six  vessels  engaged  in  pelagic  sealing 
but  twelve  were  American.  The  number  of  fur  seals  fre* 
(|uenling  Bering  sea  is  becoming  steadily  less  every  year, 
and  all  engaged  in  the  industry  of  pelagic  sealing  are  be- 


if!' 


M 


BOOK    FOR    GOCD-SEEKERS. 


407 


12 


to 


2. 


jjinning  to  realize  that  they  have  killed  the  j^^oose  that  laid 
the  golden  egg.  Thirty  thousand  male  seals  were  taken 
!)y  the  lessees  of  the  I'ribilof  islands  this  year  of  1896.  I 
see  no  reason  why  this  or  even  a  greater  number  should 
not  be  taken  annually,  as  he  number  of  males  is  largely 
in  excess  of  the  needs  of  the  herd. 

"Two  million  three  hundred  thousand  dollars  in  gold 
bullion  have  been  taken  from  the  gold  mines  witliin  the 
territory  of  Alaska  during  the  year  ending  October  I, 
1896.  The  greater  part  of  this  amount  is  the  product  of 
low  grade  ores,  much  of  which  yielded  less  than  $4  per 
ton.  The  improved  methods  in  miuMig  and  milling  gold- 
bearing  rock  have  so  greatly  reduced  the  expense  that  al- 
most any  grade  of  gold  ores  can  be  worked  with  a  profit. 
One  dollar  twenty-five  cents  per  ton  is  the  average  cost 
of  mining  and  milling  the  quartz  rock  at  tiie  Alaska- 
Treadwell  (iold  Mining  company's  mines  on  Douglas 
Island,  Alaska.  Hunting  or  jjrospectin^  for  new  mines 
has  been  very  active  during  the  year  last  past,  and  a  num- 
ber of  good  mines  have  been  located.  Several  of  these 
new  ledges  are  being  developed  rapidly,  and  on  some 
stamp  mills  have  been  erected  and  are  operating  with 
satisfactory  results.  Confidence  in  Alaska  as  a  gold- 
producing  country  increases  as  her  resources  are  de- 
veloped. 

"A  number  of  gold-bearing  ([uartz  ledges  and  placer 
deposits  have  been  discovered  in  this  district  and  several 
of  them  are  being  rapidly  developed  with,  good  prospects. 
The  "Pande  Uasin  placer  mine'  is  situated  between  high 
moimtains  about  eight  miles  from  Sitka.  .-Kbout  150 
acres  of  this  placer  are  covered  by  the  waters  of  a  small 
lake.  It  is  proposed  to  drain  off  the  waters  of  this  lake, 
which  will  enable  the  whole  area  to  be  mined. 

"Six  hundred  and   nineteen   thousand   three   hunilre(T 


f  i 


^  m 


a- 


rrr^ 


i 


■W:  .'I'li 


408 


THE   CHICAGO    RECORDS 


and  scventy-iiitic  cases  of  salmon  were  cauf^lit  and 
packed  in  1895.  We  couUl  not  ascertain  the  amount 
packed  for  i8<X>,  l>i't  it  will  be  in  excess  of  last  year.  In 
addition  to  the  twenty-three  canneries  in  operation  during 
T895,  •'"'•'^  "'^'\^'  <^'anneries  were  added  this  sununer,  mak- 
ing in  all  twenty-nine  canning  establishments  in  Alaska. 
These  canneries  emi)loy  2.000  white  men.  i.rxDO  Indians, 
and  2,fx)0  Chinese.  The  Indians  received  $(x),ooo  in  cash 
for  labor  and  fish  during  this  season.  A  large  amount 
was  also  disbursed  in  the  territory  for  lumber  and  boxes. 
The  sup])ly  of  salmon  seems  to  be  inexhaustible.  After 
twelve  years'  of  fishing  in  these  waters  and  taking  288.- 
cxx3.(XX)  pounds,  or  144,000  tons  of  salmon,  there  appears 
to  be  more  fish  this  year  than  at  any  previous  time,  in 
July  last  at  Karaluk  ioo,cx)0  were  caught  at  one  haul  cf 
the  seine.  V>\  an  act  of  congress  approved  June  (),  1896, 
the  secretary  of  the  treasury  was  authorized  to  appoint  an 
inspector  of  fislieries  in  Alaska  and  two  assistants.  The.se 
inspectors  were  appointed  and  innuediately  entered  upon 
the  duties  of  their  office.  They  visited  nearly  all  the 
canneries  in  the  territory.  Their  reports  will  be  read 
with  interest. 

"The  cause  of  education  throughout  the  territory  has 
been  well  sustained  by  the  bureau  of  education  with  an 
ai)ie  corps  of  teachers.  The  Indian  children  have  been 
more  punctual  in  attendance  and  have  made  gratifying 
progress  in  ac(|uiring  a  knowledge  of  the  elementary 
branches  of  learning.  The  new  school  houses  at  Ketchi- 
kan, Douglas  island,  and  Unalaska  have  been  completed, 
and  are  now  occujjied  for  school  purposes.  A  new 
school  has  also  been  established  at  Circle  City,  in  the 
Yukon  gold-mining  region,  and  a  cjualified  teacher  sent 
out  to  take  charge.  The  following  table  gives  the  loca- 
tion of  each  of  the  government  schools,  the  number  of 


(!!!' 


! 


I  iv 


ROOK    FOR    GOLD-SEEKERS.  409 

childreti  enrolkHl  i„  1895-06.  the  average  attendance,  and 
tile  names  of  the  teachers; 

Enroll-  Avprage 
ment.  Atti'iui-  Toafher. 

Juneau   No.    . . . . ! ! ! ! ! !  1 '7S  aii        s't  kX  ' '^"""• 

Sa.^"-^ ??  ^        Miss  Elizabeth  Sax„,an. 

IJ,rtWran.e,. •.;.•;;;;;.•  ^^        i^i^-^T\els... 

^•'^'"''" 31  h;        .j.  vv.  VounK  and 

Yakutat .:i8  ..,,        aiIITT  T'" "*''"• 

Tr,,r,n.,h  /..  -"  A]|)ert  Johiisoii. 

IVadiaU 49  ;;2  (•     r.     Of,|,„_ 

■^n"^^^'' •;?  22        Mrs.•^.  M.cahlwell. 

rnf H^us; o^  2!)        O.  K.  McKi nney. 

^  "'^''^^'^^   39  3r,        Miss  E.  Mellon! 

MISSION  SCHOOLS  FOR  1894-95. 

S""  n,™^  °/  ,^^'\"'-  •  ^  *-        '^7        'Thomas  Hanna. 

ti;;S,r i     ^    XL-^nSS 

I  IiaiaKIIK (1  OA  ri..,.;  i    i    i 

,j-,,„^..„~.  ,      ,  "*  '"        I Javid  Johnson. 

Kosoreffsky  (no  report).  n^y    p    rp  „. 

Nunivak  (no  report)...  Rp,,'  ,,V  iJ,.„„^ 

Ou.j^i.  (no  report)....  r"!  ^  l!^;?;:!!;;. 

!.'  .'^f '  • 'li  2r.        Miss  Mary  Mack. 

*^  •*'  ™^' 30  LT,        Miss  Emma  Huber. 

"Tile  Greco- Rus.siaii  churcli  sustains  schools  at  the  fol- 
lowing,^ places:  I'ort  Kenia,  Xinilchik,  Tooyounok,  Alcx- 
aiulrofsk.  with  a  combined  attendance  of  si.xty  .scholars 
ft  also  maintains  orphana.ties  at  Tnalaska.  Kadiak,  and 
.Sitka,  in  which  there  are  now  forty  children.  The  lar^- 
eL,i  Russian  school  in  the  territory  is  located  at  \ntchik 
and  is  tau^dn  by  .Mr.  Andrew  P.  KashivarofT.  who  had' 
forty-two  scholars  dnrinj^r  the  past  vear.  The  Greek  mis- 
sion and  orphanage  at  .Sitka  is  doing  excellent  work  with 


•;i: 


1  '  I' I 


I 


llf  ■  * '       i   ' 


410 


THE   CHICAGO    RECORD'S 


Rev.  Anatole  as  minister  and  A.  Protopopoff  as  teacher. 
English  is  being  taught  in  all  these  schools. 

"The  Sitka  Industrial  Training  School,  founded  by  the 
Rev.  Sheldon  Jackson,  D.  I).,  m  1880,  is  now  a  perman- 
ent institution,  supported  by  the  Presbyterian  board  of 
home  missions.  To  the  Rev.  A.  K.  Austin,  its  first 
teacher  and  present  chaplain,  is  due  much  credit  for  the 
success  of  the  school.  The  Rev.  U.  P.  Shull  is  now  the 
efficient  superintendent,  and  160  children  of  both  sexes 
are  taught,  boarded,  and  clothed  at  this  mission.  The 
Presbyterian  board  t)f  home  missions  also  supports 
schools  and  missions  at  Chilkat,  Juneau,  iiowkan  and 
]"'ort  W'rangel.  The  marked  improvement  in  the  condi- 
tion of  the  Indians  since  the  establishment  of  the  schools 
and  missions  is  reason  sufficient  for  their  existence  and 
continuance. 

"The  missionary  work  of  the  Protestant  Episcopal 
church  in  Alaska  is  now  in  charge  of  the  Right  Rev. 
Peter  Trimble  Rowe,  1).  D,.  who  was  consecrated  bishop 
of  Alaska  in  St.  George's  church.  Xew  York,  Xovember 
30,  i8()5.  Since  entering  his  diocese,  March  2^  of  this 
year,  he  has  made  and  completed  a  trip  of  5.000  miles, 
establishing  several  missions  and  visiting  others. 

"A  mission  has  been  established  at  Juneau,  where  a 
reclory  and  church  have  been  built  and  placed  under  the 
care  of  the  Rev.  II.  I'eer,  At  Circle  City  property  ha« 
been  purchased  and  arrangements  made  for  missionary 
work,  which  will  comprise  a  hospital,  native  school  and 
church,  rvlr.  Dowen  has,  for  the  present,  been  placed  in 
cl  large. 

"Fort  Yukon  also  has  been  occupied,  a  small  log  house 
erected  for  religious  uses,  and  an  educated  native,  Xen 
Laloo,  appointed  to  conduct  lay  services.  St.  James  mis- 
sion, Fort  Adams,  is  in  charge  of  the  Rev.  J.  L.  Prevoji. 


! 


BOOK    FOR    GOLD-SE^:KEUS. 


411 


1 


Here  Mr.  Prcvost^ias  a  school  for  the  IiuHan  chihhi-ii. 
This  school  has  a  registered  attendance  of  seventv-five 
day  scholars  and  sixteen  boarders.  In  addition  to  re- 
ligious evangelization  throughout  an  area  of  loo.cxxj 
square  miles  and  among  an  Indian  population  of  1,363, 
scattered  in  little  bands  within  this  area.  Mr.  I'rcvost  has 
within  the  year  given  medical  treatment  to  347  cases,  and 
furnished  to  the  same  2,2^H  meals.  .Material  is,  in  part, 
on  hand  for  the  erection  of  a  h(isi)ital,  hospice,  and  chapel. 

"Christ  Church  mission,  Anvik,  is  under  the  care  of  tlic 
Rev.  J.  X.  Chapman.  The  mission  operates  a  saw-mill, 
where  the  natives  are  employed  and  have  been  largelv 
taught  regular  habits  of  industry — greatly  to  their  benefit. 
A  boarding  and  day  school  is  conducted  here  and  is  in 
charge  of  Miss  Sabine  as  teacher.  The  school  is  well  at- 
tended, prosperous,  and  the  children  manifest  great  im- 
provement. It  is  hoped  to  eidarge  this  school,  making  it 
a  central  traniing  school  for  Indian  children  from  all  pans 
of  the  great  Yukon  country.  At  Point  Hope  Dr.  John  I>. 
Driggs  has  a  school  of  80  l''skimo  children.  1  le  is  a  gradu- 
ate in  medicine  and  his  services  are  invaluable  among 
these  people  along  the  northwest  .-oast  of  Alaska. 

"A  school  house  shouUl  be  built  and  a  school  estab- 
lished at  Sunrise  City.  Cooks  Inlet,  for  the  education  of 
white  children.  A  school  house  should  also  be  erected  at 
Wood  Island.  Out  here  on  the  verge  of  civilization,  where 
neither  the  moral  nt)r  civil  law  has  its  accustomed  re- 
straining power,  the  school  and  the  ciuirch,  the  teacher 
and  the  missionary,  are  the  great  conservators  of 
peace,  morality,  and  go(j(l  government  and  should  be 
sustained  by  the  government  and  the  peoi)le.  I  would 
earnestly  recommend  tiiat  the  approi)riation  for  school 
purposes  in  Alaska  be  increased  to  $40,0(X). 

"The  importation,  mamifacture,  and  sale  of  intoxicat- 


1      ''i 


11 


i  -1 1 


'I 


•u: 


THE   CHICAGO    IlECORUS 


•i   ;! 


II 


iiif^  Ii(|ii()rs  in  tlu'  District  of  Alaska,  ^xccpt  for  medical, 
iiu'chanical  and  sciontilic  purjjoscs,  is  prohibited  by  law. 
In  tlicorv,  Alaska  is  a  prohibition  country.  In  practice 
it  is  not.  Xctwithstanding  the  unceasinj;  cfiforts  of  all  the 
civil  ofHicials,  liquor  can  be  obtained  in  any  white  settle- 
ment of  any  consecjuencc  in  the  district.  And  when  it  is 
remembered  that  not  even  a  single  l)usiness  man  here  is 
in  favor  of  tlie  enforcement  of  this  law,  this  condition  of 
affairs  is  easily  imderst(Jod.  The  extensive  coast  line  of 
Alaska,  with  its  innumerable  bays,  together  with  the  sen- 
timent of  its  residents,  makes  smuggling  easy,  and  load 
after  load  of  li(|Uor  is  bnnight  from  15ritish  Columbia  to 
the  different  Alaskan  towns. 

"The  collector  of  customs  and  his  deputies  and  as- 
sistants do  all  they  can  to  prevent  this  illegal  traffic,  as  is 
evidenced  by  the  anujunt  of  licpior  which  has  been  seized 
during  the  past  \ear.  liut  his  force  is  wholly  inatle(|uate 
to  cover  the  ground  and  he  is  practically  without  transp(n- 
tation  facilities.  Once  landed,  the  li(|uor  is  hidden  in 
souie  secure  place,  to  be  taken  therefrom  and  <lispose(l  of 
to  the  retader  as  necessity  re(|uires.  A'.vl  the  retailer  also 
has  his  private  hiding  jilace,  and  seldom  has  more  than  a 
bottle  or  so  of  licpior  in  his  saloon  at  one  time,  so  if  he  is 
raided  his  loss  amounts  to  ])ractically  nothing. 

"]'"(jr  many  years  the  grand  juries  have  refused  to  in- 
dict saloon-keepers  or  even  to  allow  evidence  to  be  jjre- 
sented  of  violations  <ji  the  prohibitory  law.  This,  how- 
ever, only  applied  to  sales  to  white  men.  The  grand 
juries  of  Alaska  never  have  failed  to  indict  nor  i)etit 
juries  to  convict  anyone  proved  guilty  of  selling  whisky 
to  Indians  or  of  selling  intoxicating  licpior  without  first 
having  paid  the  United  States  internal  revenue  tax. 

"The  people  of  this  district  take  the  stand  that  con- 
gress in  passing  this  prohibitory  law  had  in  mind  the 


I 


Jl 


\ 
I 


nOOK    FOR    r.OLD-SKRKBUS. 


ti:{ 


111 
of 

llsi) 

111  a 

10  is 


Indians,  understood  their  condilion,  and  kni'w  that  it  was 
necessary  for  their  well-beinj,'  to  keep  ii(|uor  fnjin  them; 
that  wlien  it  was  passed  the  white  ])opulation  in  Alaska 
was  small  and  not  taken  into  consideration:  that  siniH' 
its  passaj^e  the  white  population  has  larj^a'Iy  increased  anil 
new  conditions  have  arisen,  and  that  in  vif,n)roUNly  cn- 
forciujij  the  lupior  law  in  re^i^ard  to  the  Indians  and  ])rac- 
tically  ij;norin}4'  it  in  regard  to  the  whites  they  arc  carry- 
\n^  out  tile  spirit  of  the  law  and  fullilliti}^  the  intent  of  its 
makers.  Tlic  civil  officials,  however,  must  take  thi'  law  a> 
they  find  it,  and  have  strenuously  endeavored  to  enfijrce 
it.  Their  efforts  have  been  practically  fruitless,  as  is 
shown  in  previous  reports. 

"At  the  last  .N'ovemher  term  (jf  our  district  court,  the 
jijrand  jury  indicted  all  the  saloonkeepers  in  the  district. 
They  thought  it  better  to  plead  j^uilty  than  to  employ  at- 
torneys and  fijifht  the  indictments  in  court.  They  i)leaded 
guilt)  and  eacli  oi  them  was  fined  $50.  At  the  last  March 
term  of  the  district  court,  the  grand  jury  again  brought 
in  indictments  against  all  the  saloonkee])ers  in  the  dis- 
trict. Thereupon  one  of  their  number  entered  a  plea  of 
guilty  and  the  court  imjiosed  a  fine  of  $50f)  upon  him. 
The  rest  immediately  ccjuibined,  employed  many  of  the 
attorneys  in  the  disfict,  and  prepared  to  fight  the  indict- 
ments. Demurrers  were  interposed,  but  after  argium-ni 
thev  were  (jvirruled  by  the  court  and  the  indictments  held 
good.  United  States  District  Attorney  Itemiett  nujvcd 
one  ot  liis  best  cases  for  trial  and  presented  his  evidence, 
and  tiic  case  was  submitted  to  the  jury,  which  promptlv 
returned  a  verdict  of  not  guilty.  The  district  attorney 
moved  another  case  and  again  i)resented  the  evidence. 
The  defense  as  before  offered  no  evidence  at  all.  This 
time  the  jury  failed  to  agree.  In  each  of  the  cases  several 
(lays  were  consumed  in  securing  a  jury,  and  it  was  with 
difiiculty  that  in  the  second  case  one  was  secured  at  all. 


11 


U:^ 


414 


TUL:    CHICAGO    KKCORDS 


"'I'lu'  (listritl  attonu-y.  tcditip:  that  it  would  he  itnpossi- 
hk-  to  secure  auother  jury  at  this  terui  of  court,  to  say 
iiothin;^''  ahout  securinj^'  a  convicti<in  at  this  tinie,  or  tiie 
expense  tliat  would  he  incurred  in  proceeding  further, 
ainl  evidently  thinking  it  hest  to  rest  on  a  disaj^reenient 
rather  than  absolute  ac(|uitt.'ils,  asked  the  court  to  con- 
tinue the  reniaininj^^  cases  over  to  the  coming  fall  term 
of  court,  and  that  each  defendant  be  placed  under  $300 
bonds.  This  was  accordingly  done.  Indictments  are  now 
pending  against  forty-five  saloonkeepers,  located  at 
Juneau  City,  Douglas  Island,  ."^itka.  and  Fort  Wrangel. 
That  all  of  these  defendants  have  sold  licjuor  in  violation 
of  liie  existing  prohibitory  law  is  a  matter  of  common 
noloriet}.  That  one  of  them  will  be  convicted  by  a  trial 
jur\  is.  1  am  sorry  to  say.  not  believed  for  a  moment  by 
any  resident  of  Alaska.  The  present  district  attorney  has 
shown  connnendable  zeal  in  his  endeavors  to  enforce  the 
law,  believing  that  all  laws  should  be  enforced  until  re- 
pealefl. 

"It  nnist  not  be  inferred  from  the  way  juries  stand  in 
regard  to  this  class  of  cases  that  Ala.  ka  is  in  any  sense  of 
the  word  a  lawless  community.  The  courts  here  stand 
as  high  and  are  as  able  as  in  part  of  the  United  .States, 
and  crime  is  as  surely  punished  here  as  eLsewhere.  Our 
juries  are  not  composed  of  saloonkeepers,  but  of  miners 
and  business  men.  The  miner  can  always  be  relied  ui)on 
to  mete  out  ecpial  and  exact  justice  to  all;  hard  working, 
large  hearted,  and  just,  it  is  a  libel  of  the  basest  kind  to 
call  him  lawless  or  the  community  in  which  he  lives  a  law- 
less one,  and  I  am  glad  to  bear  witness  that  it  is  only 
malicious  and  irresponsible  persons  who  do  so. 

"As  the  matter  now  stands,  as  I  said  in  my  last  annual 
report,  this  prohibitory  liquor  law  is  most  demoralizing 
in  its  effects.     It  begets  a  disregard  for  all  law,  fosters 


i 


icrs 
)on 

to 
aw- 
)nly 

mal 


UM 


mrr 


vu. 


i'l 


IB&Mii 
^1 


1 

k 

1^ 

• 
i 

BOOK    FOR    OOLD-SEEKERS. 


417 


simtju'^liu,!;',  ;iiiil  lau^is  ;i  larini'  class  of  citizt'tis,  \\\ut  oiii^lil 
tn.ii'l  llir  ei\il  autliitrilios,  lo  ho  aj^aiiist  tlu'iii,  and  criiiio 
thai  (Uiylit  tn  he  punished  and  would  hr,  \\\vc  it  not  for 
this  law.  ,Ljo  unpunished.  lUini;-  aijaiust  thr  .govern 
nu'ni  in  thi>  tuatti'r  they  are  almost  luiknouins^ly  attains! 
it  in  iitluTs;  and  a  di-sire  to  ^v\  i'\iii  often  oulweij^hs 
all  other  edusiderations.  Meanwliile  the  sale  of  li([uor 
j^oes  on  opi'idy,  and  none  of  the  people  in  the  distriet 
seem  to  be  opposed  to  it. 

"Prohibition,  unless  supptJiled  by  a  larije  body  of  the 
citizens  of  a  eonuuiuiit)-.  mi-ans  here,  as  ii  means  cverv- 
wlure  I'lse,  "free  whisky,"  Laws,  to  be  enforced  must  be 
just  and  reaxiuable.  and  uuist  ha\i'  the  support  of  the 
people,  and  i\en  thoU}j^h.  as  in  this  district  of  Alaska,  they 
have  no  ^ax  in  their  makint;.  in  the  end  the;.  Iiave  ;dl  to 
^;i\.  when  they,  as  jurors  in  the  jury  box,  are  called  upon 
to  jiass  upon  its  violators.  The  present  law  shoidd  be  /t'- 
pealed  and  in  its  place  a  hijj^h  license  law,  with  proper 
.safc-yuards.  be  enacted.  The  .L^ood  elYects  would  be  im- 
nudiately  apparent.  The  saloons  wou-d  decre.isi-.  siuuil;;- 
jj^linjj^  would  cease,  sales  of  li(|uor  to  hulians  would  be 
lesscueil  (for  every  saloon  and  li(|uor  luan  would  be  witii 
the  j^overnment  to  suppress  it),  vile  com])ounds  and 
dcath-dealins^  mi.xtures  woidd  necessarily  disappear,  .uid 
the  jLjcneral  jroverninent  would  be  beiiclitctl  by  collecting 
its  proper  revenue,  which  is  now  lost. 

"The  Indian  police  have  proved  to  be  an  efficient  aux- 
iliary in  the  preservation  cif  order  and  the  execution  of  tlie 
law.  They  are  jiarticularly  valuable  in  reportinc;-  crime 
to  the  civil  authorities  as  well  as  in  compelling-  the  at- 
tendanc(.'  of  Indian  children  at  the  .qovermnent  schools 
which  are  ]irovid(Ml  for  them.  They  are  ;dso  enert^^'iii 
in   [ireventint;  the  manufacture  of  hoocliinoo,  or  native 


iii 


n 


^'.^ 


f'l 


S^WB 


418 


THE   CHICAGO    RECORD'S 


Ui 


;:  >>>    '. 


uliisky.  There  are  but  22  Indian  policemen  in  the  terri- 
tory.   A  j^reater  number  is  necessary. 

"The  importation  of  domesticated  reindeer  from  Si- 
beria into  Western  Alaska  appears  to  he  successful.  The 
herds  already  in  the  territory  are  in  a  flourishing  condi- 
tion and  a  large  number  are  expected  to  be  added  this 
year.  This  will  be  a  valuable  source  of  food  and  clothing 
for  the  natives  of  that  part  of  the  country. 

"The  large  influx  of  miners  into  the  Yukon  district 
furnishes  an  additional  reason  why  the  introduction  of 
reindeer  should  be  vigorously  pushed.  In  that  subarctic 
region  reindeer  transportation  is  necessary  for  supply- 
ing the  miners  with  provisions."" 


m 


BOOK    FOU    GOLD-SEEKEUS. 


ild 


'i 


CHAPTER  XXIX. 

QUEER  SCHEMES  AND  ODD  PROJECTS. 

REAKS  C)I'  all  kinds  and  (K'soriptions. 
scliotnes  beyond  nnnihi-r  and  "paper" 
enterprises  which  will  never  j^^et  beyond 
the  type-written  stage,  have  grown  or.t 
of  tlie  Klondike  excitement.  There, 
too,  are  many  legitimate  enterprises, 
mining,  trading  and  developing,  which 
have  been  backed  by  men  of  experience  and  capital. 
All  are  based  nj^on  the  snpj)osition  that  in  Alaska  and 
the  npper  Vukon  conntry  are  numerons  opportuiiitios  for 
acquiring  wealth.  Thousands  of  men  have  been  tossing 
on  sleepless  beds  since  the  'i-!nterprise'"  brought  the  hrst 
retur'iing  Klondikers  into  Savi  I'rancisco  with  their 
"grips"  of  gold  dust  and  nuggets,  trying  to  devise  some 
scheme  which  will  bring  into  their  pockets  at  least  driblets 
from  t)i(>  overflowing  fountain  of  wealth  which  seems 
to  run  w  spite  of  the  congealing  temperature  under  the 
Arctic  circle. 

It  is  annotmceil  that  a  Pittsburg  man  is  going  to  estab- 
lish a  matrimonial  agency  at  Klondike.  He  says:  "Thou- 
sands of  poor  but  thoroughly  respectable  girls,  even  in 
this  state,  are  looking  for  honest  employment,  and  wc.uld 
go  to  Alaska  to  get  it  if  they  were  assured  tlu'\  would  be 
properly  cared  for.  In  the  towns  and  villages  of  Ww 
I'.ngland  the  numbi-r  of  women  i>  so  far  in  excess  of  tiie 
men  and  employment  is  so  hard  to  get  that  thousands 
would  be  willing  to  go  to  .Maska  under  proper  condition^. 
1  ]iro]iose  to  secure  jilaees  in  ad\ance  for  companies  of. 


'i   s 

i       1     1 

iM 

\wm 


il 


420 


THE   CHICAGO    RECORD'S 


•  i  I 


l\ . 

1  'J 

li 

il 

1  '1, 

'      ! 

1    , 
1     1 

say,  loo  girls,  and  have  their  employers  advance  money 
for  their  transportation  from  the  states  and  recompense 
me  for  my  trouble  besides. 

"Xo  girls  will  be  accepted  except  such  as  can  l,>ring  in 
the  highest  recommendations  as  to  character  and  respect- 
ability. x\rriving  at  the  gold  district,  each  one  will  be 
assigned  to  her  place,  but  all  will  be  located  within  ^. 
short  distance  of  each  other,  sc  that  they  may  have  cS'o- 
ciation  and  be  able  to  counsel  each  other.  I'nder  \''  • 
influence  the  camp  would  take  on  a  homelike  appear- 
ance, and  the  miners  would  not  feel  that  sense  of  isolation 
which  sends  so  many  to  their  graves.  They  would  be 
served  with  well-cooked  food  and  the  general  health  of 
the  camp  would  be  vastly  improved." 

While  this  J'ittsbnrg  man  is  planning  to  bring  joy  to 
the  hearts  of  the  bachelor  fortune-seekers  in  the  upper 
Yukon  district,  another  philanthropist  is  laying  j^lans  to 
bring  much  more  joy  to  every  man  in  the  gold  diggings. 
One  of  the  greatest  pests  of  that  country  is  the  moscpiito, 
which  from  -'dl  reports  is  anywhere  fn'n  one  to  five  inches 
long,  and  wliich  is  the  most  industrious,  insistent,  and 
malicious  insect  in  the  world.  The  "gallinippers"  of  Xew 
Jersey  are  mere  gnats  compared  to  those  blood-suckere 
of  the  upper  Yukon. 

The  Klondike  mosquitoes  travel  in  clouds,  antl  when 
they  light  upon  a  man  he  has  nothing  to  do  but  drop  his 
work,  throw  up  his  hands,  and  run  from  it.  It  is  given 
as  a  cold,  sober  fact  that  so  malignant  are  these  pestifer- 
ous insects,  and  so  utterly  defenseless  are  the  miners 
whom  they  attack,  that  great,  sirong  men  drop  to  the 
groiMid  and  sob  in  an  agony  of  helplessness.  Hut  there 
i>  a  Mian  who  ha>  drcided  to  exterminate  that  pest  of 
pests,  the  .\Iaskan  nu)S(|uito.  lie  will  go  to  the  KIuu- 
vlike  .iml  begin  operations  llieie   ni\l   spni'g 


ttl 


BOOK    FOR    GOLD-SEEKERS. 


4LM 


tS'.O- 


|()y  to 

ins  ti) 
iiij^s. 
uito. 
•lies 
and 
Xow 
kerf 

when 
his 
L:;ivcn 
;tifcr- 
liners 
)  tlu" 

luTf 

A    of 

\loii- 


This  benefactor's  name  is  Dr.  Arniand  Ravol,  and  he 
is  tile  city  bacteriologist  of  St.  Louis. 

lie  read  all  sorts  of  books  upon  the  subject  of  tly  i'\- 
tcrniination,  and  found  that  the  Missouri  state  board  oi 
agriculture  had  murdeied  cinch  bugs  l)y  the  wholesale 
by  inoculating  a  handful  with  a  deadly  germ  which  was 
communicated  to  the  others  and  so  had  its  desired  effect. 

So  the  doctor  proposes  to  do  the  very  same  thing  to 
the  Klondike  mosquitoes  and  will  start  for  the  north  early 
in  the  spring,  loaded  to  the  brim  with  germs  warranttMJ 
to  kill  the  most  blood-thirsty  nios(|uito  that  ever  >tuiig  a 
helpless  man. 

The  X-ray  man  is  determined  that  his  favorite  shall 
not  be  distanced  by  any  gokl  craze,  no  matter  if  it  is  active 
under  the  Arctic  circle.  lie  says  that  no  niimr  or  pro>- 
])ector,  tenderfoot  or  seasoned,  can  get  along  in  ihc 
Klondike  region  without  an  X-ray  apparatus.  Ik  de- 
clares that  a  Crooke's  tube,  a  spark  coil,  and  all  the 
other  ])arts  of  an  X-ray  apparatus  are  as  t'ssential  to  the 
l)r()spector"s  and  miner's  outfit  as  is  his  pan  and  coin- 
cob  i)i])e. 

The  one  thing  that  the  X-ray  man  seems  to  be  sin  on 
is  the  electric  generator  which  will  >lir  up  the  cathodic 
ray  so  that  it  will  penetrate  through  some  twcnty-tivc  fen 
of  muck  and  gravel  and  disclose  to  the  enraptured  e\(s 
of  the  goUl-seeker  large  chunks  of  yellow  metal  and 
great  l)ig  nuggets,  sticking  all  o\er  his  claim  like  raiNJu^ 
in  a  truit  ("ake.  The  X-ray  man  does  not  seem  to  eai\ 
whether  the  radiographs  are  produced  through  the 
agency  of  an  electrical  current  or  otherwise;  he  seeni^ 
to  take  it  for  granted  that  a  miner  can  lug  around  enough 
primary  cells  or  storage  batteries,  or  a  small  steam  plant 
with  a  dynamo  sufficient  to  give  him  enough  voltage  to 


^1: 


,i,ir 


HI     i 


Uu 


i^i 


WPf^ 


122 


THF-:    CHICAGO    RErORD'H 


slioot  his  radiant  mi,q;fjot-sci'kc'rs  tlinnij^li  several  tons 
of  earth. 

However.  Xikalo  Tesla  is  quoted  at  length  as  sayinij 
thai  some  of  the  X-rays  are  without  limit  as  to  lens:th 
and  radiop^raphy.  and  he  adds  that  the  X-r^vs  could  be 
ma  1  uable   in   searching'  "small   beds   of  sand   and 

grave.       >t  had  been  thrown  up  by  a  shovel  for  washing." 

It  is  the  opinion,  however,  of  a  practical  man  who 
claims  to  be  one  grade  above  a  tenderfoot,  that  even  a 
lazy  prospector  could  wash  that  gravel  and  dirt  and  find 
the  gold  if  it  were  in  there  long  before  the  X-ray  machine 
was  i)ut  in  motion.  If  any  miner  or  prospector  wants  to 
take  an  X-ray  outfit  along  with  him  to  help  in  his  search 
for  nuggets  and  great  slabs  of  gold  he  may  be  interested 
in  knowing  that  on  a  radiograph,  which  the  shadowgraph 
or  photograph  produced  by  an  X-ray,  gold  in  ([uartz  will 
show  up  like  black  flies  in  a  sugar  bowl.  I'ollowing  is  the 
way  to  use  the  X-ra\s.  according  to  a  so-called  eminent 
authority  on  this  new  school  of  mining  in  Xew  York 
city: 

"Two  vertical  holes,  sej^arated  only  by  a  very  thin 
wall,  could  be  sunk  where  it  is  suspected  there  arc  rich 
deposits  of  gold.  Xot  only  could  the  dirt  and  stone,  etc., 
from  these  holes  be  examined,  but  the  thin  wall  between 
them,  one  miner  manipulating  the  X-ray  api)aratus  and 
the  other  the  screen.  The  accidental  element  from  such 
nuning  woidd  be  largely  eliminated.  Then  a  row  of  shal- 
low or  deep  holes  could  follow,  and  the  walls  and  dirt 
in  a  large  compass  of  ground  could  be  gone  over. 

"There  are  four  kinds  of  gold  mining.  The  first  is 
the  work  of  the  man  who  comes  along  with  his  pan, 
gathering  up  the  sand  and  gravel  and  washing  it  out  in 
the  stream.  It  is.  as  has  alread)  been  seen,  working 
and  washing  unprofitable  dirt  that  costs  him  so  nuich. 


i 
( 


BOOK    FOR    r.OLn-SREKERS. 


423 


Ml 


lent 
ork 

thin 

rich 

etc., 

ccn 

and 

luoh 

lal- 

(hrt 

^t  is 

)an. 

It  in 

<ing 

1. 


''The  next  process  is  called  cradle  mining.  Here,  too, 
the  miner  needs  to  sec  what  sort  of  dirt  and  j^jravel  he 
shouhl  wash.  The  X-rays  conld  he  made  more  valu- 
able in  this  process  than  in  the  first,  for  it  is  washinp; 
on  a  much  larp;er  scale.  The  X-rays,  as  we  know  them 
now,  can  he  made  of  no  p^reat  help  in  hydraulic  and 
(|uartz  mininj:^.  It  would  require  too  much  labor  to  pre- 
pare the  great  heap  of  dirt  and  (|uartz.  often  containiu}; 
a  very  small  per  cent  of  tij'old  per  ton.  for  search  with 
th.e  rays." 

A  fairly  good  X-ray  apparatus  costs  about  $Joo  in 
Xew  York.    The  tubes  cost  from  $5  to  $15. 

The  Alaska  carrier  pigeon  mail  service  is  sometliing 
that  comes  from  Milwaukee.  There  the  gentlemen  who 
have  been  carrying  on  lotig-distance  races  by  prox\ ,  tlu- 
proxies  being  carrier  pigeons,  have  decided  that  all  thai 
is  necessary  to  establish  direct  communication  between 
the  Klondike  and  the  outside  world  is  to  send  several 
coops  of  carrier  pigeons  up  there  and  then  turn  them 
loose  as  occasion  demands.  The  men  who  are  at  the 
head  of  this  air-line  postal  service  propose  to  establish 
pigeon  stations  at  Dawson  City,  Juneau  and  X'ictoria. 

They  claim  that  a  carrier  pigeon  can  make  the  trip  be- 
tween Dawson  City  and  Juneau,  which  is  about  650  miles, 
in  about  24  hours,  liirds  whose  home  would  be  Victoria 
would  reach  that  jjlace  in  about  30  hours.  They  say  that 
one  pigeon  could  be  tossed  up  in  the  air  at  Dawson  City 
every  day.  He  would  carry  with  him  letters  and  mes- 
sages reduced  by  ])h(jtograph}-  U)  a  size  about  the  area 
i)i  a  needle-point. 

On  arrival  at  Juneau  or  \'ictoria  these  minute  mes- 
sages would  be  enlarged,  enclosed  in  envelopes,  and 
sent  all  over  the  United  States.  As  it  woidd  take  any- 
where from  30  to  60  days  to  get  the  pigeons  back  again. 


^vffj' 


li'' 


^m 


m. 


'  I 


424 


THE    CHICAGO    RECORD'S 


the  atmospheric  mail  carrier  would  have  a  good,  long 
rest  after  his  flight. 

Then  there  is  the  balloon  man.  He  has  sprung  up  all 
over  the  country,  and  with  him  are  flying-machine  men, 
both  of  w  horn  are  confident,  according  to  their  assertions, 
of  taking  a  flying  jump  off  some  moimtain  peak  in  Wash- 
ington or  Montana  and  in  a  few  hours  landing  softly  and 
neatly  in  the  midst  of  the  startled  gold-diggers  in  the 
Klondike.  This  is  the  only  real  airline  to  the  gold  dig- 
gings that  has  been  projected.  It  is  not  yet  opened, 
l)ut  a  Xew  York  man,  who  calls  himself  Don  Carlos 
Stevens,  has  informed  the  world  at  large  that  he  has 
under  construction  a  balloon  that  is  destined  to  transport 
passengers  and  freight  from  Takou  pass  to  the  Klondike 


regions. 


Mr.  Stevens  is  authority  for  the  statement  that  a  cou])le 
of  wonicii  are  engaged  in  sewing  the  "gores"  together, 
and  then  it  will  only  remain  to  take  the  balloon  some- 
where out  of  the  city  of  Greater  Xew  York  and  "coal" 
it.  Other  balloon  men  say  that  what  Mr.  .Stevens  meant 
to  say.  or  what  the  telegraph  instrument  should  have 
made  him  say,  was  "coal"  instead  of  coal.  This  bal- 
loon, according  to  Mr.  Stevens,  will  be  large  enough  to 
carry  8  or  lo  passengers  and  6  or  7  tons  of  freight. 

The  bicycle  man  is  not  going  to  permit  the  lialloon 
man  to  get  ahead  of  him  on  any  proposition.  So  that  old 
stand-by,  "a  syndicate  of  wealthy  Xew  Yorkers,"  pro- 
poses to  establish  trading  posts  and  stations  along  the 
route  from  somewhere  to  the  Klondike.  This  route  is  to 
be  a  bicycle  path,  and  the  bicycle,  of  course,  is  one  of 
the  specially  designed  kind,  made  only  for  this  particular 
purpose.  A  picture  of  the  bicycle  indicates  that  it  has 
a  kind  of  an  out-rigger  attachment  at  the  end  of  which 
is  another  bicycle  wheel,  but  whether  that  wheel  is  in- 


MM 


Jill 


Vt 


I  ': 


I     i 


BOOK    FOR    OOF.n-SEFKRUS. 


i2T, 


tended  to  hold  up  the  bicycle  on  a  mounlaiti  side  or  to 
get  over  an  air-hole  on  an  ice-patch  is  not  ilisclosed. 

The  bicycle  syndicate  also  announces  that  it  will  "pur- 
chase all  i)roniising  claims  on  the  market,"  and  will  have 
nothing  whatever  to  do  with  the  "connnon  methods  of 
transportation,  such  as  railroads,  boats,  pack  horses,  dog- 
sleds  and  Indians." 

Another  syndicate  of  wealthy  Xew  "S'orkers  believes 
that  the  little  reindeer  is  the  proj^er  ca])er  as  a  means 
of  transportation  to  the  gold  diggings.  This  "syndicate" 
])roi)oses  to  establish  a  reindeer  pcx^t  route,  with  relay 
stations  and  trained  reindeer  drivers,  who  will  be  able 
to  get  a  2:40  gait  out  of  the  creatures,  no  matter  what 
the  way  and  weathei  may  be. 

P.  1).  Weare,  president  of  the  Xorth  .Vmerican  Trans- 
portation and  'I'rading  coni])any,  probably  has  listened 
to  more  schemes  produced  by  adventurers  and  cranks 
who  want  to  get  something  out  of  the  Klondike  without 
going  there,  than  any  other  man  in  the  country.  I  lis 
office  in  the  Old  Colony  building,  Chicago,  has  been  a 
gathering  spot  for  men  and  women  who  are  willing  to 
sell  brain  product  for  Klondike  nuggets. 

One  woman,  who  claimed  U)  be  a  clairvoyant,  took 
rresidenl  Weare  into  a  corner  of  the  room  and  whis])ered 
in  his  ear  that  she  could  vmerringly  ])oint  out  tlu'  hiding 
l)laces  of  gold  nuggets,  no  matter  how  far  beneath  the 
surface  they  might  be.  All  she  wanted  was  $2,000  to 
be  used  in  organizing  a  company  to  locate  place'-  'daims 
by  occult  power.  When  President  Weare  suggested 
that  she  might  use  her  powers  of  clairvoyance  in  locat- 
ing a  "backer"  she  left. 

She  had  scarcely  closed  the  door  behind  her  when  a 
man  who  is  recognized  in  Chicago  as  a  very  amateurish 
detective  of  the  "penny-dreadful"  style,  engaged  Presi- 


420 


THE   CHICAGO    RECORDS 


dent  Wcarc's  attention.  All  he  wanted  was  a  few  thon- 
sand  dollars  to  take  himself  and  three  or  four  brother 
"detectives"  to  the  Klondike  country  and  there  arrest  a 
hundred  or  more  notorious  criminals  for  whom  big 
rewards  have  been  oflfcred.  He  was  positive,  he  said, 
that  every  one  of  those  men  who  has  a  reward  over  his 
head  is  in  the  Klondike  country  at  this  minute  waiting 
to  be  arrested. 

Other  f|ueer  things  brought  out  by  the  Klondike  ex- 
citement were  the  barbers'  syndicate,  in  which  a  number 
of  barbers  proposed  to  shave  miners  by  the  wholesale;  a 
settlement  company,  which  proposes  to  develop  the  farm- 
ing possibilities  of  the  gold  region:  a  "frost  cure"  com- 
jiany,  which  wants  to  take  a  sure  remedy  for  treating 
frost-bitten  spots  to  the  Klondikers;  ear-nuiff  traders; 
ice  bicycle  makers;  bicycle  skates,  and  all  sorts  of  patent 
food  preparations,  guaranteed  to  last  forever  and  to  con- 
tain enough  nutriment  in  small  packages  to  keep  a  hun- 
gry mine''  going  all  the  time. 

A  number  of  progressive  Cliicago  gamblers,  imbued 
with  the  idea  of  gaining  fabulous  riches  at  the  expense 
of  the  unsophisticated  tenderfeet  of  the  Klondike  gold 
fields,  have  packed  up  their  roulette  wheels,  faro  lay- 
outs and  other  sure-thing  games  incidental  to  the  para- 
l)hernalia  of  the  sporting  fraternity  and  departed  for  the 
land  of  the  frozen  north.  Stories  of  untold  riches  exceed- 
ing in  magnitude  the  time  worn  gold-brick  game  fur- 
nished food  for  thought  to  the  manipulators  of  the  elusive 
])ea  and  chuckaluck,  and  in  the  future  they  will  ply  their 
vocation  on  the  icy  peaks  adjacent  to  the  city  of  Dawson. 

The  men  interested  in  the  new  venture,  becoming  fear- 
ful of  Chief  Kipley's  reform  measures  in  Chicago,  decided 
at  a  meeting  held  in  a  down-town  saloon  to  cast  off  their 
crash  suits  and  start  with  all  possible  haste  to  the  place 


u^ 


'if 


r 

^1 

rlH 

piii 

■lii 

1 

■'  if'         ! 

j 

'ii 

>  'i 

J 

:i   . 

I] 

'*"   '     ill 

111! 


Ill 


I    '^if 


DOOK    FOR    GOLD-SnEKRRS. 


429 


where  gold  is  said  to  be  had  for  the  asking.  Tiic  (lucstion 
of  a  "bank  roll"  did  not  prove  an  obstacle  in  the  way  of  the 
proposed  trip,  as  each  member  has  been  conducting  a 
"quiet"  game  in  Chicago  for  the  last  two  months. 

Unlike  former  expeditions  leaving  this  city  and  cisc- 
where  for  the  Klondike,  this  select  crowd  will  not  burden 
itself  with  picks  and  shovels,  but  will  take  in  place  a 
pair  of  well-balanced  scales  with  w^:Ich  to  weigh  the 
"dust"  as  it  is  wagered  by  the  horny  hands  of  the  miners 
of  the  Yukon.  At  Dyea  the  gamblers  will  purchase  sev- 
eral dogs  and  sledges  for  the  purpose  of  conveying  a  large 
(|uantuy  of  dressed  lumber  which  they  will  use  in  build- 
ing their  house  at  Dawson  City.  Some  of  the  meml)ers 
of  the  combination  will  make  their  headquarters  at  Seat- 
tle, where  they  will  act  as  "steerers"  for  their  friends  in 
the  interior. 

They  decided  to  depart  for  the  Klondike  with  the  char- 
acteristic rapidity  of  the  sure-thing  gambler,  and  tlu-ee 
hours  later  the  entire  party  boarded  the  6:30  train  on  the 
Chicago,  Burlington  &  Quincy  railroad  bound  for  Seattle. 
The  only  preparation  made  by  the  gamblers  for  the  long 
and  hard  trip  was  the  purchasing  of  several  suits  of  heavy 
clothing. 

But  there  are  many  enterprises  which  have  been  ad- 
vanced by  men  who  have  something  that  is  really  worth 
considering.  I'^or  instance,  there  is  tli  •  company  that 
intends  to  provide  ready-made  houses  for  the  Klondike 
miners.  The  houses  will  be  constructed  in  sections,  so 
that  they  may  be  carried  easily  in  boats  up  the  Yukon 
or  packed  on  sleds  and  carried  through  the  rough  coun- 
try in  baggage  trains.  A  New  York  firm  which  makes  a 
specialtv  of  such  houses  has  received  orders  for  as  many 
as  can  be  sent  there. 


Ml 

f 

1 

Vi 

;•»' 

11 

; 

'1 
1 
1  ' 

i 

i 

i 

1 

V 

\i 

r 
i 

i 
1 

h 

i  ii 


V'^ii 


•<* 

i,  1 

f- 

I'M.;  ■[ 


m 


Ni 


I 


ii'    i.i 


■  M 


480 


TIIK   CIIICA(J{)   RECORD'S 


"The  (k'tuand  for  houses  in  tlu*  Klondike  is  Roinpf  to 
create  a  big  boom  in  our  trade,"  said  a  representative  of 
the  firm. 

"It  will  he  necessary  for  us  to  get  right  to  work  and 
make  as  many  houses  as  possible.  A  number  will  be 
sent  overland  as  soon  as  arrangements  are  made,  and  late 
in  the  fall  wc  will  load  a  vessel  and  send  it  by  way  of  Cape 
Horn  around  to  Seattle,  where  it  will  arrive  in  time  for 
the  spring  innnigration.  Otlu-r  vessels  will  doubtless 
follow,  so  that  we  shall  have  as  much  work  as  we  can 
turn  out  to  supply  the  gold  hunters  with  shelter. 

"My  advice  to  cari)enters  and  Ldusc  builders  out  of 
employment  would  be  to  go  to  the  gold  regions  with  a 
plentiful  stock  of  tools,  and  if  they  don't  strike  gold  in 
the  ground  they  will  find  renuuierative  work  at  th  "*• 
trades.  It's  rather  late  in  the  season  now  to  .start 
eastern  points,  but  the  first  men  on  the  grounil  in  i..v 
spring  will  make  the  money.  I  don't  know  much  about 
the  timber  in  that  part  of  the  world,  but  I  presume  there 
is  some  fit  for  building  purposes.  If  there  is  not,  lumber 
will  be  shipped  there  from  Oregon  and  Alaskan  i)orts. 
At  any  rate,  carpenters  need  not  lack  employtuent.  The 
rush  to  the  Klondike  in  the  spring  will  be  unprecedented 
and  cities  nnist  be  built  in  the  wilderness." 

( )ne  of  the  largest  schemes  announced  relates  to  a 
plan  for  dredging  gold-bearing  sand  from  the  beds  of 
streams.  The  scheme  was  born  in  Seattle,  and  a  com- 
pany has  been  formed  to  carry  out  the  plans  of  the 
pnjject. 

The  intention  of  the  company  is  to  build  one  of  the 
great  earth  and  mud-eating  machines  that  are  convert- 
ing the  tide  lands  of  the  upper  bay  end  into  the  blocks 
of  redeeuKxl  land  that  have  marked  one  of  the  undertak- 
ings that  will  provide  Seattle  with  manufacturing  sites, 


)  • 


BOOK    FOR    GOLD-SEEKERS. 


481 


and  send  it  \o  the  mouth  of  tlic  Yukon  river,  whrri'  it  will 
be  put  together.  One  of  the  differences  that  will  make 
the  proposed  dredger  unique  will  he  its  ])ower  for  self- 
propulsion  and  its  extremely  light  draught.  The  power 
will  be  supplied  to  a  stern-w  heel,  the  same  as  to  the  light- 
draught  river  steamers. 

After  the  completion  of  the  building  of  the  dredger  at 
the  mouth  of  the  Yukon,  she  will  start  on  her  tour  of  in- 
vestigation up  the  river,  jmtting  her  long  black  beak 
into  the  sand  and  gravel  of  the  bottom  and  doing  sfMue 
prospecting  on  her  own  account.  When  a  rich  streak  is 
found  she  will  churn  away  with  her  centrifugal  pum])s 
and  toss  the  gravel  and  nuggets  as  well  as  dust  and  nutd 
up  by  the  bushel.  When  it  is  remembered  that  those  who 
have  come  down  say  that  a  day's  work  is  2.000  pounds 
per  man.  the  largeness  of  the  enterprise  appears  when 
these  amounts  are  nniltii)lie(l  400  or  500  times,  as  is  pos- 
sible with  the  Bowers  machine. 

The  promoters  argue  that  the  gold  deposits  of  the 
rivers  and  creeks  are  the  results  of  the  washing  down  by 
high  waters  and  the  carrying  down  of  ice  tloes.  Upon 
this  assumption  the  argument  is  made  that  in  the  deeper 
channels  the  gold  has  sunk  lower,  and  as  the  dredgers 
will  work  down  to  bedrock  the  belief  is  that  the  result  of 
pumping  from  the  bottom  will  be  proportionately  richer. 
It  has  been  demonstrated  that  the  form  of  dredger  to  be 
used  can  deliver  at  the  end  of  the  conveyor  pipes  70  and 
even  a  higher  percentage  of  solid  matter,  and  at  .Mare 
island,  where  work  was  at  one  time  being  done  for  the 
government,  the  centrifugal  pumps  brought  up  cannon 
balls,  old  tools  and  anchor  chain.s.  At  Portland  the 
dredger  brought  up  loose  mercury  that  was  lost  from 
a  broken  case.  If  it  will  do  this  the  specific  gravity  of 
gold  offers  no  impediment  to  the  action  of  the  pumps  in 


I 


I 


f 

i 

^ 

f* 

M 

! 


^•^1 


hi"'< ! 


i    i 


432 


THE   CHICAGO   RECORD'S 


briii.i;ing  it  t^  the  surface  ami  delivering  it  at  the  dump. 
There  will  b.>  no  encroachment  upon  the  claims  of 
others,  say  the  nromoters,  as  the  bottom  of  the  rivers  is 
believed  to  be  the  place  where  the  gold  will  be  found. 
The  contract  for  building  the  dredger  will  be  let  this  fall, 
and  its  coiii^iruction  carried  on  under  pressure. 


W'-:' 


BOOK    FOR    GOLD-SEEKERS. 


imp. 
s  of 
rs  is 
und. 
fall. 


-^  -o^ 


CHAPTER  XXX. 
CANADA'S  YUKON  POLICY. 

OTWITHSTAXDIXG  the  hard  words 
said  by  Americans  because  of  the  im- 
position of  a  tariff  tax.  and  the  decision 
to  collect  fees  for  localin.q-  claims  on 
the   Klondike,   the   Canadian   govern- 
ment is  .cooing  forward  on  the' line  of 
policy  which  was  laid  down  soon  after 
the  first    reports    from    the    Kh^ndike 
were  confirmed.    The  interior  department  of  Canada  pub- 
lished a  statement,  warnino-  Canadians  not  to  trv  to  -ei 
into  the  Klondike  this  fall,  but  to  wait  until  the  sprino^.f 
1898.    This  has  had  the  effect  of  checking-  the  Hrst  ilow 
of  gold-seekers  from  the  eastern  provinces.     .Meanwhile 
the  Dominion  cabinet  held  many  meetings  and  decided 
on  certain  lines  of  Yukon  policv. 

Regulations  governing  places  of  mining  were  promul- 
gated by  the  department  of  the  interior  several  months 
ago,  before  there  was  the  absolute  knowledge  of  the  enor- 
mous richness  of  the  mines  in  the  Klonchke.  and  tliese 
wdl  be  amended  in  some  particulars.  .Stei)s  will  be  innne- 
diateiy  taken  for  the  maintenance  of  law  and  order  in  the 
mining  country.  In  addition  i  .  the  twenty  mounted  po- 
lice there  at  present,  the  government  will  at  once  send  up 
eightj^-  more. 

The  officers  of  each  detachment  (it  police  will  I.e  ap- 
pointed stipendiary  magistrates,  so  that  means  will  be 
furnished  for  theachninistration  of  law  and  order  jiromptlv 
and  satisfactorily.    A  strong  customs  and  police  ]uj<\  will 


Hi 


I  : 


; 


ll 


'It 


WM 


m 


434 


THE   CHICAGO    KECOHD'S 


'<^":    V 


be  eslablislic'd  a  hhort  distance  north  of  the  6oth  degree 
of  latitude,  just  above  the  northern  l)oundary  of  Britisli 
Columbia,  and  beyond  the  head  of  the  Lynn  canal,  where 
the  Chilkoot  pass  and  the  White  ])ass  converge.  This  post 
will  command  the  soutliern  entrance  to  the  whole  of  that 
territory.  A  strong  detachment  of  police  will  be  stationed 
there,  and  the  necessary  barrack  acconunodations  will  be 
erected.  l'"urther  on  small  police  posts  will  be  established, 
about  fifty  miles  aj^art,  up  to  I-'ort  Selkirk. 

If  it  is  possible  to  construct  a  telegraph  line  from  the 
head  of  the  Lynn  canal  over  the  mountains  to  the  first 
post  just  north  of  the  Uritish  Columbia  boimdary.  it  would 
overcome  the  great  i)resent  drawback  of  lack  of  means 
of  winter  connnunication  with  the  Klondike.  It  is  ac- 
cordingly the  intention  of  the  Canadian  government  to 
ascertain  the  p'-obablc  cost  of  the  constructi(M)  of  such  a 
line,  and.  if  the  ]M.\i«.'Ct  is  foun<l  to  be  feasible,  to  put  it 
into  execution.  The  government  proposes  also  at  once 
to  get  the  api)ro\imate  cost  of  a  wag(jn  road  and  of  a 
narrow  gauge  railroad  over  the  territory  between  the 
coast  and  the  post  beyon.d  the  mountains.  The  provisions 
of  the  "Real  property"  act  of  the  Xorthwest  territories 
will  be  extended  to  the  ^'ukon  country  by  an  order  in 
council,  a  register  will  be  appointed,  and  a  land  title  ofBcc 
will  be  established. 

Meanwhile.  everybod\  is  discussing  possible  new  and 
shorter  routes  to  the  gold  fields.  A  compan\  has  been 
organized  in  Toronto  which  proposes  to  build  a  line  of 
railway  north  from  Ldmonton.  on  the  line  of  the  Canadian 
l^acific  railwa>'.  and  1)\  alternate  stretclu".  of  lakr  and  rail 
to  reach  the  Klondike  entirely  throngn  Canadian  terri- 
tiir\.  The  estimate  of  tlie  probable  cosi  of  the  project  is 
given  as  >ome  $ jo.ooo.chm >,  and  it  is  safe  to  sa_\  that  it  will 
never  get  beyond  the  discussion  stage,     .\nother  route 


BOOK   FOR   GOLD-SEEKERS. 


435 


B I 


IKUI 

rail 
Ini- 
It  is 

Ivill 
lulc 


which  is  being  mooted,  and  which  seems  to  ho  more  prac- 
ticable, is  from  the  headwaters  of  the  Ottawa  river  to 
Hudson  bay,  and  thence  by  the  Mackenzie  river  to  the 
Arctic  ocean.  The  Mackenzie  river  is  known  to  be  (|uite 
navigable  for  the  greater  part  of  its  course:  the  unknown 
factor  is  the  portage  from  the  mouth  of  the  Mackenzie 
to  the  Yukon.  So  far,  however,  the  route  by  way  of  the 
White  pass,  and  thence  down  the  ^'ukon  river  by  boat, 
seems  likely  to  afford  the  easiest  and  (juickest  means  of 
travel. 

The  Canadian  side  of  the  Ivlondike  c|uestion  is  cleverly 
shown  by  one  of  the  Dominion  ofificials.    Me  said: 

"There  are  not  more  Canadians  rushing  off  to  Klondike 
to  spend  the  winter  than  there  are  of  otiier  nations, 
and  neither  the  i)ress.  the  government,  nor  the  man  on  the 
street  seems  inclined  to  exaggerate  the  value  of  the  new 
]iossession.  Every  ouv  believes  or  hopes  that  the  best 
is  yet  to  come:  but  he  does  not  indulge  in  «.  \iravaganzas 
about  the  resources  of  th  ountry.  Indeed,  he  hardly 
says  as  mucii  in  favor  of  .■  ,\-  hv  might.  Ilo  is  confem 
that  it  has  gold,  and  is  willinj.;  to  Kt  tb'  climate,  the  lum- 
ber, and  the  agricultural  possibilities  ■  .i  the  ri'gion  g-  l 

"Whether  the  couiUry  is  p^aved  with  gold,  as  man\  ap- 
pear to  believe,  the  future  will  show:  but  it  is  undoubt*  d' 
not  the  treeless,  frozen  waste  that  it  is  called.  1  lie  most 
accurate  inf  rmation  that  we  have  of  the  count:  .  save  as 
to  its  mines,  is  derived  from  a  report  to  the  director  of  the 
Canadiar,  geological  sur\-ey  made  1)\  Mr.  Dawson,  -on 
of  Sir  William  Dawson,  of  a  trip  of  exploration  i;  in 

1887.  Since  then  various  re])orts  have  been  m,,  .^ .  l>ut 
none  by  trained  scientists  so  ([ualiiied  to  come  to  a  true 
finding  of  the  possibilities  of  the  country  as  those  who 
made  up  Mr.  Dawson's  party.  They  spetU  the  sutumer 
onlv  in  the  region,  and  we  have  therefore  no  svstematic 


*;1l 


i    ^1 


''I'l 


WW 


{if- 


43G 


THE   CHICAGO    RECORDS 


readings  of  temperature  for  the  cold  season ;  but  thcN 
were  able,  from  the  flora  and  the  advance  of  vegetation 
when  they  reached  the  district,  to  draw  fairly  accurate 
inferences.  The  country  is  not  one  flowing  with  milk  and 
honey;  but  it  is  not  the  region  which  the  exaggerations 
natural  in  a  miner  who  has  'struck  it  rich*  have  painted 
it." 

Of  the  climate  Mr.  Dawson  reports:  "In  its  southern 
portion  (in  which  the  Klondike  region  lies),  situated  be- 
tween the  sixtieth  and  sixty-fifth  degrees  of  latitude,  is 
comprised  a  region  of  probably  not  less  than  30,000 
square  miles  suitable  for  eventual  agricultural  occupation, 
and  presenting  none  of  the  charactCiS  of  a  sub-arctic  reg- 
ion which  have,  in  advance  of  its  exploration,  been  attri- 
buted to  it.  The  winter  climate  of  the  whole  of  this  great 
region  is  known  to  be  a  severe  one,  but  it  must  be  remem- 
bered that  the  climatic  conditions  on  the  eastern  and  west- 
ern sides  of  the  continent  are  by  no  means  comparable, 
and  that  the  isothermal  lines,  as  already  approximately 
drawn  upon  the  maps,  represent  in  a  generalized  form  the 
aggregate  of  the  influences  which,  working  together,  pro- 
duce at  the  site  of  old  Fort  Selkirk,  on  the  63d  parallel 
of  latitude  in  the  Upper  Yukon  basin,  an  attractive  land- 
scape decked  with  well-grown  forests  and  with  interven- 
ing slopes  of  smiling  meadow,  while  in  the  same  latitude 
in  Hudson  strait  we  find  even  at  midsummer  merely  a 
barren  waste  of  rocks  and  ice. 

"The  highest  summer  temperature  he  records  is  84 
degrees;  and  he  quotes  the  observations  at  the  old  Hud- 
son Bay  company  Fort  Yukon,  which  is  two  degrees  fur- 
ther north  and  well  within  the  Arctic  circle.  The  obser- 
vations give  a  mean  summer  temperature  of  56.7  degrees, 
a  mean  winter  temperature  of  — 2^,  S  degrees,  and  a  mean 
annual  temperature  of  16.8.     That  is  cold  enough,  but 


BOOK    FOR    GOLD-SEEKERS. 


437 


the 

iro- 
■allel 
ami- 

'en- 
tudc 

ly  a 


fur- 

)ser- 

rces, 

lean 

but 


fuel  is  plentiful,  and  an  abundance  of  white  spruce,  two 
feet  in  diameter  and  admirably  adapted  for  construction 
purposes,  can  be  obtained  anywhere  in  the  Upper  Yukon 
districts.  There  are,  he  notes,  no  areas  of  tundra,  or 
frozen  morass,  such  as  arc  stated  to  be  characteristic  of 
the  lower  Yukon. 

"The  great  danger  during  the  coming  winter  will  be 
from  starvation;  but  that  is  not  altogetlier  the  fault  of 
the  country.  It  is  still  customary  in  rural  jiarts  to  take 
your  basket  along  when  you  go  to  a  surprise  part\  ;  and  it 
is  absolutely  necessary  to  import  food  when  tiiousands 
of  men  make  a  surprise  party  in  a  hitherto  unsettled  coun- 
try. Xot  even  the  most  bountiful  region  in  the  world,  if  it 
has  never  been  settled,  could  provitle  for  four  thousand 
or  five  thousand  newcomers.  The  countr\-,  according  to 
Mr.  Uawson,  could  easily  feed  a  large  population.  ( iamc 
is  abundant;  the  caribou  and  the  moose  are  plentiful,  and 
near  2o,cx)0  skins  are  exported  amuially  from  the  cijuntry. 
The  rivers  teem  with  fish,  and  'Klondike,'  we  are  told, 
means  '.'Salmon'  river.  'Tlie  lakes  and  rivers  generally 
throughout  the  country  are  well-supplied  with  fish,  and 
a  small  party  on  any  of  the  larger  lakes  would  run  little 
risk  of  starvation  during  the  winter  if  provided  with  a 
couple  of  good  gill  nets  and  able  to  devote  themselves  to 
laying  in  a  stock  of  fish  in  the  late  autumn.'  says  the  re- 
port. The  trouble  will  .>  that  no  one,  when  gold  is  in 
sight,  will  trouble  either  to  hunt  or  to  fish  until  the  win- 
ter is  far  spent  and  starvation  is  staring  the  mining  com- 
munity in  the  face. 

"After  the  first  winter  there  will  be  no  danger  of  starva- 
tion, and  i)riccs.  taking  all  things  into  consideration,  will 
not  be  very  high.  The  country  will  continue  to  unport 
its  food,  but  provisions  could  easily  be  produced  on  the 
spot.    Mr.  Dawson  writes  of  the  agricultural  possibilities 


!li 


I'tj 


'f 


r:i 


'■  > 


438 


THE   CHICAGO   RECORD'S 


m 


I,  f 


of  tlic  region  in  a  way  that  would  surprise  many  persons. 
Tfc  compares  it  with  the  (hstrict  of  N'olovjci'da  in  northern 
luiropean  Russia,  in  tlie  same  latitude,  which  supi)orts 
a  population  of  a  million  and  a  half,  although  it  has  no 
minerals.  'Taking  into  consideration  all  the  facts  I  have 
been  able  to  gather.'  he  say;-,  'as  well  as  those  to  be  derived 
from  an  examination  of  the  natural  flora  of  the  country 
and  the  observed  acb'ance  of  vegetation,  I  feel  no  hesita- 
tion in  stating  my  belief  that  such  hardy  croj)s  as  barley, 
rye.  turnips,  and  flax  can  be  successfully  cultivated.  Taken 
in  conjimction  with  the  physical  features  of  the  region, 
this  means  that  there  exists  an  area  of  about  60.000  scpiare 
miles  of  which  a  large  pro])ortion  may — and  doubtless 
in  the  future  will — be  lUilized  for  the  cultivation  of  such 
crops,  and  in  which  cattle  and  horses  might  be  maintained 
in  suflFicient  numbers  for  local  purposes,  without  undue 
labor,  as  excellent  sunnner  grazing  is  to  be  found  aU)ng 
the  river  valleys,  and  natural  hay  meadows  are  fre(|uent. 
I  do  not  maintain  that  the  c(iimtry  is  suitable  for  imme- 
diate occupation  b\  a  large  self-supporting  agricultm-al 
coinnnmity,  but  hold  that  agriculture  ma\-  before  manv 
years  be  successfull\  ])rosecuted  in  conjunction  wiiii  the 
natural  develojiment  of  the  other  resoiu-ces  (jf  this  great 
country.' 

"These  re]V)rts  are  more  to  the  piu'pose  than  the  ran- 
d(jni  talk  of  returned  miners,  and  it  is  probable  that  this 
information,  and  more  that  has  not  been  published,  was 
before  the  Canadian  cabinet  when  they  made  their  de- 
cision regarding  the  regulation  of  the  mines.  Had  the 
condition  of  the  country  been  such  as  the  miners  say, 
there  would  have  been  nmch  justification  for  the  policy 
of  exclusion  which  many  have  advocated.  In  that  case, 
there  was  no  possibility  of  developing  the  country.  Jt 
was  too  barren  and  the  climate  too  severe  ever  to  permit 


m 


ran- 

this 

was 

de- 

the 

say, 

olicv 

case, 
It 

.M-mit 


11    \\l  \:i  i.\  1    1 1\    I  III     ^  1  K(  i\. 


.'f 


BOOK    FOR    GOLD-SEEK EUS. 


441 


of  permanent  settlement.  The  miners  wonld  come  and 
leather  their  rich  harvest  and  dejiart,  takin^c;  with  them  tlie 
riches  of  the  nation.  The  mines  helotif^^ed  to  Canada, 
and  there  seemed  wisdom  in  excliuhn^  men  of  other  na- 
tionalities from  the  country.  Thcv  (Hd  not  intend  to  re- 
main in  the  country  and  had  no  intention  of  spencHni^ 
their  gains  in  the  country;  and  there  seemed  every  argu- 
ment in  favor  of  a  poHcy  of  restricting  the  mines  to  Cana- 
dians. The  regulations  adopted,  provided  they  can  l)e 
enforced  in  a  lawless,  unorganized  country,  are  devised 
with  the  purpose  of  developing  the  country.  Whether  tlie}- 
can  be  enforced  no  one  who  knows  the  splendid  discipline 
of  the  Northwest  police  can  have  a  doubt.  Provision  has 
been  made  for  the  organization  of  the  district.  Xew  roads 
are  to  be  built  and  communications  kept  ojumi,  and  everv 
requirement  for  the  development  of  the  district  will  be 
secured.  The  reservation  of  every  alternate  placer  claim  is 
only  just  to  the  community  as  a  whole,  and  will  tend  to 
promote  law  and  order.  The  reservation  of  a  royalty 
will  cause  more  trouble,  but  it  cannot  be  said  that  the  re- 
quirement is  unjust. 

"The  efifect  of  the  regulations  will  be,  should  the  dis- 
coveries continue  and  mining  cease  to  be  gambling  and 
become  an  industry,  the  more  (|uickly  to  encourage  per- 
manent settlement  In  these  regions  and,  as  Mr.  Dawson 
])ointed  out  in  his  report,  the  miner  will  be  tJie  pioneer. 
While  the  Yukon  district  is  at  present  far  beyond  the 
limits  of  ordinary  settlement,  we  may  be  pre])ared  to  hear 
(1888)  at  any  time  of  the  discovery  cA  important  mineral 
deposits  which  will  afford  the  necessary  stimulus  and 
may  result,  in  the  course  of  a  few  years,  in  the  introduc- 
tion of  a  considerable  population  into  even  its  most  dis- 
tant fastnesses.  To-day  it  may  well  be  characterized  b\- 
the  term  which  has  been  employed  in  connection  with 


'11 

!  I' 


WW 

|l 

t 

il'     ' 

1 

442 


THE   CHICAGO    RECORD'S 


'ili 


the  MacktMizio  basin,  a  portion  of  'Canada's  Great  Re- 
serve' It  appears,  meanwhile,  eminently  desirable  that 
we  should  facilitate,  in  so  far  as  may  be  possible,  the 
efforts  of  the  miners  and  others,  who  constitute  our  true 
])ioneers  in  the  rej^ion,  and  to  whom,  in  conjunction  with 
the  far  com])anies  and  traders,  the  con(|uest  of  the  whole 
of  the  ^reat  northwest  has  been  due.  In  the  future  there 
is  every  reason  to  look  forward  to  the  time  when  this 
coutitry  will  sup])ort  a  larj^e  and  hardy  population,  at- 
tached to  the  soil  and  makinjjf  the  utmost  of  its  resources. 

"The  ("anadiai'i  t^overnment  has  done  wisely  in  adopt- 
inj?  the  ])olicy  thus  susijjjested  foh  them  by  their  geolo- 
^^ists.  The  tem])tation  was  p^reat.  in  a  country  where 
the  sentiment  of  actual  possession  has  not  hitherto  had 
much  to  feed  itself  on.  to  follow  a  policy  of  restriction 
and  cry,  Canada  for  the  Canadians.  They  have  not  done 
so  and  their  wisdom  will  have  its  fruits  in  the  organiza- 
tion of  a  new  territory." 

It  is  witli  a  certain  feeling  of  dissatisfaction  that  Cana- 
dians look  upon  the  rush  of  prospectors  and  merchan- 
disers to  the  newly  found  gold  fields  in  Alaska.  The 
routes  all  lie  along  the  Pacific  coast  and  through  Alaska, 
and  Canada  gets  no  profit  from  the  increase  in  travel 
The  Pacific  route  is  open  only  three  months  in  the  year. 
The  projectors  of  what  is  known  as  the  Sault  Ste.  Marie 
and  Hudson  I'ay  railway  think  that  at  a  cost  of  about 
$20,000,000  they  will  be  able  to  ojien  a  route  that  will 
be  open  to  travel  for  five  months  out  of  the  twelve. 

The  scheme,  according  to  the  Toronto  Mail  and  Em- 
pire, has  gone  beyond  the  talk  stage  and  two  companies, 
tliat  already  mentioned,  and  the  Hudson  Bay  and  Yukon 
Railway  and  Navigation  company,  have  been  chartered 
by  the  dominion  parliament.  I'>om  Missarrabie,  the 
point  on  the  main  line  of  the  Canadian  Pacific  railway 


•m 


BOOK    FOR    GOLD-SEEKERS, 


44;{ 


nearest  to  Hudson  bay.  a  railway  is  to  he  built  220  miles 
to  .Moose  fort,  on  tbe  sliore  of  Canada's  j-reat  inland  sfa 
Thence  by  a  waterway  of  1.300  miles  Cliesterfidd  inlet 
at  the  northwest  corner  of  Hudson  bav,  is  reached. 

The  inlet  extends  west  itdand  200  miles.  IVom  luic 
a  railway  200  miles  long  will  connect  with  the  water,  of 
Great  Slave  lake.  From  here,  it  is  assorted,  there  is  a 
navi^al)le  waterway  for  larj-e  boats  to  the  mouth  of  the 
Mackenzie  river,  a  distance  of  1.300  miles.  From  the 
mouth  of  the  Mackenzie  a  short  railwav  of  fiftv  miles 
would  give  access  to  the  Porcupine  river,  a  navigable  trib- 
utary of  the  Yukon,  by  which  rivers  a  journev  of  400 
miles  leads  right  to  the  latelv  discovered  goid  fields 
Nmety  per  cent  of  the  whole  distance  is  bv  water 

In  the  opinion  of  C.  T.  Harvey,  engineer  and  general 
manager,  this  is  the  most  important  proposition  next  to 
the  Canadian  Pacific  railway  ever  submitted  for  the  con- 
sideration of  the  people  of  Canada.  Mr.  Harvey  dividr. 
the  results  into  four-(i)  the  rendering  accessible  of  the 
gold  fields,  petroleum,  salt  and  sulphur  deposits,  and  the 
coal  beds  of  the  Yukon  and  Mackenzie  basins-  (2)  the 
opening  up  for  settlement  of  the  Lake  Athabaska  and 
1  eace  nver  regions:  (3)  the  giving  access  to  the  whaling 
and  fishing  industries  of  Hudson  bav;  (4)  the  benefits 
to  accrue  to  Ontario,  and  especiallv  Toronto,  bv  becom- 
ing the  base  of  so  great  a  system  of  navigation  and  trade 


Uiii 


www 


444 


THK   CinCAlU)    RKC'ORDS 


CHAPTER  XXXI. 

KNEW  YUKON  DISTRICT  YEARS  AGO. 

ELIAI'.LE  information  comes  from  Prof. 
James  Dryden  of  the  Af^ricultural  Col- 
lej^^e  of  I  tall  to  the  effect  that  the  Cana- 
(Han  parhament  knew  of  the  gold  mines 
in  the  ^'ukon  district  some  years  ago. 
i'rof.  iJryden  acted  as  secretary  of  a 
select  committee  of  the  Canadian  par- 
liament in  1888.  This  committee  was 
appointed  to  investigate  the  mineral  resources  of  the 
Xorthwest  territory.  The  rci)ort  of  the  committee  is 
printed  in  a  volume  of  800  pages,  illustrated  with  maps, 
and  the  Klondike  river  does  not  appear  in  any  of  the 
maps. 

I'ut  that  part  of  the  Yukon  district  now  known  as 
the  Klondike  figured  extensively  in  the  investigation. 
Xow,  when  every  source  of  information  bearing  in  any 
way  on  the  gold-producing  area  of  the  Yukon  river 
is  being  placed  under  tribute,  this  report  has  assumed 
an  importance  not  anticipated  by  the  committee  which 
made  it. 

The  report  is  of  peculiar  interest  in  that  it  deals  largely 
with  the  mineral  resources  of  the  Mackenzie  river  basin, 
for  it  is  highly  probable  that  this  mighty  stream  will 
carry  many  Klondikers  toward  the  Arctic  circle  next 
summer. 

Prof.  Dryden,  in  giving  a  synopsis  of  the  report,  writes 
as  follows: 

"As  might  be  expected,  the  investigation,  as  it  related 


1 


IJOOK    FOR    G0I.U-SKEKKR8. 


44R 


•ites 


ited 


tn  tiiincral  rcsouriTs.  was  less  satisfactory  than  in  oiIut 
(liri'ctions;  ^'old  fu'lds  arc  not  (liscovcri'd  by  (.•utnniit- 
ti'os.  I'.ut  very  iinieli  was  elicited.  I'.elDre  proceeding- 
to  ^ive  more  detailed  information,  let  me  (|note  the  fmd- 
inj^s.  or  conclusions,  of  the  committee  in  re.ijaril  to  tlie 
mineral  resources: 

"  ■(  )f  the  mines  of  this  vast  rcp^ion  little  is  known  of 
that  part  east  of  the  Mackenzie  river  and  north  of  (ireat 
Slave  lake.  Of  the  western  atHuents  of  the  Mackenzie 
enough  is  known  to  show  that  on  the  headwaters  of  the 
Peace,  Liard  and  Peel  rivers  there  are  from  150,000  to 
200,000  s(|uare  miles  which  may  he  considered  aurifer- 
ous, while  Canada  jiossesses  west  (;f  the  Rocky  moun- 
tains a  metalliferous  area,  principally  of  ^old-yielding; 
rocks,  1.300  miles  in  length,  with  an  averaj^e  breadth  of 
400  to  500  miles,  giving  an  area  far  jj^reater  than  that  of 
the  similar  mining  districts  of  the  neighboring  republic. 

"in  addition  to  these  auriferous  dei)osits,  gcjld  has 
been  found  on  the  west  shore  of  Hudson's  bay.  and  has 
been  said  to  exist  in  certain  ptjrtions  of  the  jiarren 
grounds.  Silver  on  the  l'p])er  Liard  and  Peace  rivers, 
copper  u])on  the  Coppermine  river,  which  may  be  con- 
nected with  an  eastern  arm  of  Great  Uear  lake  by  a  tram- 
way of  forty  miles;  irt)n,  graphite,  ochre,  brick  and  pcjt- 
tery  clay,  mica,  gypsum,  lime  and  sandstone,  sand  for 
glass  and  molding,  and  asphaltum,  are  all  known  to 
exist,  while  the  petroleum  area  is  so  extensive  as  to 
justify  the  belief  that  eventually  it  will  supjily  the  larger 
part  of  this  continent  and  be  shipped  from  Churchill 
or  some  more  northern  Hudson's  l)ay  i^ort  to  England. 

"  'Salt  and  sulphur  deposits  arc  less  extensive,  but  the 
former  is  found  in  crystals  equal  in  purity  to  the  best 
rock  salt,  and  in  highly  saline  springs,  while  the  latter 
is  found  in  the  form  of  pyrites,  and  the  fact  that  these 


Ph'mI 


446 


THE   CHICAGO    RECORD'S 


petroleum  :  .id  salt  deposits  occur  mainly  near  the  line 
of  division  between  deep  water  navigation  and  that  fitted 
for  lighter  craft,  gives  them  a  possible  great  commercial 
value.  The  extensive  coal  and  lignite  deposits  of  the 
lower  .Mackenzie  and  elsewhere  will  be  found  of  great 
value  when  the  (juestion  of  reducing  its  iron  ores  and 
the  transportation  of  the  products  of  this  vast  region 
have  to  be  solved  by  -;earn  sea-going  or  lighter  river 
craft.' 

"Some  of  the  testimony  upon  which  these  conclusions 
were  based  is  h.ighly  interesting,  though  the  iuv-estiga- 
tion,  of  course,  covered  the  whole  l)asin  of  the  Mac- 
kenzie, and  only  incidentally  of  the  ^'ukon.  But  there 
is  also  valuable  testimony  showing  the  great  auriferous 
value  of  the  upper  waters  of  the  Yukon.  Hitherto  that 
great  country  up  there  wa.«^.  only  of  value  as  a  fur  pre- 
serve; that  has  been  its  chief,  if  not  only,  commercial 
value  in  the  jjast.  Tiie  great  the  'Honorable  Hudson's 
May  company'  enjoyed  a  monopoly  of  the  fur  trade,  and 
its  policy  has  been  to  keep  the  country  in  the  dark.  They 
at  t)ne  time  r.w.ied  it  by  grant  from  h^ngland.  They  have 
forts  established  all  down  the  Mackenzie  and  other  im- 
jiortant  rivers,  where  they  purchase  the  furs  by  barter 
from  tlu'  Indians,  and  the  trade  has  run  up  to  several 
niillicn  dollars  a  year.  These  traders  were  mostly  Eng- 
lish and  Scotch  'gentlemen's'  sons,  many  of  them  niar- 
rving  Indian  girls  or  hrench  half-breeds  and  spending 
tiieir  lives  in  the  great  northern  seclusion,  until  retired 
in  o.'d  age  l)y  the  com])any.  Som  of  these  men  were 
examined  by  the  committee.  They  were  very  reticent 
about  the  fur  trade,  but  told  what  they  knew  about  the 
mineral  and  other  resources  of  the  country.  At  sonn* 
of  these  forts  there  are  English  church  and  Roman  Cath- 
olic missions  establi'shed.  and  a  few   missionaries  were 


I 


BOOK    FOR    GOLD-SEEKERS. 


447 


'P! 


m 


cxaniin<^'!.  and  ji^avo  valuable  testimony  in  rep^ard  to  tlio 
j;;cat  resources  of  the  country.  Dr.  Georj^e  M.  Daw- 
son, chief,  and  Dr.  Robert  Uell  and  Prof.  Macoun  of  the 
Canadian  jrcoloj^ical  survey,  and  others,  who  had  tra- 
versed the  country,  also  testified. 

"i^peakinj^  of  the  mineral  resources,  Tsadore  Clut 
().  M.  I.,  bishop  of  Arindele.  said:  'There  is  ^oU\  in  the 
sandbanks  of  the  Peace  river,  and  in  considerable  (|uan- 
tities,  but  during'  the  winter  and  in  hij^^h  water  it  can- 
not be  mined.  The  miners  make  there  from  $15  to  $20 
per  day.  There  is  copjier,  and  one  river  bears  the  name 
of  Coppermine.  It  is  found  there  in  jxrc'at  pieces.  I  have 
seen  little  crosses  made  of  it  by  the  savajj^es  themselves 
when  they  were  not  able  to  have  other  metal.  Sulphur 
abounds  in  several  places.  I  have  seen  it  on  the  Clear- 
water river,  and  above  all  on  the  west  bank  of  the  Great 
Slave  lake.  It  is  there  in  such  (|uantities  that  the  odor 
is  annoying  to  those  who  pass  by.  .\ear  b'ort  .Smith 
there  in  a  salt  mine  which  is  probably  the  most  beauti- 
ful and  the  most  abundant  in  the  universe.  There  is  a 
veritable  mountain  of  salt.  11\  digging  a  little  in  the 
earth,  from  six  inches  to  a  foot,  rock  salt  can  l.)e  found 
there.  In  addition  to  that  there  are  salt  s]irings,  where 
during  the  winter  the  salt  runs  from  thesi-  springs 
and  forms  little  hills  of  salt.  ^^)u  have  only  to 
shovel  and  you  can  gather  a  fine  salt,  pure  and  clean. 
On  the  borders  of  the  Peace  river  stones  ixrv  found 
which  are  sutificiently  precious  to  make  rings  of  them. 
I  have  seen  gypsum  along  the  Mackenzie  and  a  little 
below  I'ort  Xorman.  *  *  *  In* the  Peace  river  an'l 
the  Liard  river  certainly  tliere  is  gold  in  large  quan- 
tities. It  is  ff)und  in  the  san<ll)ars,  and  I  fancy  that  nu'nes 
will  be  discovered  in  the  R(K-ky  mountains  and  that  the 
gold  is  carried   from  that  part   the  same  as  in    IJritisli 


ul' 


44S 


THE    CHICAGO    RKCORDS 


Columhia,  ou  the  otlior  side  of  the  mountains.  I  should 
inia,L;;inc,  therofoiv.  tlial  there  is  considerable  gold  in 
the   Rocky  mountains.' 

"Dr.  Dawson,  who  made  gcoloj^ical  explorations  in 
the  upper  V'ukon  region,  testified  as  follows:  'With 
regard  to  the  gold  on  the  Liard  river,  which  is  a  tribu- 
tary of  the  Mackenzie,  I  may  state  further  that  remuner- 
ative bars  have  been  worked  east  of  the  country  <Unvn 
toward  the  Mackenzie.  The  whole  appearance  of  this 
country  leads  to  the  belief  that  iiuportant  mineral  de- 
l)osits  will  be  found  in  it,  besides  those  placer  mines. 
There  are  large  (|uantit)es  of  (juartz  ledges  along  the 
rivers  in  many  i)laces  on  the  Liard  river;  half  tlie  river 
gravel  is  composed  of  (]uartz  and  the  whole  country  is 
full  of  (|uartz  veins,  some  of  which  are  likely  to  yield 
valuable  minerals.' 

"Q.     "Is  it  a  gold-bearing  (|uartz?' 

"A.  '^'es.  because  we  find  gold  in  the  bars,  though 
not,  so  far  as  I  have  discovered,  in  the  loose  c|uartz.  In 
fact,  the  whole  country  at  the  headwaters  of  the  Liard 
and  running  across  to  the  \'ukon  forms  i)arl  of  the 
metalliferous  belt  which  runs  from  Mexico  to  Alaska 
and  includes  a  great  area  of  that  country,  which  is  as 
likely  to  be  rich  in  minerals  as  any  i)ortit)n  of  that  metal- 
liferous belt.  We  should  remember  that  in  I  British  Co- 
lumbia and  on  the  headwaters  of  the  Yukon  we  have 
from  1.200  to  1.300  miles  of  that  metallifenjus  belt  of  the 
west  coast.  This  is  almost  precisely  the  same  length 
of  that  belt  contained  in  the  L'nited  States,  and  I  think 
there  is  every  reason  to  believe  that  eventually  it  will 
be  found  susce])tible  of  an  e(|ual  develoi)ment  from  a 
mining  pcjint  of  view.  I'rom  circumstances  to  which 
1  need  not  now  refer,  it  has  so  far  been  more  developed 
in  the  L'nited  States  than  on  this  side  of  the  line.' 


i 


BOOK    FOR    GOLD-SEEKERH. 


441) 


"O.     'What  is  the  average  width  of  that  beh  of  i.joo 
or  1.300  miles?' 

"A.  'About  400  miles,  on  the  averaj^e.  Von  Selkirk, 
or  the  ruins  of  l'\)rt  Selkirk,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Lewes 
river,  wiiieh  is  one  of  the  main  bratiehes  of  the  Yukon, 
is  al)out  1.000  miles  due  north  of  X'ictoria.  without  tak- 
iiif^  into  account  ten  deforces  of  lonj^itude  which  it  is 
west,  but  it  j,nves  an  idea  of  the  depth  of  the  country 
which  is  worth  remarking,  ^'ou  find  a  countrv  here 
1,000  miles  north  of  X'ictoria  in  which  there  is  no  doubt 
you  can  still  grow  barley  and  hardy  cereals,  a  distance 
as  nearly  as  possible  identical  with  the  whole  width  of 
the  I'nited  States  on  the  Pacific  coast  from  the  4()tli 
parallel  to  .Mexico,  yet  at  I'ort  Selkirk  we  are  still  7^0 
or  S(X)  miles  from  the  Arctic  ocean— nearly  twice  as  far 
from  the  Arctic  ocean  as  we  are  here  in  (  )tta\\a  from  the 
Atlantic' 

"(j.  '  I  hat  would  make  a  s(|uare  area  of  5jo,()(M)  miles. 
Is  that  what  the  connnittee  are  to  imderstaud?' 

"A.  'That  will  express  the  area  of  the  metalliferous 
belt  in  a  general  wa\'  and  may  be  taken  a>  a  minimum 
ligm-e.  This  Yukon  coimtry  wa>  first  prospected  in  1.S80 
by  miners  who  came  across  by  this  Chilkooi  pass.  Since 
then  a  yearly  increasing  number  of  miners  has  been 
going  in.  In  iHH-.  this  last  sununer,  there  were  about 
250  men.  nearly  k«)  of  whom  an-  wintering  at  bortv- 
.Mile  creek,   near  the  international   boundary.  ■■■    '  ■■■■ 

The  gold  which  was  taken  oiu  of  that  countrv  last  sum- 
mer, not  counting  the  Cassiar  country  to  the  south,  but 
merely  the  Yukon  district,  was  estimated  by  the  im"ners 
at  $70,000,  but  that  is  a  very  rough  estimate  indeed,  be- 
cause there  is  no  way  of  checking  it  except  bv  allowing 
S.J  much  per  man  on  the  average.  There  is  an  almost 
unprecedented  length  of  river  bars  from  which  -„i,i  j. 


hi 


450 


THE   CHICAGO    RECORD'S 


*>  ■ 


ohtaiiK'd  in  that  country.  I  liave  not  tried  to  I'stimatc 
it,  hut  here  and  there  on  nearly  all  those  rivers  gold  is 
found  in  paying  (|uantities.  The  gold-hearing  river  bars 
nuist  be  reckoned  in  the  aggregate  by  thousands  ol 
miles  in  length.' 

"O.  'AH  those  rivers,  meaning  the  Yukon  and  its 
branches  and  the  Liard  and  its  branches?' 

"A.     'Yes.' 

"Though  the  C(Ji)permine  river  lies  east  of  the  Mac- 
kenzie, and  far  from  the  Yukon,  it  ma\  be  interesting 
t(j  give  here  the  testimony  of  Dr.  Dawson  in  regard  to 
copper  in  that  river.  He  said,  speaking  of  the  Copper- 
niiiu'  river  particularly,  that  'there  is  every  reason  to 
I)elic\e  there  is  a  repetition  along  that  river  and  in  its 
vicinity  of  those  rocks  which  contain  ct)]iper  on  Lake 
Superior  and  which  have  proved  so  rich  there.  lUu 
that  region  scrnis  U)  be  beyond  the  reach  of  the  i)ros- 
pcctor  at  present." 

"I'jiough  has  been  said,  1  take  it.  to  show  that  there  is 
a  country  u])  north  rich  in  mineral  rc.-^ources.  and  the 
riches  arc  not,  by  any  means,  confined  to  one  little  trib- 
utary of  the  'S'ukon.  That  the  country  is  rich  in  min- 
erals, that  it  cf)vers  an  empire  in  extent,  there  is  every 
reason  to  believe,  how  rich  no  one  can  tell.  There  has 
been  profitable  placer  mining  at  I-'orty-Mile  creek,  near 
the  Klondike,  for  some  fifteen  years,  and  b'ort  Reliance 
(long  since  abandoned),  which,  1  understand,  is  right  in 
the  immediate  vicinity  of  the  Klr)iulike.  was  built  away 
back  by  the  old  Arctic  explorers.  That  the  riches  of  the 
Klondike  could  remain  hidden  for  these  many  years, 
though  miners  ha  'e  been  working  all  the  time  in  the 
near  neighborhood,  affords  some  color  to  the  belief  that, 
after  all,  the  California  gold  diggings  will  dwindle  by 
comi)arison  with  those  of  the  Yukon.     It  has  long  been 


!  r' 


■re  IS 

ll  the 

trih- 

niin- 

vc'r\ 

has 

I  car 

ncc- 

lit  in 

way 

the 

ars, 

the 

l)at, 

by 

leen 


T^ 


■■■■v 


"PCT™^Fw^W!r"^T?rfr' 


fi 


BOOK    FOR    GOLD-SEEKERS. 


453 


tlie  opinion  that  when  the  moss  and  timber  arc  cloarcl 
off  the  river  sides  and  gulches  (similar  to  what  miners 
were  obliged  to  do  in  Cassiar).  the  diggings  will  be  ex- 
tensive and  rich. 

"The  following  extracts  from  a  report  made  bv  Cai.t 
Wilham  Moore  in  January.  1888.  and  which  was  pub- 
hshed  in  the  report  of  Mackenzie  basin  committee  is 
iKghly  interesting  as  giving  an  idea  of  the  mining 
operations  that  were  conducted  at  Fortv-Mile  creek  as 
far  back  as  ten  years  ago: 

'•'According   to    information    gathered    from    reliai)Ie 
•sources:     From  the  1st  of  May  to  the  15th  of  lulv  there 
lias  been  taken  out  at   least   $150,000.   three-fourths  of 
which  was  taken  out  on   I-orty-Mile  creek,  as   when   -i 
party  of  men  came  out  early  last  spring  on  the  ice  and 
conhrmed  the  statement  of  the  strike  of  coarse  gold  on 
i-orty-Mile  creek,   most  of  the  men   from   Lewes   river 
and  the  HootalnKpia  went  right  down  to  the  new  strike 
which  only  left  eight  miners  on  the    I  loo,alin,,ua    and' 
seven  on  Cassiar  bar  and  the  vicinitv.  four  men  on  JVJK- 
river,  fifteen  on  Stewart  river  and  seven  on  Sixtv-Milc 
creek. 

'"With  regard  to  the  richness    of    iMjrtv-Mile    creek 
Miners  would  not  work  $8  diggings;   thev  did  not  con- 
sider that  amount  as  wages.    They  did  make  all  the  wav 
from  $10  to  $125  per  day. 
*  &. 


Every  stream  entering  into  the  l^pper  Yukon   1 


gold  in  it.     The  best  paying  bars  of  th 
as  discovered,  are  situated  from  tl 


las 


aim 


IS  section,  so  far 
le  mouth  of  the  Hoot- 
qua  river  down   about  sevcntv-tive   miles.     Cassiar 
Dcnsmuir's  and    McCormac's  bars,   as   marked   on    the" 
sketch  map.  are  the  best-paying  ones,  vielding  from  $8 


h'l-'i 


.<,■ 


TWW- 


454 


THE   CHICAGO    KECORU'S 


to  $40  per  (lay:   also  up  the  lIo()taliiu|iia  river  at  dif- 
fcrcMit  places  the  above  pay  has  been  obtained. 

:|:  *  :i:  :,:  ■'.■  M:  :1: 

"'White  river,  125  miles  below  Pelly  river,  is  navi- 
,i;able  for  about  eif^hty  miles,  and  j^rospccts  of  $5  and 
$8  per  day  have  been  found.  The  ui)pcr  portion  of  this 
river  is  a  great  resort  for  caribou,  moose  and  beaver. 
Stewart  river,  fifteen  miles  below  White  river,  is  naviga- 
ble for  about  250  miles.  The  estimated  amount  of  gold 
taken  out  of  this  river  in  the  seasons  of  1885  and  1886 
is  ab(jut  if  1 40.000.  There  being  very  little  fall  in  this 
river,  miners  experience  considerable  trouble  in  working 
sluices.  Some  ])arties  are  now  negotiating  to  take  steam 
])unips  uj)  there,  as  there  is  plenty  of  fine  gold  diggings 
on  this  stream  which  will  pay  from  $10  to  $50  i)er  day 
with  sluices,  it  is  known  that  miners  have  made  as 
high  as  $140  a  day  with  conuuon  rockers,  although  the 
gold  w  as  minutely  fine."  " 


m 


dif- 


BOOK   FOR   GOLD-SEiEKERS, 


455 


'  U 


CHAPTER  XXXir. 
SOME  HISTORICAL  GOLD  CRAZES. 

OLD  HAS  been  called  the  '•pioneer" 
of  civilization,  because  it  led  men  into 
the  wdderness.  across  unknown  seas 
and   over  wide    prairies    and     desert 
plains.     It  has  been  pointed  out  that 
every  "orold  rush"  was  the  begiiniin/^  of 
now  states  and  countries;  that  the  dis- 
covery of  o-old  in  some  far-off  locality 
did  more  to  populate  the  land  that  the 
most  eneroet.c  efforts  of  immi.,n-atio,i  agents  or  govern- 
■nont  othcials.     The  Klondike  rush  is  simplv  hist^.rv  r" 
peating  uself     Califc>rnia  saw  just  such  exciting  tim^s  m 
84Q.  Australia  m  185,.     n,,n  came  the  "cra.e.'^  of  the 
I;razer  nver  in  1858:   nf  Xonhern  Arizona  in  1874-   of 
ioinbstone  ,n  1879:  of  South  Africa  in  1880:  .)f  L^wer 
Cahforma  m  1889:  of  Creede  in  1889:  of  Cripnle  C  ll- 
in  1890.  and  1  rorc,ua  Hola  in  189.  '  ^  ''^ 

per^tV'^The"'  •'?■ '  ^'f'  ^""^  "^^•^■■^  '^-^  '— t  P-s- 
Cai.forma.  and  washmgs  had  been  carried  on  in  the  south- 
ern part,  near  the  San  ]--ernando  mission,  as  earlv  at  1841 
Xo  discovery  had  been  made,  however,  which'attracted 
much  attention  or  caused  excitement  previous  to  the 
occupation  of  the  country  by  the  Americans 

A  piece  of  native  gold  was  picked  up  in  an  excavation 
made  for  a  mdl  race  on  the  south  fork  of  the  American 
nver  at  a  place  now  called  Colona.     Bv  the  end  of 

27 


4 


!•    i 


I   'Ffi 


456 


THK   CHICAGO    RECORD'S 


December  1848,  washing  for  gold  was  going  on  all  along 
the  foothills  of  the  Sierra,  a  distance  of  150  miles. 

The  first  adventurers  came  from  Mexico,  the  South 
American  coast,  and  even  from  the  Sandwich  islands. 
The  excitement  eventually  spread  east,  and  in  the  si)ring 
of  1849  the  rush  of  emigration  across  the  plains  and  by 
way  of  the  Isthmus  of  Panama  commenced. 

The  epidemic  reached  the  east  in  the  fall  of  1848,  and 
before  the  winter  of  1848-49  the  gold  of  California  was 
the  ruling  topic  of  conversation  in  every  Atlantic  city. 
I'eople  were  everywhere  making  ready  to  start  for  the 
new  El  Dorado.  By  January,  1849,  ninety  vessels,  car- 
rying 8,000  passengers,  had  sailed  from  various  ports, 
bound  for  San  Francisco,  and  seventy  more  were  adver- 
tised to  sail.  Pulpits  resounded  with  warnings  against 
riches  as  the  source  of  all  evil,  but  the  preachers,  when 
they  could,  took  ship  for  the  land  of  gold  like  other 
people.  Early  in  1849  ^^i^  population  of  San  Francisco 
swelled  from  2,000  to  14,000.  Four  hundred  sailing  ves- 
sels were  abandoned  by  their  crews  at  their  anchorage 
in  the  bay.  Labor  was  worth  $10  a  day.  The  first 
Pacific  mail  steamer  passed  through  the  Golden  Gate. 
In  that  year,  1849,  549  vessels  entered  the  port,  carrying 
35,000  passengers,  and  42,000  immigrants  arrived  by  the 
overland  journey  across  the  plains.  In  the  same  year  the 
yield  of  the  mines  was  probably  not  less  than  $18,000,- 
000. 

It  was  estimated  that  100,000  men  reached  California 
during  that  year,  including  representatives  of  every  state 
of  the  union.  The  emigration  to  the  land  of  gold  con- 
tinued with  but  little  abatement  for  three  years,  but  the 
excitement  fell  off  in  a  marked  degree  in  1854. 

California  discoveries  gave  rise  to  a  general  search 
for  precious  deposits  in  the  Pacific  states,  and  this  was 


'  m 


i 


BOOK    FOR   (lOLD-SEEKERS. 


467 


nifornia 

ly  state 

Id  con- 

)ut  the 

I  search 
lis  was 


followed  by  wild  speculations.  A  j^reat  deal  ol  iiuiury 
was  sunk  in  opening  new  mines  and  in  atteniptiuLi  tu 
develop  old  ones  which  had  never  yielded  anything  oi 
value. 

Fifty  thousand  men  were  engaged  in  mining  for  geld 
in  California  at  the  close  of  1850.  and  during  1852  and 
1853  fully  100,000  were  at  w(3rk.  At  this  tinu  the  Cali- 
fornia gold  washings  reached  about  Sr)5,ocx),ooo  in  value 
a  year. 

At  this  jicriod  the  diggings  for  gold  were  chiefly  along 
the  rivers.  These  were  "f1unied"--that  i^.  the  water 
was  diverted  from  its  natural  chamiel  by  means  of 
wooden  tiunies — and  the  accun'dation  of  sand  and 
gravel  in  the  former  beds  was  washed 

The  first  and  richest  "placers,"  such  as  the  bars  on  the 
American.  Yuba,  I-'cather.  Stanislaus  and  otlur  smaller 
streams  in  the  heart  of  the  gold  region,  yielded  each 
miner  as  much  as  $1,000  to  S3,cxx)  a  day. 

The  miners  were  excitable  and  fre(iuently  left  valuable 
localities  in  search  of  something  better.  Occasionally 
a  kind  of  frenzy  would  seize  on  them  and  thousands 
would  flock  to  some  very  distant  locality  on  the  strength 
of  newspaper  and  other  reports.  Many  would  then 
])erish  from  disease  and  starvation,  the  rest  returning 
in  poverty  and  rags. 

The  effect  of  the  gold  discoveries  in  California  upon 
the  fortunes  of  that  state  and  of  the  world  at  large  are 
too  well  known  to  require  any  description  here.  It  was 
a  revolution.  Michael  Chevalier  predicted  that  it  would 
cause  such  a  dej)reciation  in  gold  as  compared  with 
silver  that  the  former  would  practically  be  demonetized, 
and  it  needed  energetic  efforts  on  the  part  of  English 
financiers  to  check  a  tendency  toward  a  general  want  of 
confidence  in  the  yellow  metal. 


m 


F 


li!  ^'i 


M'. 


4£8 


THK   ('I1ICA(J0    RKCORD'S 


Ik'fore  thret'  years  elapsed  the  discoveries  in  Califor- 
nia were  duplicated  in  Australia.  Some  years  before  Sir 
Roderick  Murcliison  had  jiredicted  that  {j^old  would  he 
found  in  the  (|uartz  and  in  185 1  llarp;reaves,  who  had 
been  at  the  diji^fj^inj^^s  in  California,  looked  for  it  in  the 
llathurst  district  of  Xew  South  Wales,  and  found  what 
he  was  looking  for.  1 1  is  discovery  was  at  first  received 
with  incredulity,  but  when  Dr.  Kerr  found  on  the  Turon 
a  lump  of  gold  worth  $2i,cx)0,  and  a  nugget  was  taken 
to  Sydney  which  sold  for  $6,200  there  could  be  no  (|ues- 
tion  of  the  facts.  Workmen  of  all  classes  deserted  their 
callings  to  hunt  for  gold,  and  they  were  so  successful 
that  in  the  fall  of  185 1  the  average  earnings  of  pros- 
pectors rose  to  $3  a  day.  Sinudtaneously  all  articles  of 
commerce  advanced;  wheat  (|uadruple(l  in  value;  pota- 
toes rt)se  from  7  shillings  to  21  shillings  a  hundred 
weight,  and  freight  from  Sydney  to  the  mines  from  $12 
to  $150  a  ton.  When  the  news  reached  Europe  thou- 
sands of  adventurers  embarked  for  Australia,  declaring 
that  its  treasures  cast  into  the  shade  those  of  California. 

Melbourne  was  jealous  of  Sydney,  and  a  generous 
reward  was  offered  for  the  discovery  of  a  gold  field  within 
the  province  of  X'ictoria.  The  result  was  the  discovery 
in  August,  1 85 1,  of  the  diggings  of  I'allarat.  Ten  thou- 
sand adventurers  flocked  to  the  spot,  which  maintained 
its  reputation  as  the  greatest  gold  camp  in  the  world  till 
Mount  Alexander  and  Rendigo  creek  were  discovered. 
I'efore  Xew  Year's  it  was  said  that  there  were  50.000 
miners  at  Bendigo,  and  Melbourne  was  depopulated. 
I'lour,  which  was  worth  $100  a  ton  at  the  seaboard,  was 
in  demand  at  $1,000  a  ton  at  the  mines;  oats  rose  eight- 
fold, mining  tools  sold  for  anything  the  dealers  chose  to 
ask.    In  that  winter  it  was  said  that  an  average  of  15,000 


11 


T 


BOOK    FOR    GOLD-SEEK F':RS, 


4S9 


d  till 
^cred. 
;o.ooo 

ated. 
was 
nght- 
)SC  to 

5,000 


adventurers  arrived  I'aeh  iiioiilli  at  Mell)i)urne,  and  car- 
penters and  masons  were  ^ettin}^  $10  a  day. 

'i'he  ^oU\  find  proved  to  he  no  flash  in  the  ])an.  The 
\iel<l  s\vellt'(l  month  1a'  month  and  \ear  hy  yrar,  imtil 
in  1856  the  export  from  Melhourne  alone,  without  tak- 
ing Sydney  into  account,  was  over  $fx).{X)o,()(X).  in  the 
same  year  the  mint  at  Sydney  received  $7.-;oo,ooo  in  jjjold 
from  the  mines,  and  Xew  Zealand  ])roduced  $10,000,000. 

The  .y;old  of  Australia  was  found  in  the  silurian  rocks, 
especially  in  the  more  ancient  heds.  and  in  the  t^ravel 
or  dehris  of  those  rocks.  It  occurs  likewise  in  the  .y^ravel 
of  the  drifts  of  the  miocene  of  the  territory.  The  .y^reatest 
finds  were  made  in  (piartz  veins  traversing;'  a  Iow^t  silu- 
rian schist  rock  formation,  on  spurs  of  tiic  ^reat  Aus- 
tralian Cordillera.  The  silurian  strata  arc  upheaved  and 
twisted;  the  veins  show  marks  of  the  action  of  fire,  as 
if  they  had  forced  their  way  throu.c^h  the  rocks  in  a 
molten  condition.  Xo  rule  can  he  laid  down  in  rej^ard  to 
the  richness  of  the  veins. 

The  I\ern  river  fever  ra|::^ed  through  the  United  States 
in  1855,  and  at  least  5,000  miners  went  to  that  distant 
region  of  the  .^ierra,  only  to  find  that  the  gold  deposits 
were  already  wt.irked  out. 

In  Australia's  heyday,  just  as  the  yield  of  the  Califor- 
nia placers  had  declined  to  such  a  degree  that  some  of 
the  most  famous  diggings  were  given  over  to  Chinamen, 
rumors,  which  gradually  gatliered  strength,  reached  San 
I'rancisco  that  gold  had  heen  discovered  in  the  hed  of 
the  I-'razer  river.  The  first  finds  were  made  in  1856;  it 
was  not  till  the  spring  of  1858  that  I*"razer  river  gold 
hcgan  to  appear  at  the  money-changers'  establishments 
on  Montgomery  street.  An  exodus  set  in  for  N'ictoria, 
just  as  now  for  Juneau,  i'y  June,  1858.  10,000  miners 
were  at  work   between   Langley  and  the   forks   of  the 


/. 

■2 


< 


('\-- 


HOOK    F'OR    (JOLIJ-SKEKERS. 


¥]] 


< 


river,  and  cvfr\-  I)ar  fur  J40  miles  of  the  I-Vazer's  course, 
and  alonjj;-  tlie  Thompson,  was  In-mjj  prospected.  Two 
(lourishinj^^  towns.  ^'aIe  and  I  lope,  spranj^-  u])  on  tlie  river 
liaiiks.  and  heforo  1  n\  f«Il  j(),()(K)  adventurers  are  sai<l 
to  have  leti  (  ahfornia  for  llie  ni'W  camps.  (  )f  these  the 
mreat  hulk  endiu-ed  untold  hardships  and  foimd  no  .^old. 
'Iliey  returned  to  ."^an  h'ranci'-co  discouraj.,fed  and  ix-nni- 
less  and  (U'nounced  hrazer  river  as  a  humWuf^.  just  as 
some  of  till'  unlucky  ^'ukon  adventurers  may  ])ossiblv 
he  denouncin^r  tin-    Kl.jinlike  U'Xt    \car. 

I'ut  h'razer  ri\er  ua-  a  real  find,  which  ai'ided,  in  the 
course  of  t\\ent\-odd  \t,ars.  more  than  twice  as  much 
i^old  to  the  world's  suppl\  as  .S])ain  had  ohtaine*!  from 
the  Americas  in  the  same  space  of  time.  h!^timates  of 
the  yield  of  1X3X  \ar\  so  widely  that  it  is  difficult  to 
ascertain  the  truth.  (  iood,  tin-  (  anadirm  ministvT  of 
mines,  reckoned  that  lh(  output  of  that  \car  was  not  over 
$500,(XK),  l)iu  .\lcl)onald.  tii^urinir  from  the  reports  of 
hankers  and  express  companies,  set  it  down  as  $j.i3o,- 
<KX).  This  was  chiellv  scale  ,ir"ld,  comminuted  hy  ham- 
merinj:^  between  boidders  into  fine  Hat  scalis.  and  miyd 
with  considerable  Hour  i^-'old.  1  he  yiehl  increase<l  in 
l<S5(j  and  a^aiti  in  .XOo;  for  the  three  \iars  the  total  out- 
put was  probably  sometJiinq;  lik<  Sft.ooo.oof)  or  .$7,000,- 
()()0.  It  did  not  i-onvuKe  trade,  nor  set  the  world  crazy, 
a.^  the  discoverie>  in  (ahfornia  and  Australia  had  done, 
because  the  discom"aj.,Mn^'  reports  set  ,'itloat  b\  returning;' 
miners  in  ICS5X  cooled  poptilar  ardor,  and  threw  a  bucket 
of  cold  writer  (ju  the  spirits  of  the  adventurers. 

I  hit  the  furor  was  rekindled  in  ]X(>\  b>-  fresh  discov- 
eries in  the  Caribou  mrmntain  comury.  an<!  at  Ouesnel 
I'orks  di}.,'p;inffs,  at  the  head  waters  ot  the  l-'razer  and 
Thoni])Son.  Here  the  jjold  found  in  tlie  -treams  was 
coarse,  and  the  nioitiitains  generally  consisted  of  slates, 


462 


THE   CHICAGO   RECORD'S 


% 


which,  in  lower  latitudes,  had  been  found  to  be  aurifer- 
ous. The  best  fields  for  mininfi^  were  the  beds  of  buried 
rivers  below  the  level  of  the  modern  streams,  as  in  the 
Sierra  counties  of  California.  Tn  the  deposit  on  the  beds 
of  these  prehistoric  rivers  were  found  richly  concen- 
trated gold  leads,  which  were  reached  by  shafts  and 
levels.  It  ;vas  from  these  that  the  chief  wealth  of  Cari- 
bou was  extracted.  In  1861  $2,000,000  of  gold  was 
shipped;  as  much  more  in  1862;  an  increased  (|uantity 
in  1863,  and  though  after  that  year  the  excitement  sub- 
sided, the  influx  of  gold-seekers  ceased,  and  many  miners 
abandoned  the  country.  Mr.  Bancroft  estimates  the 
total  yield  of  the  region  in  twenty  years  at  somewhere 
between  $30,000,000  and  $40,000,000.  It  will  average 
$4,000,000  a  year  to-day. 

But  liberal  as  the  outi)ut  of  Caribou  was,  it  caused  no 
stir  throughout  the  world,  and  from  1861  to  1881  the 
mining  population  only  averaged  about  1.500.  In  the 
beginning  it  witnessed  the  inflation  usual  in  new  mining 
camps:  miners  got  $10  and  $12  a  day,  and  flour  was  $1 
a  pound:  but  afterward,  though  the  actual  yield  wa 
larger  than  it  had  been  in  the  early  tlays,  and  Antler  and 
William  creeks  were  pouring  out  the  precious  metal  by 
the  pound,  things  settled  down  to  a  steady  business-like 
basis,  and  the  people  did  not  get  richer  there  than  any- 
where else.  There  was  a  brief  period  when  Cariljou 
figured  'n  tne  newspapers  as  a  rival  to  P)allarat  and 
Frazer  river.  But  it  did  not  last,  though  it  may  have 
deserved  to  last. 

The  stories  told  by  old  miners  wlu>  took  part  in  the 
Frazer  river  rush  are  on  the  lines  of  the  tales  related  bv 
returned  Klnmlikers. 

Over  the  sides  of  the  Frazer  canyon  everything  had  to 
be  packed  on  the  backs  oi  prospectui*  or  liidians,  anU 


r 


■  i( 


BOOK    FOR   GOLD-SEEKERS. 


463 


the 

'  In- 


provisions  frequently  fell  short.  Many  times  mining 
had  to  be  suspended  for  want  of  food:  parties  left  the 
eamps  for  the  river  mouth  in  search  of  supplies  or  allayed 
the  pangs  of  hunger  by  eating  wild  berries.  There 
were  no  cases  of  starvation  on  the  l->azer,  as  iood  was 
always  within  two  or  three  da}s'  reach;  and  the  cold, 
though  severe  in  December  and  January,  was  nothing 
like  the  temperature  on  the  Yukon. 

At  Antler  creek  nuggets  could  be  picked  out  of  the 
soil  by  harid,  and  the  rocker  yielded  fifty  ounces  in  a 
few  hours.  Shovelfuls  sonetimes  contained  i?50  each. 
Individuals  were  making  J^i.ooo  a  day.  and  the  output  of 
sluice  and  flume  claims  was  sixty  ounces  a  day  to  the 
man.  Much  of  the  ground  yielded  $i,ooo  to  the  s(|uare 
foot.  At  William  creek  several  claims  realized  lOO 
ounces  a  day.  One  man  obtaineil  387  ounces  in  a  day 
and  409  ounces  on  the  day  following.  At  lUirkerville  the 
Ditter  company  washed  out  in  one  day  200  poupJs  of 
gold.  Several  claims  yielded  100  ounces  and  more 
daily.  The  \\'ake-u])-|ake  company  washed  fift\-two 
ounces  from  a  panful  of  dirt. 

At  \'an  Winkle  Ned  Campbell  and  asscjciates  took  out 
1.70C)  ounces  in  three  days"  washing,  and  near  there 
the  Discoxery  company,  consisting  of  four  men,  took  out 
forty  pounds  in  one  day.  and  cleaned  up  at  the  end  of 
the  season  with  $250,000.  At  Lowhee  creek  Richard 
Willoughby  worked  a  claim  on  a  blue  slate  bed  rock 
within  four  feet  ot  the  surface,  and  obtained  eighty-four 
ounces  in  one  day  and  $1,000  in  the  wcc-k,  whik  -■■  !'■  him 
two  brothers  named  Patterson  took  out  $io.()<"  tive 

weeks,  one  day  yielding  seventy-three  ounce>.  partly 
in  nuggets  weighing  ten  ounces  each.  At  tlie  Otiesne! 
forks  the  clean-up  for  the  day  was  sometimes  as  much  as 
two  men  could  carry. 


l|       3'''; 
I 


■h'\ 


m 


m^ 


4G1 


THE   CHICAGO   RECORD'S 


'I'lic  discoverers  of  the  rich  (hg^inj^s  at  Antler  creek 
were  three  men — Rose.  Diety  and  McDonald.  What 
became  of  McDonald,  who  was  a  I'Vench-Scotchman 
from  Ca])e  IJreton,  is  not  known.  Diety  died  a  ])aujK'r 
at  Victoria  in  1877.  Rose  wandered  away  from  camp 
one  day,  and  f(jr  weeks  no  one  knew  where  he  was.  A 
party  tramping-  throngh  the  snow  one  day  came  upon 
his  body.  Mis  tin  cup  hung  from  the  branc'i  of  a  tree. 
On  it  was  scratched  witli  the  point  of  a  penknife,  "Dying 
of  starvation.     Rose." 

\\'hi)e  there  has  never  been  a  year  when  the  g(jld 
fever  has  not  raged  with  more  or  less  intensity  in  some 
(piarter  of  the  globe,  the  next  great  era  of  intense  excite- 
ment which  attracted  the  attention  of  the  whole  world 
was  in  the  early  '8()'s,  when  the  extraordinary  gold  fields 
of  the  'i'ransvaal.  or  South  African  republic,  were  dis- 
covered. 

The  quartz  formation  of  the  famous  Witwatersraufl 
reef  dififered  entirely  from  any  hitherto  known  gold-bear- 
ing ore,  and  at  first  many  were  skeptical  of  its  value. 
lUtt  when  it  became  known  that  the  reef  extended  in 
an  unbroken  half  circle  for  forty  miles  and  formed  one 
of  the  richest  fields  in  the  world,  the  nish  across  the 
"veldt"  began.  Tliousands  traversed  the  i.cxx)  miles 
which  separated  "the  Rand"  from  the  luiglish  colo- 
nies and  the  jieaceful  little  Dutch  re])ublic  was  invaded 
by  a  wild,  greedy,  excited  mob  of  all  nationalities.  The 
town  01  Johannesburg  rose  from  a  single  hut  to  a  city 
of  nearly  100,000  inhabitants  in  less  than  two  years. 

Fabulous  fortunes  were  made  in  a  few  months.  These 
were  acc|uired,  howcv  r.  not  by  hard  work  in  the  mines, 
but  by  fioating  bogu.i  companies  when  the  fever  was 
at  its  height.  There  was  no  placer  mining,  and  before 
the  reef  could  be  made  profitable   inmiense  machinery 


BOOK  FOR  gold-sep:kp:rs. 


4ti5 


had  to  be  carried  over  hundreds  uf  miles  of  ruugli  cuun- 
try.  But  the  gold  was  there,  and  the  outi)Ut  last  year 
e(|ualed  that  of  any  other  country  of  the  world. 

The  L'n'led  States  had  its  next  great  epidemic  of  gold- 
mining  fever  early  in  iSS*;,  when  the  discoveries  in 
Lower  California  caused  intense  excitement  along  the 
Pacific  coast.  'Jhe  Santa  Clara  district,  to  which  the 
crowds  rushed,  was  ah(jut  i^o  miles  s(juth  oi  San  IJiegc;, 
and  forty  west  of  Resanaga.  J)uring  March,  1880,  an 
average  of  600  men  reached  the  mines  each  day.  The 
town  of  Ensanada  was  practically  deserted  by  males. 

One  of  the  first  workers  washed  out  $4.0(X)  worth  of 
gold  in  four  hours  near  the  Ranch' >  Real  del  L'astillo. 
The  pan  deposit  was  mainly  ol  black  sand,  from  which 
the  gold  was  easily  extracted  b\  the  aid  of  amalgamated 
copjicr  plate.  A  Mexican  digger  took  out  $1,500  in  two 
days  in  the  s])ace  of  eight  feet  s(|uare. 

Hie  price  of  provisions  during  Marcli  at  the  diggings 
was  tremendously  high.  I'ive  rlollars  was  paid  for  a 
fifty-pound  sack  of  fl(nir,  and  $3.50  for  a  ten-|Knmd  sack 
of  oatmeal.     Drinks  were  25  cents  each. 

It  was  in  this  same  year,  during  the  sunnner  ni  i88<>. 
that  X.  C.  Crccde.  wlio  killed  himself  recentlv.  discov- 
ered his  famous  "Holy  .Moses"  mine  in  Col-rado.  «tirl 
other  rich  deposits,  which  attracted  thousands  to  the 
wilde-it  regions  about  the  Willow  creek,  where  the  t  wn 
of  Civt^ie  was  subsef|U(ntl\  built. 

Meantime  pro'^pecting  had  been  going  <»n  in  the 
Cr^pJte  creek  district  of  Colorado,  and  it  was  to  thi> 
wmitA  that  the  next  great  rush  of  gold-seekers  was  de»«- 
tined  to  be  directed.  "Hob"  W'omacI- .  a  »  owhoy.  was  the 
first  to  find  ore  in  I'overty  gulch.  He  took  it  to  Colorado 
Springs  la.te  in  i^p,  and  the  tloat  was  found  to  yieU  $240 
to  the  tort    E<hvard  de  la  \  ergnc.  T.  I-',  Frisbjc  sutd  Dr. 


f 
Bill! 

!; 

Si 


I! !:  :  n 


'  i 


•'4i 


f, 

1 

1 

466 


THE    CHICAGO    RECORD'S 


f 


J.  P.  Gramiis  then  put  ii])  the  Broken  l5ox  ranch  on 
Cripple  creek,  located  a  claim  under  the  name  of  El 
Dorado,  This  was  the  first  claim  registered  in  the  dis- 
trict. 

Next  'SI.  C.  Lackford  located  the  l')lue  Ikdl  in  Squaw- 
gulch,  and  "P.ob"  Work,  a  Denver  barber,  located  the 
Rose  Maud,  which  showed  on  one  of  the  earliest  assavs 
no  less  than  $2,300  per  ton. 

In  July,  1891,  the  iUiena  \'ista  and  the  (iold  King 
mines  were  located.  When  the  Buena  \'ista  was  sold  to 
Count  Pourtalis  and  T.  C.  Parrish,  of  Colorado  Springs, 
the  attention  of  the  entire  country  was  called  to  the  Crip- 
ple Creek  gold  fields,  and  the  rush  l)egan.  Over  the 
wind-swept  Rocky  mountain  tojis,  or  waist-deep  through 
the  snow  in  the  gulches,  the  determined  l^ody  of  treasure- 
seekers  poured  upon  the  district  and  claims  were  staked 
in  all  directions. 

I'Voni  Mineral  hill  to  the  creek  bed  the  mountain  sides 
were  covered  with  claims,  as  was  all  the  ground  on  both 
sides  of  the  lines,  regardless  of  the  character  of  the  rock. 

Many  hardships  were  endured  at  Cripple  Creek  in 
these  early  days  of  its  popularity,  and  to  such  as  were 
successful  the  life  was  a  rough  and  distasteful  one  at  best. 

One  of  the  wealthiest  men  at  Cripple  Creek  at  the  end 
of  1893  was  Winfield  S.  Stratton.  who  was  accounted  to 
be  worth  from  $i5.cr)o.ooo  to  $25,000,000.  He  had  tried 
his  luck  in  all  tiie  camps  of  the  state  of  Colorado,  and 
was  one  of  the  first  to  enter  the  Cripple  Creek  district. 
At  that  time  he  had  no  money  at  all.  After  prospect- 
ing around  he  made  up  his  mind  to  pack  his  traps  and 
go  back  to  his  old  work  as  a  carpenter,  when  he  discov- 
ered the  yellow  metal  on  a  piece  of  float  picked  up  on 
ground  owned  by  "Dick"  Houston,  the  Indian  scout,  and 
the  "I'ather  of  Cripple  Creek." 


^ 


BOOK    FOR   GOLD-SEEKERS. 


467 


'  KkBi 


It  was  the  morning  of  July  4,  and  Stratton  called  the 
claim  h.e  located  the  Independence,  tie  had  at  that  time 
no  great  hopes  of  the  claim,  hut  a  few  weeks  later  the 
assayers  told  him  that  the  rock  he  had  sent  them  from 
this  location  ran  $300  or  $400  to  the  ton. 

It  is  repcjrted  that  one  day  a  luan  went  to  Stratton  and 
said:     "Will  you  take  Sio.ooo.ooo  for  your  mine?" 

"Old  Man"  Stratton,  as  he  was  always  called,  rei)lied; 
"Do  you  happen  to  have  a  million  in  your  pocket?" 

The  other  said:     ".\o,  hut  1  can  ,i;et  it." 

Then  Stratton  added:  "Well,  if  you  would  Ljive  lue 
ten  times  ten  millions  'diul  put  a  million  in  gold  down 
to  hind  the  bargain,  I  wouldn't  sell.  If  I  had  the  money 
I  wouldn't  know  what  to  do  with  it.  As  long  as  it  is 
down  in  the  mine  no  one  can  taki-  it  away  from  me.  anil 
I  can  take  it  out  as  fast  I  please." 

On  llattle  mountain,  just  above  the  "lndei)endence," 
was  the  second  largest  j)rize  won  ])\-  the  early  explorers 
of  Cripple  Creek.  This  great  gold  min-e  is  called  the  Port- 
land. Karly  residents  tell  the  story  opf  it.s  beginning  as 
follows: 

" 'Jimmie'  l)o\le  had  a  l)it  of  a  patch  on  'op  o'  the 
mountain  that  might  have  l)ecii  l)ig  enough  for  a  garden 
and  then  again  it  luight  '.lot.  It  wa,-  altogHher  about 
a  si.xth  of  an  acre.  Ibit  11  had  a  \ein.  Close  1)\-  'jiiimiu'* 
lUirns — it  is  Mr.  jaiues  !•".  Hums  now — had  another  bit 
of  a  patch.  I'liey  were  both  Irish  and  both  from  Tort- 
land,  Me.,  and  so  the\-  ])ut  their  claims  together,  and 
called  their  mine  "Portland,"  in  honor  of  their  native 
town." 

Both  were  tendcrfeet  and  didn't  know  just  what  to 
do  with  their  property,  so  one  day  John  llarnan  came 
along  and  said  to  them: 

"Ho}s.  what'll  you  give  me  if  I'll  find  you  pa\-  rock?" 


Ill  d 


k  ^  ^  i 


■■  1 


N'- 


ff 


I' 


!=!     ': 


468 


THE   CHICAGO   RECORDS 


Doyle  and  llurns  agreed  to  give  llaniaii  a  third  if  ho 
found  the  pay  rock.  He  found  it  that  afternoon,  and  a 
year  ago  Harnan's  third  of  the  mine  was  worth  $2,000.- 
000  in  the  market. 

The  Portland  has  produced  several  millions  of  dollars' 
worth  of  gold.  .Stories  such  as  these  drove  Colorado 
wild  in  the  early  days  of  Cripple  Creek  mining,  and  from 
35,000  to  50,000  i)eople  Hocked  to  the  fields.  None  of 
these  places  which  have  been  the  objective  points  of 
gold-fever  rushes,  however,  seem  to  have  been  as  inac- 
cessible as  the  new  gold  fields  of  northwestern  llritish 
Columbia,  and  whatever  hardships  were  suffered  by  the 
*49ers  of  California  or  the  bush  diggers  of  Australia  may 
be  multiplied  to  a  thousand  fold  for  the  excited  hordes 
who  are  flocking  to  the  Klondike. 


HTSF 


BOOK   FOR    COLD-SEEKERS. 


469 


CHAPTER  XXXIII. 
GOLD  IN  AMERICAN  DESERTS. 

■-/pl   OLD   HAS   r>EI'^X   responsible    for    many 
I  \Jf|       "crazes,"  but    probably    the    wildest    and 
craziest  stampede  ever  known  in  the  soutli- 
w est  was  that  to  the  Rocky  I>ellc  camp  in 
northern   Arizona,   in   the   rej^^ion   of   the 
^,~^  Moc|ui   Indian  reservation,  in  December, 

1874.  The  region  is  8,000  feet  above 
the  sea  and  lies  amonfj^  snow-clad  mountains.  It 
was  an  unusually  cold  winter  when  the  news  went 
abroad  that  Hank  Binford  and  his  companion  had  struck 
a  whole  mountain  of  .q-old  rock  that  assayed  over  $()0 
to  the  ton,  The  rejiort  seemed  incredible  at  first,  but 
when  samples  of  the  ore  were  seen  by  miners  in  Tucson, 
Albuquenjue  and  Los  Angeles  they  proved  sufficiently 
"rich"  to  satisfy  the  most  skeptical. 

A  week  more  and  over  2,000  miners  from  every  ]iart  of 
Arizona  and  southern  California  were  moving  day  and 
night,  scarcely  stopping  for  food  and  sleep,  toward  the 
Rocky  IJelle  cam]).  Hundreds  of  men  traveled  700  and 
800  miles  on  foot,  and  with  mules  and  donkeys,  to  the 
new  diggings,  and  nearly  all  traveled  across  desert  and 
mountain  for  a  distance  of  250  to  300  miles.  As  the 
nuiltitude  journeyed  on  the  rei)ort  of  the  richness  of 
Hank  liinford's  find  grew  until  it  seemed  as  if  wagon- 
loads  of  rich  gold  ore  awaited  the  travelers. 

Merchants  and  professional  men  in  Maricopa  and  Tuc- 
son, and  that  part  of  southern  Arizona,  became  imbued 
with  the  spirit  of  the  miners,  and,  turning  their  busi- 


m 
4 


! 


470 


THK    CHICA(U)    RECORD'S 


m 


^■■* 


I 


noss  over  to  others,  joined  in  the  movement  on  Rocky 
Helle.  The  hardshijis  that  the  fortune-seekers  suffered 
in  the  mountains  will  never  be  fully  known.  A  lartje 
number  of  men  coming  out  of  the  warm,  balmy  air  of 
the  semi-tropic  valleys  lost  their  lives  among  the 
snow-banks  and  ice  in  the  mountains,  and  many  a  man 
was  made  an  invalid  for  life  by  exposure  to  the  biting  cold 
during  the  stam])ede. 

A  severe  blizzard  raged  in  the  mountains  for  several 
days  while  the  miners  were  slowly  trudging  through 
them.  In  one  party  of  over  loo  men  from  New  Mexico 
four  men  were  frozen  to  death  one  morning,  and  it  is 
thought  that  fully  twenty  more  died  in  the  same  way 
in  the  mountains  at  that  time.  To  this  day  there  are  in 
California  and  Arizona  gray-headed  miners  who  lack 
a  finger,  a  toe  or  an  ear  lost  in  the  terrible  cold  of  that 
stampede. 

When  at  last  the  Rocky  IJelle  diggings  were  reached 
it  was  soon  seen  that  there  was  no  ore  in  the  tlistrict 
worth  the  digging  except  in  the  claims  held  by  Hank 
riinford  and  his  friends,  and  that  the  reports  of  their  finds 
had  been  exaggerated  beyond  all  reason.  Uinford's  own 
mine  petered  out  a  year  or  two  later,  and  he  got  only  a 
few  thousand  dollars  from  it.  The  specimens  of  ore 
shown  in  Tucson  and  I.os  Angeles  were  the  very  choicest 
from  the  mine,  and  not  hit  (.)r  miss  ]iickups.  as  had  been 
said  of  them. 

Along  in  the  summer  of  1878  a  miner  named  Stevens 
wrote  to  a  friend  in  Phoenix  that  he  had  found  a  claim 
that  beat  anything  in  mining  this  side  of  the  Comstock 
lode  in  Nevada,  and  that  with  a  conmion  iron  mortar 
and  pestle  he  had  pounded  out  from  $70  to  $100  worth 
of  gold  dust  a  da  v.  The  claim  was  located  120  miles 
northwest  from  Kingman,  near  the  since  famous  Harqua 


BOOK    FOR   GOLD-SEEKERS. 


471 


tcvcns 
claim 
istock 
iiortar 
Iwortli 
miles 
larqua 


I 


Mala  mining  region,  and  there  was  a  chance,  so  Stevens 
wrote,  for  other  men  to  strike  it  rich  np  there. 

Of  course  such  news  could  ni)t  be  kept  (|uiet.  It  trav- 
eled with  miracidous  speed  through  every  camp  in  the 
Salt  River  valley  and  over  to  I'rescott.  in  less  than  two 
weeks  all  that  part  of  Arizona  was  deeply  stirred  by  the 
reports,  which  no  one  seemed  to  have  time  to  investi- 
•rate,  of  the  richness  of  the  mines  that  Stevens  had 
found.  A  thousand  or  more  miners  caught  the  fever  so 
badly  that  they  started  on  foot  across  the  country  for 
Stevens'  camp  without  tlelay.  It  was  a  hot,  dry  summer, 
and  the  journey  entailed  several  weeks  of  severe  piiysical 
labor,  torturing  thirst  and  the  entlurance  of  a  tempera- 
ture that  usually  stood  over  i  lo  degrees  in  the  shade. 
A  dozen  men  died  from  fever  and  in  wild  delirium  under 
that  awful  sky,  and  as  many  more  miners  never  recov- 
ered from  disorders  caused  by  the  privations  of  that 
stampede  across  the  desert  of  Arizona. 

Having  arrived  at  the  Stevens  camp  the  e.vcited  men 
realized  that  there  were  claims  worth,  working  by  about 
IOC  men.  Several  hundred  claims  were  staked  (jut  in  less 
than  a  day  after  the  excited  miners  got  to  the  scene,  but 
in  a  fortnight  the  camp  population  fell  from  1,200  to 
less  than  400.  In  a  month  more  about  100  persons  were 
left  to  do  all  the  mining.  The  camp  was  aliandoned 
entirely  ten  years  ago. 

With  the  possible  exception  of  the  rush  to  the  Lead- 
ville  mining  district  in  Colorado,  there  has  been  none 
anywhere  in  forty  years  attended  with  excitement  that 
followed  the  news  of  the  finding  of  great  deposits  of  gold 
and  silver  in  Tombstone  in  iH"*;.  Miners  from  every 
part  of  the  Pacific  coast  caught  the  fever  for  gold,  and 
as  week  after  week  samples  of  the  Tombstone  rock  were 
more  widely  circulated,  and  rumors  went  forth  concern- 

28 


i|if 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


1.0 


I.I 


ii-'iM    1125 


12.2 


|3  2 

*i2   IIIIIM 


U. 


1-25      1.4    1  1.6 

-— 

6"     

► 

Photographic 

Sciences 
Corporation 


33  Wr,/   .lAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  NY.  14580 

(716)  873-4503 


'<^ 


f/i 


>> 


472 


THE   CHICAGO   RECORD'S 


inj^  tlic  forlinu'  t'lis  or  that  man  or  company  was  get- 
ting- out  of  tlu'  hills  and  mountains  a!)()ut  the  new  camp, 
thousands  started  for  Tombstone.  Hundreds  of  young 
men  and  youths  in  the  older  states  were  wild  with 
zeal  to  hasten  to  the  new  El  Dorado,  and  started  across 
the  continent  with  little  or  no  preparation. 

In  less  than  four  months  after  (iird  and  the  Hawkinses 
began  getting  several  thousand  dollars  a  day  from 
their  mines  there  were  over  6,000  persons  in  the  camj), 
and  several  months  later  Tombstone  had  a  population 
of  over  10,000  men  and  200  women.  There  never  was 
another  cam])  in  the  southwest  like  that  at  Tombstone 
in  1879  and  1880.  Indeed,  there  have  been  very  few 
similar  conmnmities  in  the  world.  For  over  seven  montlis 
the  daily  output  of  precious  metal  averaged  about  $50,- 
000.  Over  a  dozen  iiien  went  there  penniless  and  came 
away  worth  over  $500,000  in  less  than  a  year,  and  6  or  7 
men  struck  it  rich  and  sold  out  for  over  $1,000,000 
each,  r^dly  half  the  population  walked  hundreds  of  miles 
to  get  there. 

Xo  railroad  ran  through  southern  Arizona  in  those 
days,  and  the  awful  Colorado  and  .Mojave  deserts  had  to 
be  crossed  in  wagons  or  on  foot  by  the  multitudes  of  for- 
tune seekers  from  California.  Desert  sand  storms  were 
encountered  and  for  days  travelers  to  Tombstone  en- 
dured a  temperature  of  over  130  degrees  in  the  shade. 
Many  a  man  died  on  the  hot,  sandy  plains.  Miners  on  their 
way  to  the  new  camp  from  the  east  and  south  toiled 
across  the  Arizona  alkali  plains,  through  immense 
cactus  areas,  and  risked  their  lives  in  the  then  hostile  land 
of  the  Apache  Indians.  I'ut  hardship,  pain,  sufYering  and 
risk  of  life  were  all  secondary  to  an  early  arrival  in  Tomb- 
stone and  the  location  of  a  mining  claim.  V'hcn  Tomb- 
stone was  reached  there  were  new  privations  and  more 


BOOK    FOR   OOLD-SEEKERS. 


473 


those 

lad  to 

lof  for- 

were 

Ik-  cn- 

ihadc. 

11  their 

toiled 

lUMise 

|c  land 

and 

onib- 

onib- 

more 


physical  distress  for  the  greater  innnhor,  especially  for 
those  who  had  hastened  from  offices,  stores,  shops,  clerk- 
ships and  the  pastor's  study.  Over  one-third  of  the  men 
in  camp  had  very  little  money  or  none  at  all.  and  knew 
no  way  of  earning  it  except  hv  iie  hardest  kind  of  manual 
labor,  to  which  they  were  unused. 

It  cost  $1  a  night  to  sleep  in  a  dirty,  rough  pine  l)unk. 
Water  sold  at  20  cents  a  gallon,  a  small  dish  of  beans  at 
50  cents,  tallow  candles  at  two-bits  (25  cents),  connnon 
overalls  at  $5  each,  smoke<l  hams  at  $12  each,  and  cow- 
hide boots  were  disposed  of  as  fast  as  they  could  be 
hauled  to  camp  across  the  desert  from  Los  .\ngeles  and 
Yuma  for  $35  a  pair.  It  was  a  "ground-hog"  case  with 
these  commodities  for  the  first  16  months  of  Tombstone 
— take  them  at  the  price  asked  or  go  without.  In  1K81 
all  the  Tombstone  mines  that  paid  well  were  in  the  hands 
of  a  few  persons,  and  the  population  of  the  place  had  gone 
down  to  5.000.  In  1SS3  the  mines,  with  two  exceptions, 
began  to  peter  out.  and  the  ])opulation  dropped  to  ^.(XH). 
.Since  then  it  has  gone  down  slowly  to  less  than  i.ooo 
souls. 

Thousands  of  ])eople  will  never  forget  the  rush  for  the 
IIar(|ua  llala  diggings  in  the  spring  of  iSc)2.  The  mines 
were  found  in  the  northwestern  part  t)f  .\rizona,  close  to 
the  Colorado  river,  and  the  boundary  lines  between  Ari- 
zona, California  and  Xevada.  l-'or  several  months  in 
the  winter  of  iS()i-2  there  came  almost  every  week,  news 
of  the  big  prospects  that  a  half  dozen  miners,  who  had 
been  moving  from  one  camp  to  another  in  the  territories 
and  in  Mcxictj  for  nearly  a  generation,  had  at  last  come 
across  at  Ilarcjua  tlala. 

Along  in  March  and  April  quantities  of  gold  dust  and 
nuggets  from  the  mines  came  into  the  hands  of  bankers 
in  San  Bernardino  and  Los  Angeles.    The  newspapers 


wMs- 

w 

1 

It 

■  i  * 

i.iT 


Nfi  V 


474 


THE  CHirAGO   RECORD'S 


puhlisliL-d  reports  as  to  tlii'  prospects  at  Harcpia  Ilala. 
and  in  a  week  or  two  there  was  another  general  rush  for 
the  (Hj.'^jfinj^s.  I'he  railroads  (Hd  a  land  office  husiness  for 
several  weeks  in  carryitijj  tnen  as  far  as  the  Colorado 
river.  I-Voni  there  the  travelers  to  llarcpia  llala  packed 
themselves  on  little  river  steamboats  at  exorbitant  rates 
of  travel.  Hundreds  of  miners  who  had  hardly  a  dollar 
tramped  over  the  mountains  150  and  200  miles  to  the 
mines,  .*^ome  men  in  their  anxiety  to  i;et  to  llar(|ua  Hala 
with  their  camp  outtits  and  pers()nal  belon}.jinjfs.  packed 
them  in  l)arrels  and  rolled  the  barrels  over  100  miles  to 
the  camp. 

I'lven  the  schoolboys  cau}.,dii  the  infection  frt)m  their 
elders,  and  ran  away  from  school  and  home.  Several 
])ersons  starved  to  death  in  the  stampede.  In  forty  days 
the  p()|)ulation  of  llanpia  llala  ,s;rew  "rom  50  to  over  J.- 
CKX).  As  is  f^enerally  the  case,  the  few  j^ood  mines  there 
were  taken  up  before  the  news  of  the  find  went  abroad, 
and  there  was  nothinij^  for  the  deluded  miners  to  do  when 
they  j^ot  to  llarcpia  llala  but  sit  about  camp  and 
watch  their  more  lucky  associates  dipf  out  the  rock.  Prices 
for  all  kinds  of  food  went  to  the  top  mark  with  rapidity. 
.\fter  a  few  weeks'  idli'uess  the  miniufj  population  at 
llarr|ua  llala  dwimlled  away  at  tlu  rate  of  KX)  or  more 
a  tlay.  .\  lar.i,^'  part  of  them  are  now  searching-  amoiiiij' 
the  mountains,  throuj^h  the  canyons,  on  tlu'  desert,  and 
in  the  foothills  i"or  prospects  of  their  own.  .V  j.jood,  ac- 
tive miner  will  loc.".ie  half  a  dozen  miniujn'  claims  in  a  vear, 
but  less  than  10  per  cent  of  the>e  are  ever  worked. 

Had  not  the  Klondike  rush  turned  the  undivided  atten- 
tion of  trold-seekers  to  the  arctic  placer  mines  in  the 
I'pptT  ^'ukon  basin,  it  is  hij^hlv  probable  there  would 
have  been  a  rush  of  some  maj^nitude  to  the  golil  fields  in 
the  Mojavc  desert  of  southern  California. 


1 .1 


lattcn- 
|ii  tlio 
Kvoultl 
[ids  ill 


ur 


I  >.  I 


i|    I 


»: 


m 


t' 


I 
I 


I. 


]f,  i-' 

■     ,! 

m 

1 

1 

i 

|v^    ' 

BOOK    FOR   GOLD-SEEK KRS. 


477 


The  rich  fields  of  tlic  Randshurf:^  district  liave  been 
known  in  California  for  several  years,  but  those  who 
knew  of  the  deposits  were  careful  not  to  advertise  their 
good  fortunes  too  widely.  It  was  not  known  until  recwit- 
ly  that  the  district  u  as  as  rich  as  it  is. 

The  Rand  district,  as  it  is  called,  is  situated  in  Kern 
county,  southern  California,  almost  on  the  San  Bernar- 
dino county  line.  It  is  in  the  heart  of  the  Mojave  desert. 
The  surroundinjj  country  is  a  s^ndy  plain  from  which 
rise  barren  mountain  ranjj^es  and  isolated  masses  of  vol- 
canic rock.  Plains  and  foothills  are  scantily  covered  with 
sagebrush  and  niesfjuite.  The  district  as  now  constituted 
contains  144  s(|uare  miles,  but  the  whole  country  between 
the  Colorado  river  and  Tehachapi  mountains  has  the 
same  characteristics  as  the  Rand  district  proper.  Gold 
is  most  plentiful  in  the  region  from  Mojave  to  the  Pana- 
mint  range.  115  miles,  the  largest  (iutjnit  being  at  the 
Rand. 

The  iirincii)al  towns,  camps  and  milling  points  are 
Randsburg,  Johannesburg,  Garlock  (or  Cow  Wells),  (lol- 
er.  Red  rock.  Plack  mountain.  Cuddeback  lake,  Gar- 
den station,  .*^late  range  and  Panamint  range.  Altitude 
varies  from  2.500  feet  at  Kramer  to  3.500  feet  at  Rands- 
burg and  4.500  feet  in  the  adjacent  hills.  The  first  active 
prospecting  datis  back  only  three  years  ago — i.  e.,  early 
in  1894.  The  first  (|uartz  lead  was  discovered  in  April. 
iH<^5,  and  the  Rautl  mining  district  was  formally  organ- 
i/.ed  Dec.  20.  iiS<>5.  The  most  important  strikes  occurred 
in  1896,  when  the  IJutte.  Kinyon.  Wedge,  King  Solomon 
and  .it.  Elmo  mines  were  brought  to  light.  l->om  then 
on  the  town  magically  grew  to  its  ])resent  ])()pulation  of 
about  3.000. 

The  auriferous  deposits  are  abundant,  so  far  as  devel- 
oped, and  run  sufficiently  high  grade  to  admit  of  mining 


I 


! 


' 


,  /, 


i  ^ 

r 

% 


IS:*'      H  ; 


m 


THE  CHICAGO   RECORDS 


with  profit.  The  prccif)iis  metal  exists  mainly  as  a  free- 
milling,  gold-bearing  cjuartz.  though  so  closely  associated 
with  sulphurets  of  iron  that  treatment  of  resulting  concen- 
trates is  necessary.  The  free-milling  quality  enables  the 
prospector  by  sim])le  ])rocess  to  test  his  finds.  Miners, 
speculators,  tradesmen  and  laborers  are  constantly  going 
to  Randsburg.  and  most  of  them  become  permanent  resi- 
dents. They  come  principally  from  California,  Colorado. 
Montana,  Nevada  and  Arizona,  with  scattering  recruits 
from  other  jjlaces. 

While  more  than  5.000  claims  have  been  located  and 
T,200  recorded,  the  mines  ])roducing  considerable  (pian- 
tities  of  milling  ore  are  limited  to  about  twenty — viz., 
the  Rand,  Olym])us,  Trilby  and  Yellow  Aster  (compris- 
ing the  Rand  group^:  the  Yucca  Tree.  W'imiie  and  Mer- 
ced (comprising  the  Stringer  group):  the  Gold  Coin, 
Minnehaha,  lUack  Hawk.  Good  Hope  or  "Kinyon." 
lUitte,  Monke\  Wrench,  King  Solomon.  \'al  X'erde,  Uully 
lioy,  St.  I'lmo  and  Tea  Kay  »)r  "Wedge."'  Shafts  ha\e 
been  siuik  on  these  proi)erties  from  30  to  175  feet,  anil  the 
value  of  ore  milled  u])  to  March.  1807.  was  a  third  of  a 
million  dollars.  This  does  not  take  into  account  the  im- 
mense (|uantity  (»f  valuable  ore  on  the  dump,  or  the  bodies 
ojKMietl  M])  but  not  mined.  The  l)est  shippers  are  said  to 
be  the  Rand.  lUitte,  Wedge  and  St.  FJmo. 

Owing  to  scarcity  of  mills  the  development  <if  new 
mines  has  been  somewhat  retarded,  and  there  is  a  large 
quantity  of  ore  from  the  earliest-worked  shafts  awaiting 
reduction.  There  are  nine  custom  mills  in  this  section, 
six  being  at  Garlock.  one  at  Mesfjuite  springs,  one  at 
Kochn's  springs  and  one  at  Cutterback  lake.  Their  com- 
bined capacity  is  about  125  tons  each  twenty-four  hours. 

The  nearest  stamp  mills  are  at  Garlock,  down  hill  from 
Randsburg,  in  a  valley  where  there  is  a  supply  of  water. 


I 


T 


BOOK   FOR  GOLD-SEEKERS. 


479 


lully 
ia\c 

tlK- 
i)f  a 

ini- 
(lics 
to 

lUW 

ion, 
at 
oni- 
urs. 
■om 
tor. 


Here  are  found  the  six  mills  that  handle  most  of  the  Rand 
ore.  They  arc  of  fairly  modern  construction,  hut  could 
be  bettered,  and  jirobably  will  be  as  the  camps  j;et  older, 
Oidy  one  is  ecjuipped  with  a  cyanide  plant  to  handle  con- 
centrates. They  are  kept  busy  day  and  nij^ht,  and  as 
fast  as  sufficient  water  supply  is  developed  others  will 
no  doubt  be  built.  The  averas'e  price  for  hauliuf^  ore 
from  RandsburjT  to  these  mills  is  $2.50  a  ton.  with  a  $5 
charjj;e  for  niillinjj,  which  prices  favorably  compare  with 
some  older  camps  where  fuel  is  much  cheaper.  Consid- 
erable ore  has  been  sent  to  the  Colorado  smelters  for 
treatment:  it  carries  $60  to  $150  to  the  ton  in  gold  and 
is  a  very  desirable  class  for  smelting. 

It  is  estimated  that  between  4,vToo  and  5,000  claims  have 
b.  :n  located  in  the  Rand  district.  Of  this  number  only 
one-fourth  have  as  yet  been  recorded,  and  not  much  as- 
sessment work  has  been  done. 

The  mineral  law  permits  a  prospector  to  take  up  as 
many  claims  as  he  can  locate  and  erect  monuments  to 
mark.  He  can  hold  these  claims,  after  being  reccjrded, 
imtil  January  of  the  year  following  the  year  of  location. 
It  is  no  uncommon  thing  for  one  man  to  own  thirty  or 
forty  claims,  on  many  of  which  the  prospector's  pick  has 
hardly  been  used.  This  difTers  from  the  Colorado  law, 
and  results  in  a  man  being  able  to  take  more  chances  in 
the  lottery. 

Many  j)rospectors  are  now  scouring  the  country  around 
Red  rock,  I'lack  mountain  and  Goler  to  find  the  mother 
lode  whence  the  rich  placers  in  that  region  come.  It  is 
even  thought  that  the  Randsburg  ore  is  only  an  outcrop- 
ping from  the  mother  lode,  and  that  somewhere  near 
I'.lack  mountain  will  be  found  the  central  deposit.  The 
new-comer  has  as  good  a  chance  as  anybody  else  to  test 
the  assumption. 


SI 


■I: 


Jill 


r  1 


i  .  ^: 


,»; 


II 


480 


THE   CHICAOO    RECORDS 


A  cou])lc  of  men  with  three  burros  and  $300  or  $400  in 
cash  can  prospect  for  four  months  in  the  Panamint  coun- 
try, northeast  of  kandsburg,  with  excellent  chances  of 
brinp^injij  back  a  goodly  j)ile.  The  more  ready  money  one 
has  the  better  the  likelihood  of  getting  hoKl  of  a  promis- 
ing prospect  hole  closer  to  the  settled  district. 

Adjacent  to  Randsburg  nearly  every  foot  of  ground  is 
located,  but  some  miners,  while  waiting  for  employment 
in  the  new  shafts,  are  making  $2  to  ^5  a  day  washing 
gravel  in  the  ])lacers  near  the  St.  Elmo  mine.  There  are 
many  ai)plicants  for  temporary  work,  and  it  is  not  advis- 
able to  depend  too  much  on  the  chance  of  securing  inmie- 
diate  em])loyment. 

The  lack  of  water  haudicajis  the  Randsburg  miner,  and 
the  great  necessity  of  the  place  is  water  for  domestic  use 
and  milling.  Drinking  water  is  hauled  from  Ciarlock,  bin 
it  is  not  first-class  in  quality.  Some  six  miles  distant  is 
a  well,  which  sui)plies  7.000  gallons  a  day,  which  is 
pumped  to  a  reservoir  and  thence  carried  to  Johannes- 
i)urg.  Water  brought  from  the  Skilling  well  is  sold  in 
Randsburg  at  4  cents  a  gallon.  Well  boring  is  going 
on  and  it  is  believed  an  abundant  supply  of  water  will  be 
secured  through  artesian  wells. 

In  the  Rand  group  free  milling  ores  nm  $45  to  $175 
a  ton.  In  one  rich  pocket  the  ore  ran  $1,200  a  ton.  The 
St.  I'llmo  group  of  mines  is  five  miles  southeast  of  [Rands- 
burg. in  a  i)erfectly  flat  countrv.  where  the  gromid  can 
be  Io<jsened  by  a  plow  and  then  handled  by  washer.  Some 
of  the  ore  has  yielded  $2,000  a  ton.  The  first  trial  shi])- 
ment  to  smelter  realized  $800  for  740  pounds,  and  a  gen- 
eral average  shows  $105  a  ton  after  subtracting  freight 
and  treatment  charges.  The  surface  dirt  is  a  gold-bearing 
gravel  worth  $2  a  ton.  At  Goler  in  a  canyon,  three  miles 
from  Garlock,  a  nugget  was  found  worth  $1,000,  and  a 


BOOK    FOR   OOI>D-REKKERS. 


m 


inmibcr  ()f  mij^^'cts  have  l)t'C'n  taken  out  ranging  in  value 
from  $33  to  $200. 

Kraiucr  station,  from  uluri-  tlie  wa^on  road  Icails  to 
till-  j^'old  (lif^^in^s,  is  on  the  S.inta  I'e.  Two  four-horse 
stages  leave  Kramer  for  Ivand^hur^^  distance.  j6  miles; 
time,  3  hours;   fare,  $j. 

'i'he  (lay  laborer  can  make  fair  wa^es.  either  by  \\t)rk- 
inj;  in  the  mines  (thoujj^h  that  avenue  of  employment 
does  not  now  call  for  many  men),  or  by  carpenterinj^'.  or 
by  haulinjj^  water,  or  by  transporting-  on-  t(»  the  mills,  or 
by  frei^htiiif^  to  and  from  the  railroad  'station.  There 
is  always  the  chance  to  prospect  for  .i,'ol<l.  either  c»n  one's 
own  account  or  by  bein^  "^rul)>takc  d." 

Living  expenses  are  not  unusii.ill\  hij^h.  They  are 
ecpiivalent  to  Los  Anjjeles  prices,  with.  say.  25  per  cent 
added.  Restaurants  charj^e  35  to  y^  cents  for  a  meal, 
and  a  cot  for  the  nij,dit  in  a  tent  or  dormitory  costs  50 
cents.  Hay  is  sold  for  ,$20  a  ton,  wood  from  ijW  to  .$10  a 
cord  and  coal  $15  a  ton.  Mestpiiie.  which  j^rows  on  the 
desert,  is  the  usual  fuel.  Tlie  ratis  for  haulinjj:  freight 
are  low,  beinp^  only  $5  a  ton  from  Kramer  in  carload  lots; 
less  than  carloads.  30  cents  per  hundridweiijht.  I'uel  is 
at  b.and,  in  the  shape  of  mesijuiti-  and  sai^^ebrush.  suffi- 
cient for  the  camp  tire  and  miner's  hut.  but  a  poor  de- 
pendence for  the  steam  euf^ine  or  even  the  repjular  hou>e 
ranjj^e.  Crude  petroleum  is  used  to  ;i  limited  extent,  but 
costs  rather  more  than  coal. 

(iold  exists  in  larj^er  or  smaller  cpiantities  in  every  por- 
tion of  the  world.  It  has  been  found  in  almost  everv  stale 
of  the  union;  in  Devonshire,  Cornwall,  Wales  and  ."^cot- 
land  in  (ircat  I'.ritain;  on  the  sands  of  the  Rhine,  the 
Reu.ss,  the  Rhone,  and  the  Aar;  at  Salzburg',  in  the  'i'yrol. 
and  at  Zcll;  in  the  valleys  of  Topi)a.  .*-^csia  and  .Xovard  in 
I'icdmont;   at  I'eschiera  in  Lombard)  ;   on  the    Tagus  in 


482 


THE   CHICAGO   RECORD'S 


I ,  i  I 


\h 


Sp.'iiii;  ill  tlu'  rivors  of  Provonn  :  iti  sontlicrii  and  i\nst- 
iTii  Sil)iria:  in  fourtcni  of  tlu-  iiimti-iii  provinces  of 
("liiiia;  in  the  islami  of  N'l-sso  in  japan:  in  odd  spots  in 
India.  Tlnhi-t  'ind  in  tlu'  islands  of  Ceylon  and  llornco; 
in  Abyssinia,  Kord»»fan  and  ilie  Sondan  j^iMU'rally  in 
Xortli  Africa,  and  the  rej^'ion  watered  l)y  the  /and)esi 
and  Limpopo  in  South  Africa:  in  Atistraha,  New  /ea- 
hmd  and  Canada.  lUit  as  a  j^eneral  rule  the  |)recions 
metal  is  found  in  such  siuall  (juantities  that  it  will  not 
pay  to  work  the  mines  or  '>u5'"ers.  It  is  only  now  and 
then  that  it  occurs  iu  isolated  localities  in  ahmidance. 

That  there  wen  such  epochs  of  jjold  discovery  in  an- 
cient liistoiy  it  is  imixissihle  to  doubt,  thoui^h  transporta- 
tion was  so  diflicidt  .n  those  days  that  rushes  of  j:^old- 
seekers  to  the  (li.u:f;in<js  nuisi  have  hcen  limited.  It  is 
hardly  to  be  supposed  that  the  vast  (piautities  of  j^old 
which  were  in  existence  iu  judea.  at  r.abyl. »n,  iu  India, 
iu  Persia  and  iu  MjJjypt  were  j^radually  acciunulated  by 
the  workinj^  of  lean  sands:  the  bulk  nuist  have  been  the 
yield  of  iliscoveries  of  rich  deposits,  (iold  figures  as  an 
article  of  e.\chanj;;e  and  merchandise  as  far  back  as  the 
time  of  Abrahaiu.  and  when  Solomon  came  to  the  throne 
he  fairly  plastered  the  tem])le  with  gold.  He  had  plenty 
of  it.  The  king  of  Tyre  sent  hiiu  at  one  time  120  talents 
— say,  .$25o,(XX) — iu  gold:  his  friend,  the  (|ueen  of  Slieba, 
sent  hiiu  $J(X),(Xx:):  from  Ophir  he  received  $500,000.  and 
iu  one  year  he  received  $750,000  from  all  sources.  There 
could  have  been  no  scarcity  of  the  precious  metal  at  his 
court. 

Xor  could  it  have  been  rare  in  other  parts  of  Asia.  At 
r.abylon,  where,  in  the  time  of  Helshazzar.  they  had  gods 
of  gold,  and  gold  vessels  for  every  guest  of  the  king  to 
drink  out  of.  or  iu  Persia,  where  the  king  had  beds  of 
gold  and  goblets  of  gold:    or  iu   Ilindostau.  where  the 


BOOK    FOR   QOLU-SKEKKIIS. 


481 


kinp  sat  on  a  tliroiu"  of  j^oI<l.  and  Xadir  Sliah  took  a 
lunulrcd  niillioiis  of  ^old  from  the  siufjlc  city  of  Dtllii. 
It  was  safi-  to  itifiT  that  before  thisc  j^^n-at  masses  of  j^old 
were  ^'athirc<l  toj^rthcr  tlu'rc  must  have  been  starthnj^ 
(Hscovcries  of  ^old  deposits  somewhere,  eaiisiii'j  rushes 
of  pohl-seekers  to  the  new  eawiji-  just  hke  the  |)reseiU 
rush  to  Klonchke;  and,  consideritij^  the  tindeve!oj)ed  cou- 
(Ution  of  the  mininj;  industry  at  diat  time,  it  may  also  be 
inferred  that  the  jjold  foun*'  •.  as  always  alhivial. 

Where  it  was  fotmd  thi-re  are  no  means  of  knowinj^'. 
Tliere  are  no  records  of  .t^foM  discoveries  in  the  ancient 
books.  In  the  Jewish  chronick'  Hphir  is  fre(|uent!y  men- 
tioned as  the  j^ource  of  the  ^n\{\  >u])|)lv.  Where  was 
Ophir? 

Jose|)hus  thoup^ht  it  was  in  In(ha:  N'iebidir  beheved 
it  was  in  Arabia,  but  the  better  opinion  to-day  is  tliat 
it  was  in  Sontli  Africa,  in  the  very  couinry  where  },n)ld 
is  now  beinj^  extracti'd  from  the  nietamorphic  reefs. 
Xo  one  can  afTfirm  that  j^'old  (hd  not  come  from  othir 
l)laces  as  wed.  I  Jut  the  vestiges  of  ancient  minint;  on 
the  Kand  in  tiie  i'ransvaal  i)rove  that  the  inchistry  was 
carried  on  there  in  very  remote  times;  and  it  may  be 
conjectureck  without  straininj^  credulity,  that  at  some 
period  in  the  a<;e  of  the  early  Pharaohs  the  news  came  to 
Ejjfypt  that  the  precious  metal  was  to  be  found  in  the  rocks 
in  the  valleys  of  the  ."^outh  African  rivers,  and  all  the 
I'!j;yj)tians  who  were  out  of  a  job.  and  all  wluj  were  dis- 
contented, and  all  w  ho  were  in  debt  took  ship  at  Clysina 
for  the  El  Dorado  of  the  south. 

How  much  gold  ti'c  world  contained  in  the  (jld  historic 
times  no  one  knows.  In  poor  countries,  such  as  luiropo 
north  of  the  states  on  the  Mediiorranean,  there  was  prob- 
ably little.  Hremuis  demanded  as  ransom  for  Rome  i.cxxD 
pomuls  of  gold;    it  was  j)robably  all  the  city  coiuaincd. 


!  i\ 


i   I 


f  V 


«'^ 


i:i 


484 


THE  CHICAGO   RECORD'S 


^1 


Eg^ypt  was  a  rich  country,  and  tlic  women  £jcncrally 
owned  jewels  of  ^old.  wliich  tlie  Jewesses  borrowed  of 
tliein,  and  which  Aaron  melted  into  tlie  cah'  that  Moses 
jjround  np  in  his  rag'e.  lUit  in  those  early  times  most 
of  the  sold  that  was  mined  must  have  fallen  into  the 
hands  of  the  nionarchs  of  the  day.  The  common  ])eople 
could  have  had  little  of  it.  In  Greece  every  man  could 
mint  his  own  metal,  but  if  his  coins  were  under  weight 
his  life  was  forfeit.  The  issues  of  such  mints  nnist  have 
been  small.  Xo  s^old  coins  were  in  q-eneral  circulation 
at  Rome  till  the  days  of  Julius  Caesar.  In  the  middle 
ages  a  baron  may  have  had  a  chain  from  which  he  t\visted 
a  link  or  two  when  he  desired  to  reward  a  follower,  and 
his  wife  may  have  had  a  ^o\i\  pin,  but  there  was  no  ^o\d 
in  g'eneral  circidation.  l-lven  at  the  time  of  the  discovery 
of  America  the  entiri'  metallic  circulation  of  I-ji^land  was 
less  than  the  banks  of  San  I'rancisco  hold  to-day. 

The  first  rush  of  j^old-scekers  to  a  land  of  ])romise  took 
place  ironi  .'■^pain  to  the  countries  discovered  by  Colum- 
bus, On  th?  islands  he  visited  and  those  ])ortions  of  the 
continent  on  which  he  landed  there  are  and  were  then 
no  fjold  mines.  lUit  the  natives  he  met  w<-)re  ornaments 
of  gold  i)btained  mostly  from  South  .\merica,  and  Ctirte^c 
found  a  .tjood  deal  of  it.  tlioujjh  neither  he  nor  his  ])eoplo 
midertook  to  mine.  When  Montezmna  surrendered,  the 
treasure  in  .qold  which  fell  to  the  share  of  the  coiKjuerors 
amounted  to  162,000  pieces  of  eijuht.  e(|uivalent,  accord- 
ing to  Mr.  Prescott.  to  $6.30(7,000,  a  small  sum  if  contrast- 
ed with  the  yield  of  modern  mining  camps,  but  more, 
jierhaps.  than  the  contents  of  the  coffers  of  any  European 
monarch  of  that  day.  and  quite  enough  tti  disturb  values 
throughout  the  world. 

It  was  less  than  the  sum  secured  a  few  years  later  by 
rizarro  in  Peru.     At  Cuzco  he  divided  among  his  men 


BOOK    FOR   GOLD-SEEKERS. 


485 


580,200  pieces  of  eijjlit,  and  the  inefTeetual  ransom  of 
Adalnialpa  cost  the  unfortunate  Inoa  a  sum  exceechng 
$15,000,000  of  our  money.  The  Spanish  arni}-  in  iV-ru 
received  and  sent  home  four  times  as  much  as  the  follow- 
ers of  Cortez  sent  from  Mexico.  It  is  (livertint,''  to  observe 
how  the  ill-jTotten  i^ains  operated  precisely  as  the  dis- 
covery of  a  bonanza  does  in  a  minins;  camp.  'Ihe  chron- 
icler says:  "Every  article  rose  in  value.  A  (|uire  of 
palmer  sold  for  ten  pieces  of  eiti^ht,  a  bottle  of  wine  for 
sixty,  a  sword  for  forty  or  tu'ty.  a  cloak  for  a  hundred,  a 
pair  of  shoes  for  thirty  or  forty,  and  a  horse  for  twenty- 
five  hundred."  A  piece  oi  eis^ht  was  e(|uivalent  to  an 
oimce  of  gold. 

It  is  assimied  that  Spain  drew  from  her  American  pos- 
sessions in  the  first  half  of  the  sixteenth  centurv  $40,000,- 
000  of  i,^old.  the  estimate  will  be  liberal:  but  it  was  enoui^h 
to  revohuionize  connnerce  throui^hout  the  world  and  to 
lead  .'^pain  to  adoi)t  the  policy  which  crippled  her  ener- 
gies, stifled  her  intellect,  and  reduced  her  in  three  cen- 
turies to  such  a  condition  of  decrepitude  that  she  be- 
came the  lauj^-hino-  stock  of  the  nations.  In  the  meantime, 
however,  her  best  blood  tiowed  across  the  ocean  to  .Amer- 
ica and  founded  nations  which  promise  to  outstrip  the 
mother  country  in  the  true  elements  of  j^reatness. 

From  the  spoliation  of  the  .South  and  Central  Ameri- 
can countries  in  the  first  half  of  the  sixteenth  century  to 
the  middle  of  tlu'  niiu'teenth  there  was  no  startlinj;  dis- 
covery of  f^old  anywhere.  The  worl.l's  stock  kept  steadv. 
the  loss  from  abrasion  and  accident  beini^  just  about  bal- 
anced by  the  production  of  the  working  mines. 


I     il 


;  f 


i 


486 


THE   CHICAGO   RECORDS 


*'! 


I( 


f 


CHAITFJ^   XXXTV. 

WOMEN  IN  THE  KLONDIKE  COUNTRY. 

ANY  WOMEN  TOO  have  caught  the 
Klondike  fever.  The  female  jiopulation 
of  the  upper  ^'ukon  district  will  be  in- 
creased by  at  least  150  hif^hly  respect- 
a1)le,  and  in  some  instances,  well-known 
women  in  society.  Many  of  these  fe- 
male prospectors,  however,  left  shops, 
stores  and  typewriting:!^  machines  to  seek 
for  fortune,  and  jiossibly  find  a  husband, 
somewhere  within  100  miles  of  the  Arctic  circle. 

'Hie  Klondike,  however,  has  not  been  destitute  of 
women  by  any  means.  The  first  woman  to  reach  there 
was  INIrs.  Thomas  Lippy,  who  is  now  in  San  I'rancisco. 
she  and  her  husband  havini^  said  good-by  to  the  Klon- 
dike for  a  year.  Mrs.  Lippy  and  her  husband  luive  not 
trodden  the  primrose  path  to  any  great  extent,  and.  there- 
fore, the  sudden  competence  which  has  come  to  thetn 
through  Mr.  Lippy's  good  fortune  on  El  Dorado  creek 
finds  them  rather  ignorant  of  the  ways  of  enjoying  life 
that  accrue  to  the  possession  of  money. 

When  Mrs.  Lippy  was  in  the  Klondike,  near  Dawson 
City,  at  first  there  were  no  members  of  her  rex  in  that 
section  of  the  world  at  all  with  the  exception  of  a  few 
Indian  s(|uaws.  The  Lippy  camp  was  on  what  is  called 
El  Dorado  creek,  a  tributary  of  the  Klondike.  Until  the 
log  cabin — which,  by  the  way,  was  the  first  one  in  the 
place — was  built,  the  hardy  couple  lived  in  a  tent.  All 
the  furniture  they  had  was  made  by  Mr.  Lippy,  and  their 


/ 


Hi' 


m 


HOOK    FOR    (JOLD-SEEKKFIS. 


4S7 


lite 


/ 


only  food  was  that  uliioii  was  canned.  Mrs.  Lippy  did 
no  niinin^r  herself,  bnt  attended  to  the  camp  and  made 
her  husband  so  comfortable  and  enabled  him  to  rest  so 
thoroughly  that  he  accomplished  far  more  than  falls  to 
the  avera^-e  lot  of  the  miner. 

Alter  awhile  another  woman  came  into  the  country, 
Mrs.  Clarence  P.erry.  who  has  been  credited  with  beinj? 
the  first  white  woman  in  the  Klondike  re^n"ons.  There 
was  a  tinge  of  romance  about  Mrs.  I'.erry's  advent  to  the 
gold  fields,  for  when  she  and  her  husbanrl  started  they 
were  just  married.  The  Klondike  trip  was  their  honey- 
moon journey.  They  had  no  money  to  speak  of,  but 
when  they  came  to  Kl  Dorado  they  camped  about  a  mile 
from  the  Lippy  camp,  and  then  they  both  ])itciied  in 
with  the  determination  that  they  would  get  rich. 

Mr.  r.erry  mined  and  Mrs.  llerry  carr^.-d  pans  of  pay 
dirt  to  the  cabin  and  w.^shed  it  there.  .  he  is  credited 
with  having  washe<l  out  $r).(X)0  worth  ui  gold.  As  a 
result  of  the  labors  of  this  cou])le  a  snug  fortune  of  $i  ^5.- 
(XX)  ha.s  been  accumulated  and  all  in  less  than  six  monlhs' 
time.  The.se  two  incidents  are  the  ones  that  have  stirreil 
the  feminine  heart. 

It  must  not  be  thought  that* it  is  only  .San  I'raucisco  or 
California  women  who  have  tiie  fever,  for  women  have 
actually  gone  there  from  the  east  in  the  hope  of  being  able 
in  some  manner  to  attach  themselves  to  Klondike  expe- 
ditions in  any  capacity  whatever,  as  long  as  it  was  re- 
spectable. They  seem  to  think  that  if  only  thev  can 
once  reach  this  Mecca  of  fortune  seekers  all  will  be  well 
with  them  ever  afterward. 

It  is  by  no  means  an  impossibility  for  a  woman  to 
visit  the  Klondike.  She  uui.st,  however,  go  prepared 
both  for  the  journey  and  the  residence  there.  Of  course 
she  should  go  with  a  husband,  brother  or  father,  if  pos- 


i: 


I       I 


rrrr 


h" ' 


I 


«,-. 


1  ' 


W^ 


1 


1 

/' 

(, 

k 

\ 

1 

1 

3' 

*^ 

¥i 

L 

'^^ 

BOOK    FOR    GOLDSEEKEHS.  439 

sible:  otherwise  she  uouM  have  t.»  have  all  the  outfit  he 
possesses  in  tlie  way  of  transportati.^i  facilities  and  pro- 
visions. Outside  the  canipinj?  ..utfii  and  the  Uhh\  care- 
ful MKiuiry  among  the  women  who  have  returned  from 
the  klon.hke  region  shows  that  the  folluwii.o-  should  he 
recpiired: 

One  medicine  case,  tilled  ,,n  the  advice  of  a  o,hh1  phv- 
sician:   two  pairs  of  extra  heavy,  all-wool  blankets;  .,ne 
small  pillow;  one  fur  robe;  one  warm  shawl ;  one  fur  coat 
easy  hltmg;  three  warm  woolen  dresses  with  comfortable 
bodices  and  skirts  knee  length,  tlannel  lined  preferable- 
three  pairs  of  knickers  or  bloomers  to  match  the  dresses" 
three  su.t.'^  of  heavy  all-wool  underwear;  three  uarm  flan- 
nel night  dresses;  four  pairs  of  knitted  woolen  st<x-kinirs- 
one   pair  of  rubber  boots;   three   gingham   aprons   that 
reach  from  neck  to  knees;  small  roll  of  flannel  for  insoles 
wrapping  the  feet,  and  bandages;  a  sewing  kit;  such  toilet' 
articles  as  are  absolutely  necessary,  including  .some  skin 
unguent  to  protect  the  face  from  the  icv  cold;   two  ligl 
bouses  or  sh.rt  waists  for  summer  wear;    one  oil  t 
blanket  to  wrap  her  effects  in.  to  be  secured  a  e 

or  St.  Michael;  one  fur  cape;  two  pairs  of  fur  'ZZ 
two  pairs  of  fur  seal  moccasins;  two  pairs  of  ••muclucs" 
— wet-weather  moccasins. 

She  weans  what  she  pleases  en  route  to  funeau  or  St 
M.chael.  and  when  she  makes  her  start  f,),-  the  diggin.rs 
she  .ays  as.de  every  civilised  traveling  garb,   uichulin. 
shoes  and  corsets,  until  she  comes  out.    Instead  of  carry- 
ing the  lur  r.^be.  fur  coat  and  rul,b(>r  boots  alon-    thev 
may  be  purchased  on  entering  Alaska,  but   the  experi- 
enced ones  advise  that  they  be  taken  along    The  natives 
make  a  tur  coat   with  hood  attached  called  a  "i)arkt  " 
but  it  is  clumsy  for  a  white  woman  to  wear  who  has  been 
accustomed  to  fitted  garments.     Leggings  and  shoes  are 
2-J 


Ml 


|.iH' 


490 


THE   CHICAGO    RECORD'S 


¥h\\ 


1+  i> 

f-f 


ir, 


'n 


♦^ 


not  so  sate  nor  desirable  as  the  moccasins.  A  trunk  is 
not  the  thnijj^  to  transport  hat^f^age  in.  It  is  niucli  lu'tter 
in  a  pack,  with  the  oil  skin  cover  well  tied  on.  The 
thinj^s  to  add  that  are  useful,  hiU  not  ahsoluteiv  neces- 
sary, are  chocolate.  cotYee  and  the  smaller  lij^ht  luxuries. 

When  a  woman  reaches  the  Klondike,  aKva\  s  provideii 
she  has  all  the  thinsjs  that  are  necessary,  she  will  find  a 
region  that  is.  as  a  rule,  as  inhospitable  as  Tierra  del 
i''uetj().  To  reach  there  she  has  encountered,  it  she  has 
conic  over  the  land  roiUe  from  Juneau,  any  amount  of 
privation  and  ver\  little  i)leasure.  If  her  journev  has 
been  by  water,  then  she  kncnvs  what  it  is  to  be  week  after 
week  subjected  to  the  crowded  accommodations  of  an  ill- 
fitted  passenger  boat.  Anything  will  seem  pleasant  after 
that  water  journey,  and  therefore  it  is  probable  that 
whether  her  trip  has  Ikxmi  by  land  or  sea,  she  will  be 
glad  enough  when  she  reaches  a  stopping  place  that  is 
permanent. 

Another  astonishing  case,  something  of  which  has 
already  been  published,  is  that  of  .Mrs.  |.  T.  Willis  of  Ta- 
coma. 

In  the  sj)ring  of  1807  Mrs.  Willis  was  poor.  To-day 
she  is  worth  a  (piarter  of  a  million,  and  all  on  account  of 
the  Klondike.  Two  years  ago  Mrs.  Willis,  whose  hus- 
band is  a  blacksmith,  and  a  great  sufTercr  from  rheuma- 
tism, decided  to  try  her  luck  among  the  gold  fields  of 
the  frozen  north.  .*>he  set  out  alone,  and  vowed  that 
she  would  not  return  until  she  could  bring  a  fortune  with 
her.    She  has  kept  her  word. 

After  two  years  of  prospecting,  and  just  when  her 
spirit  and  her  fortune  were  at  the  lowest  ebb.  there  came 
a  report  to  Circle  City  of  a  big  placer  strike  on  the 
Klondike.     Joining  a   party   of  cattlemen,    Mrs.   Willis 


BOOK    FOR   «OLI)-SEP:kERS.  491 

fu,rrie<l  ,n  tluMu«w  KI  IWado.  stakc.l  a  claim,  and  so  .Ik. 
expects  111.. re  than  S.vhmxki  fn.iii   it 

Xot  satisfiod  with  this.  how.vcT.  sh.  cstahhsh.l  a  laun- 
|lr>  at  Dauson  City,  an.l  was  the-  first  t..  intru-huv  ,h. 
I>o:k-.I  sh.rt  a.imno:  ,h,  „,i„,rs.  It  ,„a.k.  a  ..vat  hu 
an.  m.tw.thstan.hn^  the  fact  that  Mrs.  Willi,  was  o.n,- 
pellc.l  t,.  pay  $.>50  f„r  a  box  „t  starch,  her  enterprise 
l.rospered  greatly.  An  Indian  .s.,nau.  who  works  i„ 
tl.o  laun.Iry.  receives  $4  a  .lay  an.l  expenses,  an.l  the  lo.- 
eab.n  ni  which  the  w..rk  is  .l.,ne  rents  t.,r  S.^s  a  nunnh. 
Wood  for  Inel  costs  nearly  $5(X)  a  \ear. 

IJcfore  the  tnrn  o\  fortune's  wheel  nia.le  .Mrs  WiHj, 
wealthy  she  w..rke.l  as  ook  for  the  mess  of  the  Mask-, 
C.)niiiiercial  company  at  Dawson  City 

Eflforts  have  I.een  nia.le  t.,  steal  the  woman's  claim 
•nit  t.)  a  fnen.l.  Mrs.  |>ank  I'.  Hicks,  she  writes- 

-1  Iiave  Kone  throned,  .leatli.  an.l  a  hc,d,t  is  n..u  Unnu 
"lade  to  take  possessi.,n  .)f  my  claim,  hut  1  u,II  stand 
by  my  n-ht.  ,t  ,t  takes  five  vears." 

It     is   estimate.l    by   th..,se    who    have   kept    track    of 
re  matter  that  at  least  150  w.mien  ..f  th..r.,u,h  "s  ect 
ability  are  now  on  their  way  to  the   Klou.like.  an.l    „„- 

Iia      ccm   positively   assure.l   to  the   populati.^n   of  the 
Klondike  the  coinin.q-  winter. 

Am.mo^  the  w.>men  wh.,  are  now  .)n  their  wa^■  to  the 
K  om  ke  countrv  is  Mrs.  Kh  (...e.  wife  ..  the  I.n^ 
I^^^lan  j  (,a.qe.  secretarv  of  the  treasurv.  She  Lmes  to 
"K-et  her  husban.l.  who  is  an  ..ftic.al  of  the  X.>    h'      ,;? 

IMwson  City.  Another  Chicago  w.,man.  Mrs  W  \ 
L.ttle.  b.x,sht  a  si,ap-sli.>t  camera  an.l  tele.n-aplie.l'  for 
;'-K^s  an.l  a  sle.l.  an.l  starte.l  ior  the  Klou.hke  leaving 
a  very  comtortable  home  near  Lincoln  park.     She  is  a 


/- 


ri 


I  ;i 


li  m. 


VJ2 


THK   CHICAGO    RECORDS 


N'^-  I 


|4' 


.  i. 
W 


sk'iKli-r.    ck'licatL"    little    Kontiu'kian.   and    says    slu'    will 
stay  just  as  hn^ij;  as  slu'  fools  liko  it. 

Mrs.  .M.  L.  I).  Koisor  and  lior  ])rotty  tiioco,  Miss 
(ioorpia  ( )slK>rno.  hoth  of  Jaok.sonvillo.  III..  Ixnight  their 
clotliinjj^  outfit  in  Chicago  and  startod  for  the  Chilkoot 
pass,  i'lioir  outfit  consisted  of  the  thickest  of  woolen 
hosiery  and  p^h^vos.  lej.jLjinijs  and  furs,  fur  hoods,  can- 
vas sloe|)inj:j  haj?^.  lined  with  sheepskin,  weaters  and 
several  suits  of  the  heaviest  woolen  jj;o<  obtainable, 
i'oth  will  wear  skirts  as  short  as  a  inodesi  i)icyclc  dress. 
.Mrs.  Keiser  boldly  said,  just  befcjre  leavinj;.  that  siie 
was  ^^oinjT  to  the  Klondike  to  stake  a  claim  and  make 
a  strike  and  she  expected  to  return  rich. 

<  )ne  of  tlie  first  women  to  leave  for  the  fjold  countrv 
frotii  the  northwest  started  out  with  the  definite  pur- 
pose to  open  a  restaurant  at  Dawson  City.  This  was 
Mrs.  Uessie  Thomas  of  Seattle,  and  she  started  off 
alone.  She  believes  that  a  woman  who  has  her  living; 
ti)  make  stands  just  as  good  a  chance  in  a  mining  town 
as  a  man. 

Two  prominent  Catholic  sisters  arrived  recently  in  S;;.. 
I'Vancisco  from  Massachusetts  on  their  way  to  Alaska, 
where  they  will  establish  a  convent  of  the  order  of  St. 
Ann.  an  extensive  Canadian  organization  founded  by 
I)ishop  I'ourget  in  1848. 

The  sisters  who  thus  left  their  Massachusetts  home  and 
offered  their  services  in  the  far  north  are  known  as  Sister 
Mary  Magdalen  of  the  Sacred  Heart  and  Sister  Mary 
of  the  Cross.  In  an  interview  in  San  ]''rr.::cisco.  at  the 
home  of  the  Sisters  of  the  Family  of  Holy  Xar...s.  one 
of  the  sisters  said  of  the  contemplated  trip  and  the  work 
in  .\laska: 

"We  are  going  largely  as  pioneers,  fur  the  Alaskan 
work  is  new  to  us.    Tlie  founder  of  this  work  was  Sister 


BOOK    FOR    OOLD-SEKKRKS. 


498 


will 


ne  atul 

Sister 

Mary 

at  the 

s,  one 

work 


Mary  Stephen,  who  has  heen  in  the  far  north  for  nianv 
years.  We  are  establishinjj;  the  fifth  home  and  school  of 
this  character  in  Alaska,  and  onr  hea(l(|uarters  will  he  at 
St.  Michael.  W'c  shall  opi-n  a  school  for  white  children 
exclusively,  and  the  white  children  from  other  missions 
will  l)e  brought  to  our  school,  for  the  purpose  is  to 
separate  all  the  whites  from  the  Indians.  I  have  had  a 
jT[reat  deal  of  experience  in  teaching-,  th(»uj.jh  not  among 
Alaskans,  but  children  arc  about  the  same  the  world 
over.  Where  I  taught  last  year  we  had  1.200  children 
in  the  parochial  school.  My  companion  does  not  speak 
very  much  English,  as  she  is  hVench.  While  1  am  Irish 
I  speak  I'rench.  and  we  get  along  all  right. 

*'\\'e  do  not  expect  to  find  any  gold  nuggets  there,  but 
we  hope  to  win  some  souls  to  Christian  life  and  do  some 
good  to  our  fellow  beings.  1  wrote  to  the  mother  ])ro- 
vincial  that  we  were  glad  to  come  into  the  country  and  be 
of  whatever  service  we  could  to  the  cause.  I'rom  what 
I  hear.  I  believe  the  Jesuits  will  soon  seek  aid  for  the 
establishment  of  pro])er  hos])itals  in  the  Klondike  coun- 
try. There  is  considerable  sickness  up  there,  and  there 
are  many  accidents  among  the  miners.  It  is  probable 
that  sisters  from  the  far  north  will  come  to  the  Klondike 
hospitals,  because,  as  they  are  inured  to  the  climate, 
they  can  do  the  work  with  far  less  risk  than  would  be 
incurred  by  sisters  coming  from  a  temperate  region. 
You  may  feel  sure  that  as  soon  as  there  is  need  of  extra 
hospital  facilities,  some  of  the  Catholic  orders  will  be 
on  the  ground  and  establish  what  is  needed. 

"We  have  made  ample  jirovision  in  advance  for  the 
clothing  and  other  supplies  we  will  need  temi)orarily  in 
the  new  field  of  work.  As  our  people  have  had  many 
years  of  experience  up  that  way.  we  were  fully  informed 
of  our  needs.     We  think  there  is  a  fine  field  for  useful- 


i 


I !  -A. 


1!)» 


TllK   CHICAGO   RECORDS 


ncss  up  tluTC,  and  wt-  were  curious  to  see  the  country 
also.  Vou  sec,  no  one  in  our  position  is  forced  to  go 
to  any  sucli  service.  Such  matters  are  always  left  to 
choice." 

Among  the  women  who  are  laying  plans  to  go  to  the 
Kloiulikc  next  spring  is  Kuehne  lieveridge,  the  grand- 
daughter of  Ex-Governor  I'everidge  of  Illinois.  Miss 
iSeveridge  has  more  or  less  reputation  as  a  sculptress, 
with  a  studio  in  Xew  ^'t)rk.  She  is  going  to  renounce 
art.  temporarily  at  least,  to  seek  a  material  fortune  in 
the  Kloudike.  Another  would-he  Klondiker  is  Miss 
Paidine  Kellogg  of  Chicago,  the  daughter  of  the  late 
Ju<lge  William  Kellogg,  a  Colorado  pioneer  and  miner. 
As  a  child  she  lived  in  a  little  Rocky  mountain  cabin  near 
his  claim,  and  knows  something  of  the  rough  and  ready 
life  of  a  miner.  She  intends  to  stake  out  a  claim,  build  a 
cabin  and  pan  her  own  gold. 

In  i8(;6  Miss  Anna  Inilcomer,  a  graduate  of  the  Uni- 
versity of  Chicago,  went  to  the  Yukon  country  to  take 
charge  of  the  government  school  at  Circle  City.  A  letter 
recently  received  in  Chicago  from  her  tells  something  of 
the  life  of  a  self-sup]iorting  woman  in  that  land  of  the 
midnight  siui.  Miss  I'ulconier,  under  date  of  May  24, 
1 8c J",  writes  as  follows; 

"Spring  has  really  come  at  last,  and  the  weather  is 
all  that  could  be  desired.  No  nioscpiitoes  yet,  for  a  won- 
der, though  they  are  hourly  ex])ected — oh,  I  did  catch 
one  in  my  room  three  days  ago,  and  he  was  sinijily  a 
monster — nearly  an  inch  long.  I  could  not  believe  my 
eyes  at  first,  but  the  fact  was  forced  upon  my  under- 
standing. 

"The  first  week  in  May  we  had  a  baby  blizzard.  It 
snowed  steadily  for  three  days  and  nights.  More  fell 
than  at  anv  other  time  all  winter.    It  was  not  colder  than 


/ 


1  .< . 


i 

;  ' 

I 

,1 

■<!■ 


.    i! 


1)1 
1. 


HOOK     FOH    OOLD-SKKKEHS. 


4»7 


zero,  'riu'  snow  has  hci'ii  iiU'ltinjL;  slowly  for  two  wi'i'ks. 
ami  it  is  wrt-tclu'd  «;c'ttin{;  aroiiiul.  I  uadc  tlironj^jli  slush 
and  mud.  K<»in)4-  to  sclmol,  above  my  ankles. 

"i  wear  native  htjots,  •mazinkas.'  from  Siberia,  like 
those  models  y(ju  folk  have,  only  the  sole  is  seal  Hipper. 
They  are  much  better  than  rubber  boots,  as  they  do  not 
draw  the  feet,  and  are  not  cut  up  by  snat,'s  and  roots  of 
bushis,  whieh  cover  the  ^'round  here. 

"Last  Simday  we  bail  our  first  rain,  a  jjfood,  steadv 
downpour  for  three  hours.  It  will  taki.'  snow  awav  fast. 
We  have  had  no  darkness  at  all  since  some  time  i)efore 
May  I.  1  went  to  a  party  that  eveuinjif,  came  home 
at  12:30  a.  m.,  and  it  was  just  as  lij.dit  as  it  is  on  a  chnidy 
day.  'I"he  sky  was  clear,  overspread  by  a  soft  blue  tint, 
and  the  air  was  delij^htfullv  fresh.  lust  think,  nearlv 
four  months  of  continuous  daylij.,ditl 

"The  Yukon  has  at  last  broken,  but  it  was  not  such 
a  great  sij^ht  as  it  i)reviously  has  been.  The  winter  has 
been  milder  than  usual,  so  the  thin  ice  has  been  worn 
nnich  thinner  by  the  more  rapid  current.  Sunday  after- 
noon. -May  16,  it  started.  Everybody  ran  to  the  bank, 
e.Npectiuf,^  to  stand  there  for  hours,  perhaps  all  ni,i;ht.  if 
it  kept  on  raining  and  the  "jam'  came.  It  must  be  grand 
when  the  ordinary  'jam'  docs  come,  for  the  thick  ice 
floes  are  j^led  uj)  on  one  another  almost  mountain  high, 
and  the  water  rises,  overflowing  islands  and  the  low 
banks.  But  this  year  the  water  did  not  rise,  and  the  ice 
did  not  pile  up,  but  remained  (|uiet  after  it  first  broke. 
I'or  four  days,  thougli.  we  could  often  hear  it  rushing 
through  the  other  channel  away  ofif  beyond  the  island. 
In  fact,  some  people  were  getting  scared,  and  feared 
that  Circle  City  was  left  stranded  high  and  dry,  while 
the  river  had  made  a  new  channel  for  itself,  as  often  hap- 
pens, miles  away.     I'ut  on  May  21  the  ice  slowly  drifted 


m 


w 


4<JS 


THE    CHICAGO    RECORDS 


f 


if: 


out  from  licre,  water  fell  a  trifle,  ami  the  old-timers 
thought  It  was  janmiinp^  up  above  and  would  soon  break 
and  finally  rush  down,  when  lo!  and  behold,  at  4  p.  m. 
there  drifted  in  upon  us  a  rowboat  from  Klondike. 

"The  Indians  have  l)een  makinjj^  canoes,  nets,  tents. 
clothinjTf.  and  all  else,  and  arc  startinji^  out  on  their  sum- 
mer fishiuf:^  tri])s.  The  steamer  I'.ella  came  up  to-(la\ 
from  I-'ort  N'ukoii.  where  she  wintered,  and  starts  to- 
morrow for  Klondike,  takincr  alonjj;'  almost  everybody 
left  in  town,  whites  and  Indi-'in? 

"'Ihere  will  be  no  one  left  in  Circle  City  for  the  sum- 
mer but  three  white  women,  six  white  men  and  a  few 
Indians.  Whether  there  will  be  anv  more  next  fall  and 
winter  I  know  not.  Circle  City  is  dead — dead  as  a  door 
post — while  six  short  months  at^o  I  cannot  conceive  how 
any  ])lace  could  be  livelier,  with  1.500  whites,  a  thea- 
ter, two  dance  houses,  ])ublic  library  and  readinj:^  room, 
stores,  tinshops,  blacksmith  shops.  photoj;raph  jj^allery. 
etc..  etc.  The  I>irch  creek  mines  are  as  j^ood  as  ever, 
but  they  are  simply  nothinj;-  compared  with  Klondike — 
Klondike,  the  richest  dig,y;ini^s  found  on  earth. 

"1  s])ent  $75  on  my  man  (a  pr()S])ector,  whom  she  out- 
fitted) and  he  has  struck  nothinfj  yet.  He  lias  three 
moi-.ths  left  to  prosjjcct  yet.  but  1  do  not  exi)ect  any- 
thiiitj  now.  Other  men  who  went  up  about  the  same 
lime  he  did  have  already  washed  out  all  the  way  from 
$i,(X)()  to  i?5oo,ooo,  1  am  ncjt  alone.  One  man  s])ent 
$240  as  I  did,  and  has  niJthinj:^  yet.  Everybody  thou,L,d)l 
that  my  man  would  do  spU'iididly.  as  he  is  an  expert — 
but  it  is  simply  luck  or  chance. 

"During  the  past  week  about  fifty  men  have  drifted 
down  in  boats — after  provisions,  clothing,  etc. — and  the 
accounts  they  bring  down  are  startling,  almost  incredible, 
but  nevertheless  true.     It  simply  cannot  be  exaggerated. 


BOOK    FOR    OOLIuSKRKERS. 


49y 


When  one  man  takes  out  .Sjck)  i-vitv  tlircc'  i„nirs— ulioii 
nu-n  pay  $40,000  and  $50,000  to  he  paid  on  I)C(I  rock 
(i.  c,  as  it  is  taken  out  of  the  j^round).  and  wash  out 
$75,000  in  three  months— u  hen  the  j^round  averaj,u-s 
from  $i,fX50  to  $2.0(X)  i)cr  foot,  and  the  claims  are  500 
feet  lon^^:  when,  after  over  six  months  of  constant  work- 
in-;  and  (h:.y:K"iR  tiie  ji^rounds  seem  to  increase  instcnvi  of 
(Hminish  in  richness,  do  you  wonder  that  J  am  hah'  wild? 
'So  near  and  yet  so  far.'  If  I  were  only  a  man  that  I 
could  fret  oui  and  (litr_,-cn„|..,r  wa^a-s  of  $15  per  day  is 
better  than  $1,200  per  year." 


'     i,i\ 


'Ml- 


pri 


m 
m  - 

m 

m 


\ii 


600 


THE   CHICAGO   RECORD'S 


CHAPTER  XXXV. 

NELS  SORENSEN'S  DIARY. 

I  ARIES  of  Klondikcrs  are  scarce. 
Few  of  those  who  made  the  trip 
tlirouf^li  the  Cliilkoot  pass  to  Daw- 
son City  took  the  time  to  jot  down 
daily  the  details  of  the  journey. 
Nels  Sorensen,  a  motornian  on  a 
San  F>ancisco  street  car  line,  ar- 
rived at  Dyea  March  31,  and  ar- 
rived in  Dawson  City  June  10.  He  kept  a  diary  and  his 
granliic  though  simple  accoun;  of  his  adventures  is  as 
valuable  as  it  is  interesting.  It  should  he  carefully  read 
by  want-to-be  Klondikers.  This  is  Xels  Sorcnsen's 
diary: 

March  31. — Anchored  off  Dyea  at  2  p.  m.,  two  miles 
from  the  place,  it  being  low  tide.  Small  boats  were 
lowered  and  unloading  conmienced.  We  had  to  carry 
our  freight — 3,200  pounds — anywhere  from  a  quarter  to 
one  and  a  half  miles.    Work?    Don't  mention  it. 

April  I. — Pitched  our  first  cam]).  Came  very  near 
being  flooded  out  by  melting  snow. 

April  2. — Steamer  "Mexico"  in  a  hurry  to  get  away. 
Commence  piling  stufif  on  rocks  anywhere  opposite 
steamer.  We  were  lucky  to  get  all  our  packages  out  of 
the  confusion  the  second  day,  but  our  two  packages  of 
sleighs  filled  with  tinware  and  all  our  tools  were  on  the 
rocks.    We  hired  Indians  and  canoes  to  get  them.    Cost 


near 


BOOK    FOR    OOLD-SEEKERS.  601 

$4.     However,  two  other  tiicn   came  in  the  same  boat 
with  us  and  tliey  paid  half. 

April  3.— Commence  sleijrhins:  to  our  next  camp  three 
miles  away.     Weather  very  soft  and   mild  for  Alaska 
Snow  very  slushy  in  places  and  shallow  creeks  have  to 
be  forded  by  dra^gins^  sled  across  on  rocks. 

April  4.-Wc.  finished  moving  this  (hn-.  and  took  one 
load  to  mouth  of  canyon.  Trail  soft  and  slushv,  other- 
wise easy  grades. 

April  5.— Moved  camp  to  mouth  of  canvon.    A  great 
camp  assembled  there,  which  is  the  beginning  of  a  ter- 
ribly hard  pull  through  the  canyon  to  Pleasant  camn 
two  and  a  half  miles.  ' 

April  6.— Took  first  load  through  to-night.  Trail  is 
bad  and  soft,  and  very  heavy  grade. 

April  7.— Took  two  loads  through  to-dav;   hard  work. 

April  8.—  I  00k  each  one  load  through.  In  the  after- 
noon we  hired  two  Indians  (thev  use  dogs).  Thev  took 
two  loads,  550  pounds,  to  Sheep  camp,  one  and  one-half 
miles  past  Pleasant  camp.  We  followed  the  camp  outfit 
and  baggage  and  pitched  camp  in  Sheep  camp  Her,,  j. 
a  city  of  tents,  as  this  is  the  last  camping  place  this  side 
of  the  summit.    We  stay  here  until  evervthing  is  over 

April  9.— Pulled  rest  of  outfit  from  I'leasant  camp"to 
this  place. 

April  io._Took  each  two  loads  of  100  pounds  up  to 
the  foot  of  summit.  This  is  far  worse  than  canvon.  al- 
most one  continual  steep  grade  for  four  miles.  If  there 
are  any  people  back  home  who  think  it  will  be  a  fine 
pleasure  trip  to  go  througli  Alaska  canyons  and  moun- 
tains and  depend  upon  themselves  for  subsistence— well, 
I  say,  "let  them  try  it." 

April  II.— This  we  figure  out  to  be  Sunday,  though 


I'll 


5  i  M    I 


502 


THE   CHICAGO   RECORDS 


it  is  hard  to  keep  track  of  either  dates  or  days.  I  am  not 
writing  these  notes  daily.  It  has  been  mostly  work  since 
we  started,  but  to-day  we  are  resting-  and  keeping  the 
fire  going.  Henry  and  1  are  talking  of  having  some  of 
our  stufT  packed  for  us  to  the  top  of  the  summit.  It  will 
come  high.  Kail  thinks  that  by  slow  work  we  will  be 
able  to  get  it  up  ourselves.  We  will  see  to-morrow.  I 
am  doing  most  of  the  c(3oking  .so  far.  I  can  make  pretty 
good  biscuit  and  p<ork  and  mush  and  rice  go  all  right. 
l>eans  wc  scarcely  had  time  to  wait  for  as  yet,  though 
we  have  tried  them. 

April  25. — Started  at  1 1  a.  m.  from  Stone  house  with 
cam])  outfit  for  summit.  Packed  up  two  trips,  hired  an 
Indian  for  two  tri])s.  When  up  we  loaded  sleighs  so 
that  each  of  us  had  about  350  pounds,  and  started  for 
Lake  Lindeman.  Left  summit  at  4  p.  m.  with  good  down 
grade.  A  little  further  on  there  is  a  steep  grade.  We 
tied  down  our  ropes  and  ran  the  sleds  down  alone.  They 
go  lickety-split  down  into  Crater  lake,  one-quarter  of  a 
mile  from  summit.  Quite  a  novel  sight.  Occasionally 
one  would  tip  over  and  tumble  all  over  itself.  Now  the 
trail  is  on  the  level,  about  two  miles.  Then  come  some 
bad  ups  and  downs  for  a  mile  and  a  half.  Then  it  is 
nearly  level  to  head  of  canyon,  eight  miles  from  sum- 
mit. As  we  had  a  late  start  we  were  compelled  to  pitch 
camp,  and  crawl  in,  five  miles  away.  It  beinj:^  so  late  we 
could  not  distinguish  the  trail.    This  was  at  10:30  p.  m. 

April  26. — \\'ent  to  summit  for  rest  of  outfit.  A  heavy 
load,  560  pounds  each,  with  which  we  hid  stormy  old 
C'hilkoot  pass  a  final  farewell.  Arriving  at  camp,  we  un- 
loaded and  took  camp  outfit,  same  as  night  before,  in- 
lending  to  move  to  Lake  Lindeman.  The  canyon  is  a 
terrible   rough    and   steep   trail.     At    1 1 130   o'clock    we 


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BOOK    FOR    GOLD-SEEKERS. 


505 


pitched  camp  three-quarters  of  a  mile  from  the  lake. 
A  more  tired  set  of  men  it  would  be  hard  to  find.  After 
a  hurried  supper  we  felt  like  lyin^  down. 

April  27. — As  we  were  late  that  r\'\^\n,  we  did  not  make 
a  very  early  start.  Starting  for  load  frotn  pile  we  ijot 
through  canyon,  but  at  head  of  same  we  found  it  {00 
stormy  to  proceed.  High  winds  and  snow  drifting,  mak- 
ing trail  very  heavy.  Here  we  placed  our  sleighs  and 
went  back  to  camp,  taking  a  nnich-needed  rest.  At  the 
present  moment  I  am  cooking  beans.  Have  bakeil  two 
pans  of  bread.  Talk  about  eating!  Why,  we  could 
sometimes  eat  leather  straps  or  rubber  gloves,  (^ne 
thing  we  talk  of  and  arc  thankful  for,  is  that  water  in 
the  canyon  is  now  running  the  same  way  as  ourselves. 
West  of  the  mountains  it  was  quite  the  other  way. 

April  28. — Went  up  canyon,  got  our  sleighs  and  rest 
of  outfit  from  five  miles  north  of  summit.  We  unloaded 
half  at  head  of  canyon  and  took  rest  to  camp.  Went 
back  after  last  load,  so  for  the  first  time  since  Sheep 
camp  we  have  camp  and  outfit  together  at  one  place. 

April  29. — To-day  we  took  two  loads  to  head  of  Lake 
Lindeman.  Spent  rest  of  day  in  rigging  up  sleighs  with 
mast  for  sailing,  not  in  water,  but  on  good  level  trail. 
When  wind  is  favorable  sails  are  a  great  help. 

April  30. — Moved  camp  to  head  of  Lake  I'emiett.  At 
foot  of  Lake  Lindeman  we  unloaded  half  of  load  to  I)e 
able  to  pull  through  a  three-quarter-mile  rough  trail  to 
Bennett.  Went  back  after  rest.  This  was  our  camp  out- 
fit. 

May  I. — (One  month  from  Dyea.)  Went  to  head  of 
Lake  Lindeman  for  all  of  stuff.  560  pounds.  We  i)ro- 
cecded  with  sails  set  and  good  trail.  A  brisk  wind  blow- 
ing astern  sent  us  along  with  good  speed.     At  times  we 


f  H 


i 


506 


THE  CHICAGO  RECORD'S 


(M 


III 


ll  1: 


;!  i;  1 


ill  ij! 


were  takinp^  a  scat  on  sleigh;  a  great  lift.    We  unloaded 
half  at  foot  of  Lake  Lindeman  and  took  the  rest  to  camp. 

May  2. — Got  up  early,  ate  breakfast  and  went  after  last 
load.  Trail  good  niornings  while  snow  is  frozen.  We 
expected  to  move  our  entire  outfit  about  noon,  but 
weather  has  been  calm  all  day.  Here  men  usually  wait 
for  wind,  and  (|uite  a  number  stay  liere  to  build  their 
boats. 

May  3. — We  left  camp  at  head  of  Lake  Ijcnnett  about 
2  p.  m.,  having  waited  for  a  wind  to  spring  up.  With 
entire  outfit,  about  850  pounds  each,  a  heavy  load.  As 
we  had  only  a  very  slight  breeze  and  trail  soft,  pitched 
camp  four  miles  down. 

May  4. — Left  camp  with  outfit  at  5  a.  m.  on  a  good 
frozen  trail,  and  a  fair  wind.  Made  about  twelve  miles 
up  to  1 1 130.  Pitched  camp  here,  as  the  sun  makes  the 
trail  heavy.  In  passing  islands  ten  miles  from  head,  we 
struck  open  water  for  200  feet;  had  to  portage  stufif 
around  and  then  proceed  again. 

May  5. — We  took  things  easy  rest  of  day. 

May  6. — We  were  looking  around  for  timber  and 
found  fair  wood  for  boat  building,  so  concluded  to  stay 
here  and  chop  down  some  trees. 

Mav  7. — We  got  sawpit  in  shape  and  log  on  same. 
Sawed  off  two  slabs  and  four  boards.  Henry  will  be  the 
builder. 

May  8. — We  made  another  log  look  sick  to-dav.  Got 
out  five  boards  and  four  rib  strips. 

May  9. — We  worked  a  little  during  the  forenoon.  Rain 
set  in  about  noon;  lay  ofT.  All  well,  hearty  and  a  keen 
appetite. 

May  II. — Fine  day;  doing  some  work.  Lake  is  now 
showing  signs  of  breaking  up.  We  think  that  we  will 
have  boat  built  in  good  time  for  open  water. 


BOOK    FOR   GOLD-SKEKKRS. 


507 


I\Jay  12.— Whipsawed  some  lumber.  Hard  work,  but 
will  soon  have  enough.  Henry  is  working  on  boat.  It 
is  framed  for  22]  feet  at  bottom  and  24',  top,  sharp  at 
both  ends.  Will  not  be  a  beauty,  but  will  take  us  safelv 
down.  Henry  says  her  name  will  be  "Ave  Maria."  Quite 
appropriate. 

May  13. — Got  out  a  few  boards.    All  is  well. 

May  14.— Whipsawed  this  morning.  This  afternoon 
I  have  done  some  washing  and  cooking.  H.  and  K. 
worked  on  boat.  We  have  a  good  camp  here,  high  and 
dry  at  t^dgt-  of  woods,  near  edge  of  lake.  Shipyard  is 
here  close  to  tent,  and  our  grub  pile  is  down  near  water 
on  gravel  beach. 

May  15.— Boat  building.  All  well,  as  usual.  Weather 
is  fine. 

May  17. — Sawed  our  last  log  to-day.    Glad  of  it. 

May  18. — I'oat  building.  Lake  is  now  getting  vcrv 
rotten. 

May  19. — Considering  our  poor  quality  of  tindjer,  I 
think  we  w  ill  have  a  pretty  fair  and  safe  boat. 

May  20. — All  well  and  hearty.  Lake  is  on  a  tear  this 
p.  m.  Ice  all  went  out  past  this  place  before  a  brisk 
wind. 

^lay  21. — Calking  our  boat. 

May  22. — iMPished  calking  and  pitching  to-dav.  Six 
boats  came  down  jiast  here  during  day. 

.lay  23.— Doing  the  last  trimming  work  on  boat.  All 
well. 

Aiay  24.— Ready  to  leave,  but  swells  on  beach  are  so 
heavy,  being  unable  to  launch  and  load. 

May  2^. — Water  is  still  rough  for  getting  awav  from 
shore. 

^^ay  26.— Started  to-day,  three  weeks  from  time  we  ar- 


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508 


THE   CHICAGO    RECORDS 


rived  here.  Wc  set  up  no  sail,  but  drifted  down  to  Cari- 
bou crossinpc,  foot  of  Lake  Bennett,  as  far  as  we  could 
reach  for  ice.  We  made  fair  time.  This  was  the  easiest 
move  we  have  made  so  far.  Boat  behaved  well  and  did 
not  leak  much.    Quite  a  fleet  of  boats  are  here  waiting;. 

May  27. — We  broke  camp  this  morninjT^,  and  started 
through  slushy  ice.  But  half  a  mile  away  we  were  com- 
pelled to  f^o  ashore,  drift  ice  beinjT^  too  heavy.  Slush 
cleared  out  and  down  this  afternoon,  so  at;ain  we  pulled 
up  stakes  at  7  p.  m.  Xo  wind,  but  a  good  current  part 
way.  By  help  of  oars  we  made  about  ten  miles  down 
to  near  Windy  arm,  on  Tagish  lake.  Here  we  camped 
at  11:30  o'clock.  All  well;  beautiful  weather.  Nights 
are  short  this  time  (and  will  be  shorter);  we  can  read  at 
all  times,  providing  we  have  anything  to  read. 

May  28. — Moved  again  this  morning,  about  three 
miles  to  Windy  arm.  Rather  slow  time.  Weather  calm. 
At  Windy  arm  and  island  of  Rock  are  some  dry  moss 
and  dry  grass ;  inhabited  by  seagulls.  We  stopped  a  few 
minutes  and  found  ten  gull  eggs.  Then  we  found  that 
Windy  arm  was  about  to  prove  its  title.  She  began  to 
blow;  water  rough.  We  set  half  5"\il,  and  "Ave  Maria" 
fairly  flew.  We  were  much  elated  at  the  fine  showing 
she  made  going  about  three  miles.  Wind  having  changed 
to  north,  we  put  into  a  cove  and  ate  lunch.  Starting  after 
lunch,  we  found  no  improvement  in  wind.  We  used  oars 
for  two  miles,  and  all  well ;   splendid  weather. 

May  29. — Made  a  good  run  to-day,  about  twenty 
miles.  First  to  foot  of  Lake  Tagish,  then  five  miles 
through  river  and  about  eight  miles  down  Lake  Marsh. 
We  had  fair  wind  for  sails  for  about  twelve  miles  until 
we  were  stopped  by  ice.  A  great  many  Yukoners  are 
now  caught  up  with  us.     1  should  judge  that  300  men 


BOOK    FOR    GOLD-SKEKKRS. 


509 


tnty 
liles 
rsh. 
Intil 
lare 
lien 


willi  their  boats  are  now  on  this  lake  waitinj^^  lor  ice  to 
clear  away.  Splendid  hnntinp;  and  fishinjj:  here.  We 
caught  two  fivc-ponnders  coming  down.  Had  t)ne  for 
supper,  a  treat,  being  the  first  fresh  nic-t  since  steamer 
"Mexico."  I  fired  four  times  at  ducks,  but  failed.  W'c 
sleep  on  boat  to-night,  being  too  marshy  lo  land  and 
make  good  camp. 

May  30. — Lying  around  waiting  for  the  shifting  ice 
to  move  downward.  At  noon  we  pulletl  out  and  made 
two  miles  to  Ice  camp. 

May  31. — This  was  our  best  record  day  fur  distance 
covered.  We  made  foot  of  Marsh  lake  and  about  twentv 
miles  downward  toward  Grand  canyon.  Good  wind  for 
sailing.    Made  about  thirty  miles. 

June  I. — Two  months  out  frt)m  Dyea.  This  has  been 
the  most  exciting,  at  same  time  interesting,  dav  of  our 
trip.  We  started  on  the  five  miles  remaining  of  river. 
Reached  mouth  of  canyon  alxnit  10  a.  m.  \'erv  rockv 
current  toward  the  mouth,  but  a  small  eddy,  cove,  gave 
us  reasonably  good  landirg.  We  then  went  around  to 
take  observations  of  work  to  be  done.  We  previously 
agreed  that  only  one  of  the  family  should  make  the  trip. 
and  Henry  wanted  to  go  through,  and  being  the  best 
steersman,  he  and  Kail  took  her  through.  There  is  a 
fifteen  or  twenty-mile  current,  and  some  500  feet  ver\ 
tumbling  and  rough.  They  came  through  in  fine  shape 
with  nearly  all  of  our  stuff,  our  i)ersonal  effects  and  a 
very  little  food  being  all  left  for  packing  aroimd  three- 
(juarters  of  a  mile.  After  lunch  we  started  for  head  of 
White  Horse  rapids,  two  miles  away.  .A  very  strong 
current  running.  lUunp!  We  were  on  the  rock,  but 
rode  off  with  no  damage.  Wry  dangerou>  drifting,  as 
rocks  cannot   be   seen.      1  Jump  I     AiKjther  rock.     "Ave 


'U 


!  11 


ii 


il 


30 


610 


THE  CHICAGO    RECORDS 


11 


¥' 

r 


Hill 


iii 


''^iil 


I  HI 


Maria"  stops  siuldciily  on  top  of  a  }j;rj.at  boulder,  carct-n- 
iiig  some  to  one  side.  The  currotit  being  so  strong,  she 
turned  completely  around,  but  luckily  it  is  a  great, 
smooth,  rounding  rock.  I  stepped  out  on  it,  and  we 
shoved  the  boat  off.  Xo  apparent  damage.  We  were  on 
a  few  more  rocks  and  gravel  bars,  the  same  as  all  boats 
passing  down.  Two  miles  below  canyon  is  White  Morse 
rapids,  a  dirty  piece  of  water.  We  landed  safely  half  a 
mile  above  the  rapids.  From  here  we  roped  around  for 
a  cove  a  quarter  of  a  mile.  Roping  was  done  by  men 
walking  on  shore  with  long  ropes,  and  one  or  two  men 
in  boat  poling,  keeping  boat  clear  of  rocks  and  shore. 
Here  in  this  cove  we  unloaded  most  of  the  stuff  and 
camped  for  the  night.    All  well. 

June  2. — This  morning  we  packed  most  of  our  goods 
down  below  rai)i(ls,  about  three-fourths  of  a  mile.  After 
lunch  we  doubled  up  with  another  party  to  get  both 
boats  down  tbe  rapids.  Down  all  right.  We  pulled  boat 
up  on  a  bank  of  snow  and  ice,  and  draggeil  it  over  below 
rapids,  about  300  feet.  From  there  we  again  roped  boat 
down  to  stufif,  loaded  up  and  away.  About  one  mile 
below  rapids  we  struck  shallow  water.  Stuck  on  a  gravel 
bar.  With  a  few  mint^tes'  shoving  we  were  again  afloat. 
Went  down  four  or  iive  miles  and  camped  for  night. 
Very  glad  that  'fur  goods  and  boat  went  safely  through 
experiences  of  last  two  days  without  either  loss  or  dam- 
age, either  personal  or  otherwise.  The  accidents  which 
some  parties  met  with  were  four,  so  far  as  I  know.  One 
large  scow  struck  walls  of  canyon,  smashed  in  one  end. 
She  sank  just  below  canyon  in  three  feet  of  water.  They 
had  also  two  horses  aboard.  Everything  damaged  and 
spoiled.  Another  scow  struck,  but  her  upper  part;  no 
damage  to  stuff.    The  people  in  one  large  scow  thought 


V:' . 


II 


1 
l>  I 


UOOK    FOIl   GOLD-SKEKICUS. 


511 


roods 
After 
bot\i 
boat 
jeloNV 
boat 
mile 
ravel 


Irou 


I  night. 

dam- 
I  Nvhicb 

One 
le  end. 

They 

id  and 

.   no 

lov^ght 


they  would  shoot  tlu-  rapids  rathiT  tlian  packiiij;-  around. 
Came  to  grief  by  running  on  rocks;  stove  in  some  plank  ; 
filled  and  beached.  Damaged  goods  the  result.  A  man 
and  his  wife  lost  all  by  a  boat  getting  away  from  them 
near  rapids. 

June  3. — Beautiful  morning,  but  no  wind.  We  are 
floating  down  the  Lewes  river.  To-day  we  have  made 
the  head  of  Lake  Le  Barge  and  two  miles  down  same. 

June  4. — Started  with  oars,  there  being  no  wind.  Slow 
pi  ogress,  yet  we  made  about  twenty-four  miles,  and 
camped  for  the  night.  \'ery  fine  scenery  along  this  lake, 
mostly  marble  and  limes. one. 

June  5. — Started  at  7  a.  m.  for  foot  of  lake  with  a  g(jod 
wind.  Making  good  progress.  Entered  river  at  9  a.  m. 
Piece  of  river  for  twenty-five  miles  is  very  rocky  and 
dangerous.  Kept  our  nerves  strung  the  entire  day.  After 
day  of  dodging  rocks,  drifting  at  rate  of  seven  miles 
an  hour,  we  were  glad  to  camp  about  four  miles  below 
Hootalinqua  river.  Most  dangerous  waters  are  now 
passed.  Millions  of  mosciuitocs,  and  they  are  very  hun- 
gry.    We  made  nearly  forty  miles  to-day;   all  well. 

June  6. — Broke  camp  and  started  with  a  good  three 
or  four-mile  current.  We  are  now  well  on  the  way  into 
the  promised  land.  Made  about  twenty-one  miles  to 
Cassiar  bar.  There  we  decided  to  stay  rest  of  day.  It 
has  been  said  that  gold  has  been  worked  out  here.  We 
tried  for  it  some  time.  Each  of  us  found  particles  of 
gold,  but  so  small  we  could  not  save  it. 

June  7. — Left  Cassiar  bar  5:30.  floating  with  a  good 
current.  The  country  along  this  river  is  low  and  swampy. 
Mosquitoes  are  now  the  terror  of  our  lives.  A  man 
came  to  our  camp  last  evening  after  we  were  to  bed: 
asked  if  we  had  seen  any  part  of  outfitting  stufTf  comini: 


mHi 


^ 


&12 


THE    CHICAGO    llECOllirS 


down.  Ik"  had  drifted  sideways  oti  a  rock  atid  smashc-d. 
Lost  everything',  save  one  sack  of  (lonr  and  one  of  j;ro- 
ceries.  Hard  hick.  This  happened  near  llootahiuina 
river.  We  made  some  miscalcnl.-i'.ions  i:i  regard  to  dis- 
tance traveled  tlie  day  we  went  throngh  bare  piece  of 
river  from  Lc  IJarge.  Think  we  mack'  ahont  seventy 
miles  that  day  and  passed  llootalin(|na  withont  seeing 
it.  To-day  we  passed  Little  Salmon  river  and  went 
through  h'ive  I'inger  rapiils  and  Rink  rapids.  With  diffi- 
culty we  made  landing  and  camped  at  1 1  p.  m.,  with  eigh- 
ty-five miles  to  our  credit  for  the  day.  We  will  have  no 
more  had  waters;  smooth,  swift  sailing.  .Mos(|uitoes  fairly 
suffocating  us-  make  camp  and  eating  miserable.  Weath- 
er is  g^etting  warm.  An  old  gentleman  on  steamer  "Mex- 
ico" s'aI:  "A  man  will  earn  every  dollar  he  gets  in  the 
Yukon  "  I  believe  him.  All  well,  and  looki.g  ahead 
to  more  comfortable  circumstances,  though  there  will  be 
no  tiisappointment  if  we  come  back  with  nothing  more 
than  health  and  expenses  clear. 

June  8. — L'p  ami  away  from  the  swarms  of  moscjuitoes. 
A  number  stayed  with  the  boat.  I  cooked  breakfast  on 
board.  Going  down  a  good  six-mile  current.  We  have 
made  a  forty-tive-mile  run  to-day  to  l*elly  river  and  old 
Fort  Selkirk.  Here  are  cpiite  a  nund)er  of  log^  houses  and 
a  trading  post.  The  Pelly  and  Lewes  rivers  from  the  Yu- 
kon at  this  i)oint,  so  we  are  now  on  the  Upper  Yukon. 

June  9. — This  has  been  our  baimer  day  for  covering 
distance.  We  have  made  from  Pelly  river  to  five  miles 
below  White  river.  101  miles.  We  are  nearing  our  des- 
tination.   All  well. 

June  10. — Started  at  6:45  a.  m.  Passed  Stewart  river 
in  an  hour;  reached  Sixty-Mile  jKJSt  at  12:30.  We  are 
not  making  as  good  time  to-day.     We  have  head  winds. 


II: 


«S9 


BOOK     r-OR    (;OIJ)-.SRRKRRS, 


A'   Dawson  City  wc  u 
Kail 


ms 


ill 


I  /    t  L-  /  •       1 . .  I . :  1         I   r  ' 


Jiinc  II.— An  inMn,.nc,. i     /    ' 


'■■">«  t"  s,ar,  „„  K,  :„        '  ■'"■  '" "-'  ""  »""^-  1- 


pat 


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r,i4 


THE    CIIICACO    RECOHD'S 


CIIAITRR  XXXVT. 

PREPARING  FOR  THE  SPRING  RUSH. 

UXDRJCDS  ()!•'  MI':X  were  just  too  late 
this  year  to  secure  ])assaj4e  on  tlr-  la^t 
boats  to  leave  the  Pacific  seip---:  .  ^ 
Dyea  or  St.  Michael.  These  luci.  )i,i-. c 
(Icclarcd  they  will  he  ou  the  ground 
hrij^^lit  and  early  ne.xt  sprinj^  jjrc])ared 
to  rush  to  the  ,Qol(l  dif^j^ings.  I'ack  of 
these  men  are  thousands  of  others  in  this  country,  w'lo, 
for  one  reason  or  another,  were  unahle  even  to  lay  out  a 
feasible  plan  for  ffoinj^f  to  t'le  Klondike  district  this  year. 
They  too  have  their  e\es  fixed  on  the  sprinj:^  days  of  i.S()8. 
I'.very  indication  points  to  a  tremendous  innnij^ration  to 
the  L'pper  ^'ukon  basin  next  year.  The  first  boat  that 
will  carry  J4()ld-seekers  to  .St.  Michael,  there  to  be  trans- 
ferred to  the  ^'ukon  river  craft.  \.ill  --ail  from  the  Pacific 
coast  ports  somewhere  alxjut  June  i.  i<S(;8.  l')oats  will 
be  leavinpf  for  Juneau  and  Dyea,  W'ran^^el  and  other 
points,  where  an  overland  journey  to  the  fj^'old  dij.,''gm^s 
may  bejj^in,  all  winter  long",  but  every  effort  will  be  made 
by  .government  officials  and  influential  men  to  hold  i)ack 
the  tide  of  innnigration  until  spring"  opens  g^ood  and 
stronjif.  It  is  said  that  a  man  may  begm  a  trip  over  tlu 
"P.ack-Door"  route  by  .March  i,  but  this  statement  is 
modified  by  the  assertion  that  a  man  wordd  be  several 
kinds  of  a  fool  to  start  then. 

If  all  the  plans  that  are  on  paper  and  in  the  mind;, 
of  energetic  men  are  carried  out,  a  gold-seeker  will  h.ave 
a  comparatively  easy  task  in  reaching  the  L'pper  Yukon 


I 


rl. 

o  late 

.  ha'. I 

rround 

cpart'd 

•,ack  of 

y,  who, 

y  out  a 

is  year. 

»)f  iH«)H- 

ition  to 
at  that 
trans- 
racitu- 
ats  will 
I  oUuT 
iotvm^s 
)(.'  nia(\^' 
(1(1  hack 
)()d   and 
wcr  th 
nicnt   is 
■  several 

10  mind;, 
hvill  have 
ir  Yukon 


^1 


mpw 


I' 


BOOK    FOR   GOLD-SEEKERS. 


..      .       .  517 

district  in  a  vear  or  >.,.      i>   -i 

river  hoat  .i„e,,,   ZZ-X^'Z^'lr"'"  '"'''■ 
projected  to  cover  |>rettv  tnri!.  '   '"-'-  ''''   ''"'"B 

i"  any  way  practicil      H  "c  ^e        '  'T  """  ''»'« 

S"'"----'-^^rt;e°t.::;::r;:r 

"■"begin  on  the  cons.n.c.ion   lex. '  •  a^  ZT'  ""' 

'^^X  itt  J,l  ■:■:-  r  ''■'-■-pn  ■'  ir,  • 
!iKtie"KL;!;i.  ^f "  ''^"-  - ' "-' "": 

say  reganlin/tr:;::;:;::.  """"  '"''  ™"-^-'-  "-  "■■•^  'o 

pa^';:,/";;™!"!.'' ■:' '-  "^"■^°"  ^">-  -» "^ « 

Vukon  river  above'c  „  '  :cr"T,:  '"'"'  ""  "'^' 
much  different  from  th-./  "  '"^   '''"^^^   ^^■'"   be 

Lakes  Tagis":rA;i/:::,";,;r„'-''^.'^-^^^^^^ 

avo  dine  the  Whitn  u  ■  ^^ootalinqua  river, 

.Mi.es  cf„y::;;:,;::Xr:,r,r"^'  "^'"^-^  -' 

miles  have  to  be  made  and  M    re  nan-  "'" , '"  "'"" 

wrecked.  ""•'  a  nnner  has  been 

out',  ™Lr,:,  si:':;:' MvT,:'-  -^-^  r-^'-^^- »-' '-" 

to  the  npper  arn,  m  d  T,:;:;"  '  T  """  "■'"•^'  '"" 
lake  steamers  is  ,„  be  .nadc  '^  .\„',:::;/:,'^"-f"  '" 
across  tlie  head  of  T  -.l- .  t     •  ,  st<^anKr  the  route    s 

"Her  to  Lak^AM  -•'  „tft::'^:r'T'' .■''''^"■-•^'■■'^ 

extrcntity  is  abot.t  thir  v  i.t  ,t  '. h'  ""/T"'"" 
resumed  for  a  <iis,ance  of  thit^  .-one  m  ,e  "'  '','"-"  \' 
"■aters  of  Hootalinqiia  river.     '  '  '""^- 


•  li.  ^i 


1 

1 

i'l 

f 

ji 

d  !■ 

! 

mi 

i 

5^    h" 


518 


THE   CHICAGO    KKCOIIUS 


-*■ 


M'-^*   i- 


[# 


r 


■•Discnibarkin};-  at  1  luntaliiKiiia  river,  passengers  and 
freight  will  be  transferred  to  river  steamers  \o  be  oi)er- 
ated  by  tlie  cunipany  from  iJawson  and  iM^rty  Mile  up 
the  Yukon  and  Hootaliiuiua  rivers. 

"This  route  is  perhaps  75  or  100  miles  longer  than 
that  at  present  followed  by  ingoing  miners  and  gold 
hunters.  The  trail  over  White  ])ass  was  made  as  a  prc- 
liminar\-  to  the  siuvey  for  the  new  railroad. 

"In  building  the  road,  the  eompany  expects  to  see 
the  whole  of  the  L'i)per  Yukon  basin  developed  during 
the  next  few  years.  Its  promoters  believe  that  the  coun- 
try will  prtxluce  a  large  amount  of  gold  in  the  next  half 
century,  and  that  the  discoveries  of  rich  placers  will  ex- 
tend to  other  streams  forming  the  upper  end  of  the 
Yukon  basin.  In  the  territory  now  unexplored,  in 
which  the  Klondike  has  its  source,  there  are  great  ledges 
of  (j'-artz,  and  smaller  streams  rising  in  the  same  terri- 
tory form  the  head  waters  of  other  streams  emptying 
into  the  ^'ld<on  above  the  Klondike,  and  therefore  are 
likely  to  be  as  productive  of  rich  placers  as  is  the  new- 
region." 

it  is  reported  on  what  seems  to  be  good  authority  that 
the  ofificials  of  the  Canadian  department  of  the  interior 
are  considering  the  advisability  of  opening  a  wagon  road 
from  Edmonton  to  Dawson  City.  It  is  said  that  the  dis- 
tance is  between  800  and  900  miles,  and  that  the  route 
to  be  traveled  is  through  an  auriferous  country.  Those 
who  favor  the  scheme  say  that  the  opening  of  such  a 
route  would  greatly  reduce  the  cost  of  reaching  the  gold 
fields,  remove  a  large  element  of  danger,  open  a  way  of 
conununication  which  could  be  used  all  winter,  and  thus 
enable  prospectors  and  investors  to  reach  or  leave  the 
gold  country  at  any  time  of  year.  It  is  reported  frona 
Ottawa,  Canada,  that  before  a  second  winter  settles  over 


HOOK    FOR    (IOLD-SEKKRHR. 


511) 


iIk'  Alaska  j^^old  fulds  a  uaoon  roa.l  will  he  establislicd. 
ll  also  is  rei)()rtc'(I  that  tlu-  Caiiadiaii  Pacific  will  ex- 
tend the  spur  line  which  runs  hctwccn  ("al^arv  and  Ed- 
monton to  the  Athabasca  river,  a  distance  of  some  forty 
miles,  thus  doing  away  with  the  land  ])ortage  between 
Kdinonton  and  1-^ort  McMurray. 

Another  route  which  it  is  said  the  Canadian  govern- 
ment is  planning  to  improve  starts  from  the  upper  end 
of  Stewart   lake,  about  500  miles  above   Ashcroft,   the 
r.ritish  Columl)ia  mining  town.      Imm-    ifx)  miles  above 
Ashcroft  there  is  an  excellent  wagon  njad.  which  brings 
the  traveler  to  the  Upper  I-Vazer  river  and  which  is  navi- 
gable for  350  miles  for  light  steamer...    ( )u  the  river  route 
there  are  said  to  be  one  or  two  bad  i)laces.  which  the  Do- 
minion  government   proposes    to   fix    inunediatelv     for 
steamer  travel.     Even   above   Stewart   lake  a   series   of 
waterways  are  found  which  can  easily  be  convertctl  into 
a  steamer  route,     l-reight  can  now    be  taken  as  far  as 
the  lake  for  6  cents  a  pound.    i->om  the  lake  to  Fort  Con- 
nelly the  water  route  would  be  through  Satcher  river, 
Cross  lake,  Xorth  Tatiah  lake  and  Driftwood  river. 

A  miner  well  provided  with  pack-horses  need  not,  so 
those  who  have  been  over  the  trail  say.  bother  with  the 
rivers  and  lakes,  as  the  entire  distance  to  the  fort  can  be 
traveled  with  ease  by  pack-train.  The  beauty  of  this 
route,  it  is  claimed,  is  that  no  food  need  be  carried  for 
the  horses,  as  there  is  an  abundance  of  grass  the  entire 
distance. 

I'Vom  I'ort  Coimelly  the  route  would  be  to  Telegraph 
creek  over  a  prairie  country  with  plenty  of  ^lass.  Al- 
though at  present  there  are  no  trails,  it  is  said  none  are 
needed,  as  there  is  little  danger  of  going  far  astray.  From 
Telegraph  creek  to  the  Klondike  country  travel  is  easy. 
J.  M.  O.  Lewis,  a  civil  engineer  of  Salem,   Oregon, 


i .'  '■  > 


it  '} 


m 


■i 


m 


i  4  C  V    i 


■JM: 


■  f'     i' 


if'-' 


'ii 


ri2o 


THE   CHICAGO    RECOKD'S 


sa)  s  lie  can  (jpcii  up,  at  a  small  expense,  a  route  from  the 
south  of  the  Copper  river  by  which  the  Klondike  may  be 
reached  by  a  journey  of  not  more  than  300  miles  from 
the  coast.  The  route  which  he  proposes  will  start  inland 
from  the  mouth  of  the  Copper  river,  near  the  Twenty- 
mile  glacier,  about  twenty-five  miles  east  of  the  entrance 
to  Prince  William  sound.  He  says  the  Copper  river  is 
navigable  for  small  steamers  for  many  miles  beyond  the 
mouth  of  its  principal  eastern  tributary,  which  is  itself 
navigable  for  a  considerable  distance. 

From  the  head  of  navigation,  Mr.  Lewis  says,  either  a 
highway  or  a  railroad  could  be  constructed  without  great 
difficulty  or  very  heavy  grades,  through  what  the  natives 
call  "Low  pass,"  probably  the  Scoloi  pass.  From  this 
pass  the  road  would  follow  the  valley  of  the  White  river 
to  the  point  where  it  empties  into  the  Yukon  on  the  edge 
of  the  Klondike  fields. 

Another  project  contemplates  the  building  of  a  nar- 
row gauge  railroad  from  Skagaway  bay  over  the  White 
pass,  62  miles,  to  the  head  waters  of  the  Yukon.  Here 
it  is  proposed  to  put  on  steamboats  drawing  only  eight 
inches  of  water  when  light  and  twenty  inches  when 
loaded,  to  steam  down  the  Yukon  to  Miles  canyon;  a 
line  of  larger  boats  to  be  run  from  Miles  canyon  to  the 
mouth  of  the  Yukon,  thus  making  a  competitive  route  by 
way  of  St.  Michael. 

Canadians  want  to  build  a  railroad  from  Missanabie 
on  the  Canadian  Pacific  railroad,  675  miles  west  of  Mon- 
treal, north  to  Moose  I'actory,  250  miles.  There  it  is 
proposed  to  put  a  boat  on  Moose  river  to  cross  Hudson 
bay  to  Chesterfield  inlet,  a  distance  of  about  1,300  miles; 
to  sail  into  Chesterfield  inlet  200  miles;  there  to  bulla 
a  railroad  to  Great  Slave  lake  200  miles,  and  there  to 
take  boats  down  the  Mackenzie  river  to  the  Arctic  ocean ; 


'^ 


BOOK    FOR    GOLD-SKEKERS. 


521 


bmld  a  railroad  50  miles  (ir  so  to  I'orcupiiu-  rivor.  and 
then  take  boats  down  the  Porcupine  river  to  the  Yukon. 
This  would  require  the  building  of  500  or  more  miles  of 
railroad. 

The  Canadian  government  is  obtainin<:»'  estimates  of 
the  cost  of  buildinj^  a  wagon  road,  or  a  narrow  gauge 
railroad,  from  the  head  of  Lynn  canal,  over  the  moun- 
tains 80  miles,  to  the  head  waters  of  the  Yukon. 

A  railroad,  which  according  to  the  opinion  of  men 
who  arc  familiar  with  the  country,  not  only  is  greatlv 
needed  but  is  eminently  feasible,  is  under  consideration 
by  the  British  Columbia  Development  company.  This 
company  proposes  to  build  a  saw-mill  at  the  headwaters 
of  the  Yukon,  construct  boats  for  sale  to  miners,  and 
build  a  narrow  gauge  railroad.  36  miles  long,  around 
the  various  rapids  which  are  tlangerous  to  navigation. 

Another  railroad  project  contemplates  the  construc- 
tion of  a  line.  150  miles  long  or  so.  from  Telegraph 
creek  to  Lake  Teslin  on  what  is  known  as  the  Stikcen 
river  route.  According  to  the  i)romoters  of  this  enter- 
prise the  road  will  start  from  Cilenora  on  Telegraph 
creek,  126  miles  from  the  mouth  of  the  Stikcen  river, 
and  follow  a  newly  discovered  path  to  Lake  Teslin.  From 
Lake  Teslin  to  Dawson  City  it  is  proposed  to  put  on 
river  boats,  but  no  provision  seems  to  have  been  made 
to  get  around  the  I'ive  Finger  rapids.  The  promoters 
of  this  enterprise  say  that  the  Canadian  government  will 
appropriate  a  sum  of  money  to  blow  out  the  dangerous 
rocks  at  this  point. 

The  number  of  ocean  and  river  trans])ortation  com- 
panies that  have  been  formed  and  syndicated  run  up 
into  the  hundreds.  In  all  probabilities  there  will  be  sev- 
eral steamboat  lines  plying  the  waters  of  the  Yukon 
from  St.  Michael  to  the  gold  diggings.    This  will  offer 


rrr 


|.,V 


THE    CllK  A(J()    IlKCORD'ri 


N:    . 


I(J=M 


'^f 


(.•oiiipctititMi  to  the  Alaska  ( 'onimt'icial  conipaii}'  aiul  the 
Xorih  American  Transportatiun  ami  Trading  comiiany, 
whidi  havi",  hcrctofon.',  \irtually  held  a  monopoly  on 
Yukon  river  hnsiness.  I'oth  of  these  established  com- 
panies intend  increasing-  tlieir  river  fleets.  Orders  al- 
ready liave  been  _i;iven  for  material  to  be  taken  to  St. 
Michael,  where  river  boats  will  be  built.  Kach  of  these 
established  companies  has  placed  orders  with  large  ship- 
yards for  new  ocean  vessels  to  run  between  the  Pacific 
seaports  and  juneaii,  W'rangel,  Dyea  and  St.  .Michael. 

During  t!ie  rush  this  sunmier  all  sort  of  craft  was 
l>ressc(l  into  service  to  carry  gold-seekers  to  the  gateways 
for  ihe  overland  routes  and  to  St.  .Michael.  Some  of  the 
boats  used  were  old.  and  it  is  alleged  a  fow  of  them  had 
been  condenmed  previously  by  the  federal  inspectors. 
As  a  big  rush  is  expected  next  spring,  capitalists  are 
bending  every  effort  to  prepare  for  it.  This  means  that 
a  large  number  of  vessels  will  be  ])ut  into  commission 
in  time  to  handle  the  early  rush. 

A  chain  of  banks  is  to  be  established  in  the  Alaska 
country  and  the  various  trading  posts  of  one  of  the  trans- 
portation and  trading  com])anies  which  has  been  estab- 
lished in  that  country  for  several  years.  It  is  the  design 
of  the  company  to  receive  deposits  of  gold  dust,  issue 
drafts  and,  in  short,  carry  on  all  the  business  of  a  bank. 

I'efore  coming  to  a  definite  conclusion  regarding  a 
tri])  to  the  Klondike  the  i)ros])ective  gold-seeker  would 
better  drop  in  and  see  his  life  insurance  agent. 

The  general  manager  of  one  of  the  largest  New  York 
life  insurance  companies  is  (juoted  as  saying:  "We  de- 
cline, for  the  present,  to  take  any  risks  upon  the  lives  of 
persons  who  are  going  to  the  Yukon  mining  district 
because  the  severity  of  the  climate  and  the  privations 
to  which  they  are  likely  to  be  subjected  seriously  en- 


i 

i 


HOOK    Ff)H    fiOLD-SKKKKUS. 


523 


danger  human  lifi-.  Civilizatioii  i>  in  sucli  a  backward 
stall-  there  that  the  risk  would  he  too  j^Meat.  There 
would  he  no  inaj^Mstrates  before  whom  claims  could  be 
adjusted,  and  if  there  were,  the  cost  of  adjustment  would 
far  exceed  the  amount  of  many  years"  premiums  on  ac- 
count of  the  expensive  and  inferior  facilities  for  travel. 
After  a  while,  if  the  country  has  a  sut'ticient  s\stem  of 
local  p^overnment.  railroads,  and  other  methods  of  rej^ni- 
lar  transportation,  and  men  can  be  provided  with  ample 
food,  medical  assistance,  etc.,  we  will  probal)lv  do  some 
business  there." 

Regarding  the  issuance  of  accident  policies,  the  gen- 
eral manager  of  one  of  the  large  casualty  insurance  com- 
panies said:  "We  decline  to  write  any  new  policies  to 
men  who  intend  to  go  to  the  \'ukon  mining  region  or  to 
grant  permits  for  any  of  our  policy-holders  to  go  there. 
The  hazard  was  not  contemplated  in  our  original  poli- 
cies. All  accident  insurance  policies  exclude  accidents 
happening  to  the  assured  i)ersons  while  they  are  in  "wild 
or  uncivilized  countries,'  and  we  classify  the  Yukon  min- 
ing district  of  Alaska  under  that  clause.  Policy-holders 
are  insured  against  injuries  sustained  oidv  on  regular 
lines  of  travel.  Alaska  is  practically  an  unsettled  coun- 
try, and  we  have  no  sufficient  insurance  statistics  to  jus- 
tify us  in  writing  accident  insurance  i)olicies,  b'uture 
conditions  may  justify  us.  but  it  see!^-  \n  be  improbable 
that  either  the  life  or  accident  insm  •.  .  i)usiness  will  be 
very  large  in  an  arctic  region  like  Alaska.  There  may  be, 
perhaps,  5,000  or  10,000  persons  who  will  start  for  the 
Yukon  mining  district  this  year.  I  low  many  will  reach 
there  or  how  many  will  return  or  survive  or  bi'  exi-mpt 
from  accidental  injuries  we  caimot  tell.  Theri'fore,  no 
well-managed  insurance  company  can  afford,  in  justice 
to  its  policy-holders,  to  take  such  chances,  for  it   might 


m 

I;  I!f| 

'  'My 
■Ijil 

m 


524 


THE    CHICAGO    UECOUDS 


l)c  that  nine  out  (jf  ten  of  ilie  adventurers  would  succunil) 
to  the  rigors  of  the  climate,  to  acciilent.  or  disease." 

Some  comi)anies  have  aiuiouneed  that  they  will  ti\ 
an  extra  rate  of  insurance  for  Klondikers  When  I'roi. 
Chamberlin  tuade  his  arctic  trip  he  secured  life  insurance 
bv  payiu}^  an  extra  $5  to  a  $1,000  risk,  and  this  rate  may 
he  imposed  on  jj^oUl-seekers  by  insurance  conipanies. 
Some  policies  fix  restrictions  rej^ardinj:?  travel  and  occu- 
l)ation,  and  such  piMicies,  doubtless,  will  be  forfeited  if 
the  holders  take  a  trij)  to  the  no/th  land  j^old  district. 
Owinj^  to  the  widesjjread  attempt  that  was  made  on  the 
part  of  gold-seekers  to  i)rotect  their  faiuilies  by  life  in- 
surance, many  companies  have  given  notice  that  all  '  ""- 
cies  taken  out  by  persons  who  soon  after  leave  fo 
Klondike  or  Alaska  gold  fields,  will  be  canceled  on  mc 
ground  of  attempted  fraud. 

At  least  100  co-operative  associations  have  been 
forni'itl  in  various  parts  of  the  I'nited  States,  most  of 
them  having  the  magic  word  "Klondike"  in  the  name. 
These  associations  are  built  on  lines  similar  to  those  fol- 
lowed by  bodies  of  men  and  women  who  began,  in  i8<)2, 
to  get  ready  to  go  to  the  World's  Fair  in  Chicago  in 
1893.  In  forming  one  of  these  co-operative  organiza- 
tions, the  members  elect  their  officers,  board  of  directors, 
and  the  all-important  treasurer.  Each  week  or  each 
month  each  member  pays  into  the  treasury  a  certain 
amount  of  money,  thus  making  a  common  fund,  which  is 
to  be  used  next  spring,  either  to  send  a  few  men  to  locate 
and  work  claims  for  all,  or  to  take  all  to  the  Klondike. 
One  of  the  most  ambitious  of  these  co-operative  associa- 
tions is  a  Brooklyn  project.  I'ollowing  is  the  plan  as 
outlined  by  the  man  who  started  the  enterprise: 

"When  the  gold  talk  was  first  published  in  the  pai)ers 
T  concei''ed  of  the  idea  of  establishing  a  colony  in  the 


fix 


BOOK  FOR  cjold-sp:kkkks.  r.25 

Klondike  rt'jri.Mis      I  spoke  to  a  initnlKT  of  inv  friends 
and   ac(|uaintances   in   the   neii,dil)orIu)o(l,   anuMi^r  them 
being  several   people  connected  with   the   I'.eecher  Me- 
morial church,  whicli  I  attend.    TLc  idea  seemed  to  take 
right  away  and  I  got  several  persons  to  agree  to  enter 
the  scheme  and  agitate  it  among  their  friends.    As  a  re- 
sult, we  have  about  thirty  or  forty  people  who  are  willing 
to  go.     They  are  nearly  all  men.  although  some  of  the 
men  who  are  married  intend  to  take  their  wives  along. 
My  wife  will  accompany  me.    As  far  as  we  can  figure  at 
the  present  time  it  will  cost  each  man  about  $i.ooo,  which 
will  be  used  in  buying  outfits  and  provisions.     We  also 
propose  to  take  along  portable  houses  that  we  can  erect 
as  soon  as  we  arrive  at  our  destination.     It  has  not  been 
decided  whether  we  will  go  by  way  of  San   Francisco 
or  by  the  all  water  route  around  Cape  Horn.     If  we  de- 
cide on  the  latter  way  we  will  charter  a  boat  in  Xew  York 
for  the  colonists.    This  we  will  stock  with  provisions  for 
a  year's  supply.     We  will  also  take  along  horses  and 
mules  and  guns  and  ammunition  and  evervthing  that  is 
likely  to  be  needed. 

"Where  we  will  locate  is  not  altogether  decided  upon. 
But  we  think  on  the  United  States  side  of  the  border 
line  at  a  mountain  which  is  said  to  be  the  fountain  head 
of  the  gold  field.  We  know  just  about  the  longitude  and 
latitude  and  we  are  waiting  to  hear  from  Washington  as 
to  certain  particulars  in  regard  to  the  same.  The  agree- 
ment so  far  as  entered  upon  in  reference  to  claims  is 
that  each  member  of  the  party  will  be  given  500  feet, 
which  will  be  worked  by  the  individual,  who  will  reap 
all  the  good  luck  in  gold  nuggets  that  may  be  his  lot  to 
find.  We  intend  to  lay  out  part  of  the  claims  for  street, 
residence  and  business  purposes.  In  connection  with 
the  latter  we  will  establish  a  general  store,  where  goods 


i* 


! 

i  I, 


526 


THE   CHICAGO    RECORD'S 


■i  '^! 


will  be  sohl  to  the  colonists  at  New  York  prices,  with 
the  freight  acUiid,  but  to  all  others  that  will  apply  for  sup- 
plies we  will  charge  Klondike  prices.  A  church  and  a 
news):apcr  ari;  also  some  of  the  things  Cwunected  with 
civilized  life  that  will  be  features  of  the  settlement. 

"In  getting  together  a  party  of  colonists  we  have  l)een 
careful  to  enlist  only  those  of  good  moral  character,  who, 
if  possible,  have  a  church  staiuling,  althougl:  tl'/.'  latter 
is  not  a  necessary  recjuirement.  In  the  establishment  of 
a  (hurcli  denominational  lines  will  be  obliterated,  and  it 
will  be  known  as  a  peoi)le"s  church.  If  we  cannot  get  a 
minister  tC)  come  along  with  us  one  of  the  party  will  con- 
duct the  services.  There  is  no  doubt  that  we  could  get 
a  large  number  of  people  to  go  along,  but  we  do  not  want 
everybody,  and  the  character  of  the  applicant  will  be  well 
weighed  before  he  will  be  accepted.  It  is  our  intention 
to  advance  Christianity  as  well  as  civilization,  and,  of 
course,  at  the  same  time  to  make  money.  So  we  will  be 
I)articular  about  the  personnel  of  our  party. 

"We  feel  very  confident  that  our  colony  will  increase 
very  rapidly  after  we  arc  once  settled,  for  it  will  be  a 
great  inducement  for  people,  jiarticularly  of  I'rooklyn,  to 
go  to  the  gold  fields  when  they  know  that  there  is  a 
colony  there  of  peo|)le  who  will  welcome  them,  and  they 
will  not  be  among  strangers.  Telegraph,  telephone  and 
postoflfice  acconunodations  will  soon  follow,  and  we  feel 
that  it  will  not  be  long  before  we  have  direct  communica- 
tion between  Ilrooklyn  City,  Alaska,  and  our  own  C"ity  of 
Brooklyn. 

"Several  persons  desired  to  have  the  settlement  called 
(ireater  New  York,  bnt  it  was  decided  that  15rooklyn 
City  would  more  i-losely  coniu'ct  us  with  our  home  citv. 
As   understood    at    present    the   new    settlement    will    l)e 


oasi.' 

)e  a 

,  to 

IS  a 

tlicy 

and 

fi'H 

iiica- 

ty  of 

lUod 
<lyn 
i-ilv. 

1)C 


X. 


\W' 


i       ! 


'*) 


If 


n  ■'■ 


fi.  ' 


!!■.- 

■I'    Is 

1      I 

if  ■■' . 

M 

m  i 

BOOK    FOR   GOT.D-SEEKERS. 


529 


governed  by  a  board  of  officers  as  follows:  President, 
vice-president,  secretary  and  directors." 

Reports  have  come  down  from  the  Klondike  coiintrv 
that  already  the  nimble  witted  sharpers  who,  passing  as 
"old  miners,"  lay  in  wait  for  "tenderfeet,"  are  "salting" 
mines.  One  of  the  simplest  ways  of  salting  such  a  mine 
originated  in  Colorado  and  has  been  worked  several 
times  with  marked  success.  The  "old  miner"  has  two 
claims,  one  a  half  day's  journey  in  the  wilderness  and  the 
other  near  the  main  group.  The  latter,  he  frankly  s  as, 
is  the  richer  of  the  two  and  demands  his  full  time.  He 
will  sell  the  distant  one  very  cheaply  after  its  value  has 
been  determined  by  a  practical  test.  He  offers  to  go 
out  with  the  stranger  and  spend  a  day  on  the  claim, 
panning  the  sand,  the  proceeds  of  the  day's  labor  to  be 
equally  divided. 

This  is  a  fair  proposition,  and  if  the  stranger  is  fair 
game  he  goes.  Long  '  fore  daylight  the  comrades  start, 
and  reach  the  claim  in  !■'  '<^  to  put  in  a  fair  day's  worl';. 
The  claim  pans  only  moderatelv  nell.  and  at  the  end  of 
the  day  they  have  about  five  ounces  of  gold  dust,  worth 
about  $90.  They  go  back  to  town,  the  stranger  and  the 
old  miner  divide  the  proceeds,  and  the  newcomer  i'ume- 
diately  sees  visions  of  millions.  He  figurt-  that  he  can 
take  v$  ,0  or  $50  a  day  out  of  the  mine  with<'  t  an>  outside 
help.  The  old  mir.er  says  he  will  take  $i,oai  si)ot  cash 
for  the  claim,  and  he  usually  gets  it. 

Bright  and  early  the  next  morning  the  i'  owner 
is  back  on  the  claim  patming  the  sand  like  .1  steam  en- 
gine. Everything  runs  si)letidi(lly  for  the  first  few  hours, 
and  then  the  dirt  grows  rapidly  poorer,  and  usually  be- 
fore nightfall  the  amount  of  dust  found  becomes  infinites- 
imal. The  next  day  is  worse  than  the  preceding  after- 
noon.   The  bottom  of  the  gold  end  of  the  mine  seems  to 

31 


530 


THE   CHICAGO   RECORD'S 


»  r 


m  - 


'■  ■     ■        ;i  •'■ 


,'        4'       i 


N'^ 


have  dropped  out,  but  the  innocent  keeps  on  working 
pluckily,  and  at  the  end  of  a  week  has  about  three  ounces 
to  show,  two  of  them  being  the  fruits  of  his  first  day's 
labor.  If  he  is  wise  he  goes  back  to  town  in  search  of 
information  and  to  talk  over  the  erratic  showing  of  his 
mine.  Then  the  first  honest  man  of  experience  that  he 
strikes  will  laugh  and  shout  the  melancholy  word,  "salt- 
ed." 

How  did  the  "old  miner"  salt  the  mine?  Easily 
enough.  The  common  method  is  to  take  a  shotgun,  put 
in  a  moderate  charge  of  powder  and  a  quarter  of  an 
ounce  of  gold  dust  on  top.  ''"hen  the  sharper  fires  the 
gun  into  the  dirt,  the  gold  dust  scattering  widely.  Re- 
peating this  a  dozen  or  eighteen  times,  the  "old  miner's" 
mine  is  ready  for  the  innocent.  The  "old  miner"  can  tell 
just  where  he  fired  the  gold  dust,  and  the  first  day's 
work  is  sure  to  lead  to  the  recovery  of  most  of  the  salt- 
ing. 

This  is  one  way  the  mining  confidence  man  works,  out 
there  are  others.  In.  one  of  the  northern  states  of  Mex- 
ico an  English  syndicate  narrowly  escaped  paying  $800,- 
000  for  a  mine  that  wasn't  worth  $80.  The  money  was 
sent  over  and  deposited  in  a  San  Francisco  bank  and 
the  payment  was  about  to  be  made  when  a  halt  was  called 
by  an  American  mineralogist.  The  Englishmen  had  first 
sent  over  an  expert,  who  made  a  most  careful  investiga- 
tion. He  spent  two  months  on  the  work,  and  his  find- 
ings full  demonstrated  the  truth  of  the  seller's  statements. 

Without  notifying  the  first  expert,  a  second  expert 
was  sent  over,  and  he  spent  some  six  months  in  the  work. 
First  he  visited  several  large  American  mines,  and  then 
he  made  a  close  study  of  the  Mexican  people,  with  the 
result  that  he  determined  to  trust  none  of  them.  He  de- 
cided to  get  the  ore  himself,  breaking  it  ofif  with  a  pick 


»-        '  s Kill  344    '; 

ii.uii:! 

'"    tei:;! 


BOOK    FOR   GOLD-SEEKERS. 


531 


"salt- 


-ks,  DUt 
){  Mex- 
$800,- 
was 
ik  and 
|s  called 
iad  first 
^estiga- 
|is  find- 
inients. 
expert 
work, 
id  then 
Jith  the 
iHe  de- 
pick 


and  sealing  it  up  in  glass  bottles,  so  that  if  they  were 
tampered  with  he  would  know  of  it  by  the  breaking  of 
the  seals.  He  hired  an  old,  white-haired  man,  decrepit 
and  feeble  and  blind  in  one  eye,  to  hold  the  box  while 
he  chipped  off  the  ore  with  the  pick.  No  one  else  was 
allowed  in  the  mine.  The  bottles  holding  the  ore  were 
carefully  shipped  under  his  supervision  to  San  Fran- 
cisco, where  they  were  tested,  and  when  his  report  was 
sent  to  London  and  compared  with  the  other  it  was 
found  that  it  confirmed  the  finding  of  the  first  expert. 
Upon  this  the  money  was  sent,  with  instructions  to  pay 
the  $800,000,  on  the  final  condition  that  a  well  known 
American  mineralogist  confirmed  the  findings  of  the  two 
English  experts. 

The  American  took  300  samples,  and  of  these  157 
showed  no  gold,  seventy  odd  less  than  $2  a  ton,  and  the 
remainder  from  $2  to  $4  a  ton.  The  findings  of  the  En- 
glish experts  showed  an  average  of  $18  to  $25  a  ton. 
Upon  this  payment  of  the  $800,000  was  at  once  stopped, 
and  the  representative  of  the  syndicate  decided  to  make 
a  mill  test  of  sixty  days,  placing  one  of  their  number  in 
charge. 

The  new  manager  had  every  ounce  of  ore  locked  up 
in  a  room  and  each  'ot  he  had  assayed,  in  addition  to 
putting  it  through  tue  mill.  The  assay  confirmed  the 
American's  report,  but  the  mill  returns  showed  enough 
gold  to  warrant  the  English  experts'  reports.  He  knew 
that  it  was  an  impossibility  for  the  mill  to  produce  more 
gold  than  the  ore  contained,  but  to  explain  the  impossi- 
bility was  a  problem. 

After  two  weeks  of  wrestling  with  the  enigma,  the 
manager  was  sitting  one  evening  a  few  yards  from  the 
mill,  when  he  happened  to  look  at  the  roof  and  saw  an 
opening  which  aroused  his  suspicion.     He  and  a  couple 


532 


THE   CHICAGO    RECORD'S 


of  trusted  men  at  once  made  an  examination,  and  there, 
between  the  ceiHng  and  the  roof,  they  found  a  Mexican 
with  several  glass  jars  of  gold  dust. 

The  fellow  had  bored  a  hole  the  entire  length  of  the 
post  running  into  the  battery,  and  through  this  he  had 
been  pouring  just  enough  gold  dust  to  keep  up  the  high 
character  of  the  ore.  That  ended  the  trade.  Later  it 
was  discovered  that  the  second  expert  had  been  fooled 
by  the  old  blind  man,  who  had  dropped  rich  samples 
into  the  ore  box  while  the  expert  was  working  with  the 
pick.  It  was  believed  that  the  first  expert  was  swindled 
in  a  similar  manner. 


^ 


h 


<:i. 


V' 


its   ' 

Is     4 


BOOK    FOR   GOLD-SEEKERS. 


533 


CHAPTER  XXXVII. 
SOLID  DRINKS  AND  HARD  FOOD. 

NE  YEAR'S  SUPPLY  of  provisions  for 
an  able-bcclied  man  doing  tlie  hardest 
kind  of  outdoor  work  and  subjected 
to  the  exposure  incident  to  an  Arctic 
cHmate  is  a  formidable  bulk.  The 
dietary  of  such  a  man  will  not  be  at  all 
excessive,  if  it  amounts  to  five  pounds 
of  food  per  day — that  is,  a  pound  each 
of  meat,  bread,  vegetables,  milk  and  fruit.  A  year's  suj)- 
ply  at  this  rate  would  amount  to  over  i,8oo  pounds  net 
of  food. 

Making  allowance  for  the  weight  of  the  material  in 
which  the  food  would  be  packed,  the  Klondiker  would 
have  to  struggle  through  the  Chilkoot  snows  with  certain- 
ly over  a  ton  of  commissary  supplies,  to  say  nothing  of 
the  other  portions  of  his  outfit.  With  shovels  and  picks 
costing  from  $12  to  $17  apiece  in  the  gold  diggings,  and 
all  other  tools  and  necessaries  in  proportion,  the  miner 
will  naturally  want  to  bring  as  many  supplies  of  this  kind 
as  possible  from  the  land  of  civilization. 

Now,  what  is  wanted  is  food  in  such  a  condensed  form 
that  the  equivalent  in  nourishment  to  1,800  pounds  in 
bulk  may  be  so  reduced  in  weight  that  a  man  can  carry  it 
on  his  back.  A  writer,  in  the  New  York  World,  in  this 
connection,  speculates  as  follows: 

"Science  has  done  a  great  deal  towards  accomplishing 
this.  The  armies  of  the  United  States.  England,  France 
and  Germany  in  their  'emergency  rations'  have  accom- 


Pi 


'li  i 


534 


THE   CHICAGO    RECORDS 


plislied  marvels  in  the  matter  of  condensation.  Our  own 
war  department  has  proved  it  possible  to  condense  a  loaf 
of  bread  into  a  space  no  larger  tlian  a  pack  of  firecrackers, 
a  pound  of  beef  into  a  hard  chunk  an  inch  or  more  square, 
a  cup  of  cofYee  into  a  cough  lozenge  and  a  quart  of  soup 
into  an  oblong  packet  of  about  two  cubic  inches.  The 
food  is  all  there,  all  its  nutritive  elements  preserved. 

"Here  is  a  partial  list  of  things  that  might  interest  the 
Klondiker: 

"Saccharine,  a  coal-tar  product,  put  up  in  tiny  tablets, 
each  200  times  as  sweet  as  sugar. 

"Pemmican,  a  mixture  of  dried  beef,  fat  and  salt,  half  a 
pound  of  which  goes  a  long  way. 

"Dried  mixed  vegetables,  a  French  preparation  of  cab- 
bages, turnips,  beets  and  other  things.  One-tenth  the 
original  weight. 

"Desiccated  beef  blocks,  one  ounce  equal  to  five  ounces 
of  fresh  beef. 

"Desiccated  soup,  three  ounces  solid  to  a  quart  of  wa- 
ter, salt  included. 

"Beef  tablets,  two-ounce  size,  containing  most  of  the 
valuable  elements  of  a  pound  of  beef. 

"CofYee  lozenges,  a  half  cup  each,  sugar  included;  tea, 
ditto. 

"Kola,  put  up  with  chocolate  in  cakes,  stimulating 
rather  than  nourishing. 

"Malted  nuts,  a  highly  concentrated  form  of  food,  made 
digestible,  or  said  to  be. 

"Lemon  and  lime  tablets,  one,  vest-button  size,  to  a 
glass  of  water.  Fruit  tablets  of  various  other  sorts,  less 
valuable  for  the  miner. 

"Celery  tablets,  an  appetizer  a  man  who  digs  for  gold 
will  hardly  take,  except  as  a  luxury. 

"Strawberry  tablets,  useful  mainly  for  flavoring. 


BOOK    P'OR    GOLD-SEEKERS. 


586 


"Desiccated  apples,  jx-aclies,  pears,  potatoes,  turnips, 
onions  and  other  tliinf^s,  jrcnerally  one-tenth  \vci|?ht. 

"Olives,  stoned  and  desiccated,  very  nutritious,  a  re- 
cent CaHfornian  arrangement. 

"Peanut  meal,  very  light  and  nutritive,  useful  as  a  soup 
ingredient. 

"Bean  and  pea  soup  packages,  a  compressed  form  of 
the  most  nutritive  vegetables  known,  combined  with  'soup 
stock,' 

"Poi,  a  Sandwich  Island  preparation  of  groimd  and 
dried  tara  root,  very  nutritious,  but  not  to  be  compared 
in  comparison  with  the  various  tablets,  etc. 

"There  are  other  things  the  Klondiker  would  like  but 
can't  get,  because  they  arc  army  specialties,  jealously 
guarded — like  the  'iron  ration'  of  the  r>ritish  soldier,  a 
tiny  can  of  pcnmiican  and  one  of  cocoa  and  honey :  or  the 
'erbswurst'  of  the  German  army,  a  sausage-shaped  mass 
of  pea  meal,  fat  and  bacon,  which  makes  twelve  plates  of 
good  pea  soup.  But  these  rations  are  not  supposed  to  be 
good  as  a  steady  diet  in  any  case.  They  are  meant  only 
to  help  out  in  a  tight  place. 

"There  are,  however,  milk  tablets  which  can  be  used, 
generally  designed  for  convalescent  diet,  but  available 
for  general  purposes — the  lactopeptines,  or  milk  and  pep- 
sin in  combination;  and  the  malted  milk  tablets  which  are 
already  used  as  condensed  luncheons  by  a  few  Xew  York 
men — gold  miners  in  the  Wall  street  canyon.  These 
milk  tablets  are  about  as  large  as  a  button.  A  tin  can 
about  two  inches  and  a  half  high  and  two  inches  and  a 
quarter  across  contains  the  equivalent  of  several  meals, 
if  allowed  to  dissolve  on  the  tongue  slowly. 

"The  British  sailor  is  called  a  'lime-juicer,'  because  lime 
juice  is  served  out  to  him  on  long  cruises  to  prevent  scur- 
vy.    This  disease  is  the  bane  of  Arctic  explorers  and  the 


■  K,       I  ' 


Mr 


686 


THE   CHICAGO    RECORD'S 


bugbear  of  Arctic  miners.  'J'lic  Klondike  man  wants 
plenty  of  lemon  and  lime  tablets. 

"He  wants  oil,  also.  He  may  think  he  doesn't  but  he 
does.  Just  at  this  season,  and  in  the  latitude  of  Xew 
York,  oil  dosen't  appeal  to  a  jaded  palate,  but  the  Klon- 
dike has  a  Russian  climate,  and  it  is  known  that  in  Rus- 
sian towns  poor  i)e(j])le  used  to  shin  up  the  lamp-posts 
and  drink  all  the  oil  designed  for  lighting  the  streets,  until 
the  discovery  of  petroleum  enabled  hard-hearted  munici- 
palities to  substitute  a  brand  of  illuminating  fluid  less  fav- 
ored by  cormoisseurs  as  a  beverage.  Nowadays,  poor 
Russians  with  long  memories  look  wistfully  up  at  the  gas 
lamps,  shake  their  heads,  sigh,  and  curse  tlie  government. 

"The  miner  who  wants  to  carry  his  own  pack  over  the 
pass  will  have  to  live  on  nourishing  soups  and  savory 
stews  a  good  deal  of  the  time  after  reaching  the  Klondike. 
Most  concentrated  foods  lose  their  fiber.  There  is  noth- 
ing to  chew  on.  Almost  everything  comes  as  a  powder  or 
a  paste,  and  needs  nothing  but  boiling  water  and  an  ap- 
petite to  make  a  meal. 

"One  way  to  get  along  with  less  food  in  the  Klondike 
region  is  to  keep  warm.  This  is  generally  managed  by 
building  one's  cabin  right  over  his  claim  and  diciging 
down  through  the  frozen  ground  underneath.  Here,  in 
a  great  pit,  sheltered  from  the  wind,  the  miner  works  in 
a  degree  of  discomfort  perhaps  not  greater  than  that  of 
the  Canadian  lumberman  out  of  doors.  It  is  a  useful 
pointer  that  the  lumberman's  favorite  diet  is  pork  and 
beans,  and  that  pea  soup  comes  next  in  favor. 

"The  Klondike  miner  will  do  well  to  cultivate  a  sweet 
tooth  if  he  has  it  not.  Sugar  is  one  of  the  most  condensi- 
ble  of  foods,  and  is  also  almost  entirely  a  fuel  food  and 
cheater  of  the  cold. 

"The  accompanying  table  of  a  year's  food,  which  may 


BOOK    FOR    GOLD-aKKKKUS.  r.g^ 

"1  1  mf.  \\.  O.  Atwatcrs  lal.ks  „f  (o,„i  values  an,   fooii 

{abkls  and  extract.     U  is  l.asc.l,  also'  i„  ,L'\ZZ 

US.  army  rat.on  an,l  otiur  stan.lar.l  .liota  ios.      ,  i       , 

guaranteed  to  R.ve  satisfaction.'  l,t,t  i,  i„e,u.les    o  „' ,' 

.:  at  ,s  no,  eastly  posdi.le.  a„,l  nothiug  „-hie|,  „,„  Zw 

V  ar°  "";7"l"-"  "'  ■»o<l""  M.  „  i,l,i„  a  vcrv  few 
>ears.  Its  total  uetgLt  univalent  in  ordinary  food  is 
o,  y  ah. tie  over  500  pounds,  but  ,„e  ingredieut/are  c  r  - 
fully  chosen  to  avoid  waste. 

Article.  V\'ci^Iit 

War  bread    poiiiuls. 

Bean  and  pea  tablets '"' 

Beef,  desiccated   ...  '4 

^l^ed'"^.;"""';'^'^^''''^^-'"'^'^'^^^^^-'^-      '"^ 

Saccharine   ...  '" 

Milk  tablets   ...  .'..'.".'.".'.'.". * 

Coffee  tablets  (witli  saccharine") ^ 

lea  tablets  (with  saccharine)  ' 

Pressed  olives,  stoneless.  desiccated ! 

Lemon  and  lime  tablets  (almost  pure  aci-Ti '  ^ 

Malted  nuts  and  nut  meal  ^ 

Celery  tablets   ^ 

Desiccated  fruits ' 

Salt  (included  in  most  of  the" food  iai)iet"s') " ." .' .'  [  [['  I 

Total 

6(J:[ 

'These  tablets,  with  the  new  silk  rubber  suit  of  cloth- 
"ig.  invented  by  a  man  in  Kokon,o.  Tnd..  which  is  as  li.ht 
as  a,r  and  warm  as  buffalo  robes,  simplifv  the  problem  of 
the  argonauts  This  new  garment  is  said  to  be  quite  im- 
pervious to  wmd  and  water,  to  be  so  f^rm  of  texture  that 
•t  uill  never  wear  out.  and  to  render  the  conventional  suit 


f^v  J  a 


I-' 


538 


THE   CHICAGO    KECOKU  S 


of  clothes  necessary  only  as  a  concession  to  established 
custom.  As  soon  as  the  new  triumphs  of  foud  tablets 
anci  Indiana  science  shall  be  perfected  and  find  their  way 
to  market,  the  American  citizen  who  wants  to  go  to  the 
Klondike  country  may  snap  his  fingers  at  the  Canadian 
import  duties,  the  pack  mule  problem  and  the  grocery 
bill." 

There  is  a  man  in  Seattle,  Wash.,  who  says  he  is  going 
to  make  millions  out  of  the  Klondike  treasures  without 
going  to  Klondike — in  fact,  by  staying  right  where  he  is. 
This  man  has  a  long  head,  and  he  says  that  the  genius 
who  solves  the  food  problem  will  be  richer  than  the  man 
who  strikes  the  richest  find  in  the  gold  fields.  He  be- 
lieves that  he  is  that  genius. 

"Why,  man,"  he  says,  "in  an  ordinary'  valise  I  can  put 
enough  food  to  last  a  healthy  man  a  year  and  give  him  a 
menu  just  as  varied  as  he  could  find  in  a  first-class  hotel. 
He  can  easily  take  another  one  of  those  valises,  and  when 
he  reaches  Dawson  City  he  can  sell  it  for  $2,000.  That's 
what  a  year's  supply  of  good  food  is  worth  there.  If  he 
wants  to  load  himself  down  with  a  good-sized  burden  he 
can  take  four  or  five  supplies,  and  he  will  be  a  compara- 
tively rich  man  the  moment  he  reaches  his  destination. 
Why,  one  of  those  valises  will  buy  a  half  interest  in  a 
claim  panning  $200  a  day.  I  am  selling  them  for  $250 
each  and  they  cost  me  $50.  I  make  400  per  cent  profit, 
and  the  man  who  takes  them  makes  at  least  700  or  800  per 
cent.     That's  a  pretty  big  scheme,  isn't  it?" 

Two  years  ago  the  speaker  was  one  of  a  party  that  in- 
terested the  United  States  government  in  a  condensed 
food  scheme  to  be  adopted  in  case  of  war.  A  commis- 
sion, appointed  by  the  secretary  of  war,  and  composed  of 
experienced  army  of^cers,  made  thorough  investigations, 
and  their  subsequent  reports  were  largely  favorable.     It 


ill 


BOOK    FOR   GOLD-SKEKKRS. 


539 


was  shown  that  it  would  ho  possihlc  for  a  hir}j[c  army  to 
move  a  coiisi(lcral)k'  distance  from  its  hasc  of  suppMcs 
without  the  usual  attendant  wagon  train  and  beef  "in  the 
hoof"  by  supplying  each  soldier  with  a  packet  of  con- 
densed foods.  It  was,  however,  reported  that  while  foods 
of  this  kind  could  safely  he  used  in  event  of  emergency, 
it  was  inadvisable  to  furnish  them  when  fresh  foods  were 
obtainable.  In  the  Chinese-Japanese  war  the  soldiers  of 
the  Mikado  executed  several  long  marches  with  unusual 
dispatch  by  the  use  of  condensed  foods.  Each  soldier,  in 
addition  to  a  cartridge  belt,  carried  what  was  called  a  din- 
ner belt.  This  was  filed  with  a  large  assortment  of  cap- 
sules, pills,  buttons  and  small  packages,  none  of  them 
larger  than  a  medium-sized  pocketbook.  The  dinner  belt 
weighed  but  ten  pounds,  but  it  contained  enough  nutri- 
ment to  sustain  the  soldier  for  thirty  days. 

The  present  scheme  is  to  furnish  Klondike  voyagers 
with  an  assortment  of  condensed  foods  somewhat  similar 
to  that  carried  by  the  Japanese,  but  adapted  to  the  peculiar 
needs  of  the  men  in  the  diggings. 

"The  great  beauty  of  this  food,"  said  the  genius,  "lies 
in  the  fact  that  the  miner  doesn't  have  to  waste  any  time 
for  meals,  and  every  minute  counts  in  that  district,  when 
the  mining  can  only  be  done  three  months  of  the  year. 
The  ground  cannot  be  thawed  out  until  June  i,  and  after 
September  i  it  is  useless  to  attempt  anything.  In  these 
three  months  he  has  to  crowd  in  enough  labor  to  make 
up  for  the  nine  idle  months,  and  if  I  can  save  him  an  hour 
each  day  of  the  working  season  it  is  an  item  of  considera- 
ble importance." 

Anything  in  the  eating  line  can  now  be  put  up  in  con- 
densed form,  from  a  canvas  back  duck  to  corned  beef  and 
cabbage,  and  in  such  light  shape  that  either  dish  could  be 
sent  through  the  mail  for  two  cents.     Even  boned  turkey 


w 


340 


THE   CHICAGO    RECORD'S 


m 


»"• 


If) 


ij,  i)i't  'nto  tablets,  to  say  nothing;  of  IJoston  baked  beans, 
oysters,  fruit  and  vegetables. 

A  }j[ood  cup  of  cofifee  or  tea  is  crowded  into  a  mass  as 
thin  and  as  small  as  a  mediuni->ized  button.  It  is  already 
sweetened  with  a  saccharine  product  of  coal  tar  and  ac- 
cordinj^ly  re(|uires  but  a  very  small  amount.  One  of 
these  buttons  dropiicl  into  a  cup  of  hot  ^vater  becomes 
immediately  a  cup   if  good  cofifee  or  tea. 

All  kinds  of  soups  are  prei)ared  in  the  same  way.  The 
buttons  contain  a  mixture  of  meat  and  vegetables,  fully 
scasoneci  and  ready  for  the  hot  water.  A  sausage-like 
afifair,  not  as  large  as  frankfurter,  and  made  of  pea  meal, 
fat  and  bacon,  makes  twelve  plates  of  nutritious  sou]). 
This  has  been  used  in  the  German  arm\-  for  nearly  thirty 
years,  its  elflcacy  being  determined  during  the  Franco- 
German  war.  when  the  German  soldiers,  on  tlieir  (piick 
marches  in  the  enemy's  country,  iiad  little  else  to  eat. 

.Mince  pie,  plum  pudding,  apple  dumplings  and  kindred 
delicacies  are  also  to  be  had  in  forms  not  larger  or  heavier 
than  a  silver  cjuarter.  But  this  is  not  the  kind  of  food  that 
the  geniui  proposes  to  put  up  in  the  miner's  kit.  Id'  is 
going  to  use  the  sul)stantials  only,  and  prepare  his  jiruv- 
ender  on  the  lines  of  that  used  in  the  r.rmy. 

One  of  the  e--entials  will  be  desiccated  beef,  an  ounce 
of  which  is  eciuivalent  to  five  ounces  of  fresh  meat.  It  is 
put  up  in  hard  little  chunks — so  hard  that  an  ordinary 
knife  makes  little  headway  against  it.  .\  tiny  machine 
like  a  cotYee  null  grinds  it  into  tine  shavings,  which  can 
be  spread  on  bread  or  used  for  soup  making. 

A  loaf  of  bread  is  compressed  into  a  mass  not  nnicli 
Digger  that  a  soda  cracker.  When  s  ^'iked  in  water  it 
swells  up  like  a  sponge,  and  when  dried  out  makes  very 
fair  eating.  A  loaf  of  the  same  size  is  comnosed  t)l  a 
preparation  of  Hour,  beef,  fat  and  salt  and  contains  all  the 


BOOK    FOR   GOLD-SEEKERS. 


641 


essentia!:;  oi  a  p''iiii  but  hearty  meal.     Tliis  is  somewhat 
simi'ai  to  the  pemmican  ration  used  in  the  British  army. 

Ten  pounds  of  onions,  carrots,  potatoes,  turnii^s,  cab- 
bage or  any  other  vegetable  r.re,  by  the  condensing  pro- 
cess, crowded  into  one-pcnmd  cans,  and  for  sou])-niaking 
purposes  are  said  to  be  excellent. 

'idle  man  who  counts  upon  being  a  millionaire  through 
his  scheme  does  not  e.xpect  to  do  anything  this  season,  as 
the  time  for  leaving  for  the  Klondike  is  practicalh  over. 
He  expects,  however,  to  be  in  shape  to  launch  his  ])roject 
early  next  spring,  when  the  first  steamer  sails  and  when 
the  food  supply  in  the  mining  district  is  practically  ex- 
hausted. 

The  question  as  to  what  supplies  are  necesstirv  to  be 
taken  in  by  those  preparing  to  go  to  the  Vu;;on  is  one 
over  which  there  has  been  considerable  discussion.  Tlie 
estimates  made  by  some  of  the  most  experienced  miners 
has  been  considered  by  others  ecjually  experienced  as  en- 
tirely too  large,  it  has  been  suggested  that  the  emergen- 
cy ration  as  adopted  in  the  I'nited  States  army,  supple- 
mented possibly  by  some  dried  fruits  and  desiccated  vege- 
tables, would  be  a  very  good  guide  in  treating  on  this  sub- 
ject. 

The  emergency  ration  as  adopted  for  the  I'nited  States 
army  is  comjiosed  as  follows:  iJacon,  lo  ounces:  hard 
bread,  ifi  ounces:  pea'meal.  4  ounces,  or  an  e(|uivalent  in 
ap])roved  material  for  making  soup,  cofYee,  roasted  and 
ground,  J  ounces:  or  tea,  \  ounce;  saccharine,  4  grains: 
salt,  64-100  ounce:  pejiper,  4-100  ounce:  tobacco,  \  ounce. 
I'or  use  the  bacon  is  wrapped  in  tough  ])arafrme  pa])er. 
The  hard  bread  is  inclosed  in  air  and  grease-proof  car- 
tons; the  pea  meal  prepared  in  cylindrical  packages  and 
the  other  components  in  suitable  packages. 

The  ration  is  not  intended  for  continuous  use,  Init  sole- 


-  .vA 


JL ^ 


wg^smmmnvimim 


542 


THE   CHICAGO    RECORD'S 


ly  for  occasions  arising  in  active  operations  when  the  use 
of  the  regularly  established  ration  may  be  impracticable, 
and  never  for  a  longer  period  than  ten  days  at  a  time.  Its 
nutritive  qualities  permit  its  use  on  half  allowance,  fur- 
nishing a  full  (minimum)  subsistence  diet,  so  that  in  ex- 
treme emergency  five  days'  rations  may  be  made  to  last 
for  ten  without  any  impairment  of  health  resulting  from 
the  temporarily  restricted  diet.  Not  more  than  five  days' 
emergency  rations  are  allowed  to  be  carried  on  the  person 
of  the  soldier  at  any  one  time. 

All  the  component  parts  of  this  ration  were  made  the 
subjects  of  thorough  investigation  and  experiment  by 
boards  of  officers  ccnvcncd  in  each  military  department 
before  adoption;  and  the  ration,  as  a  whole,  has  been  used 
by  troops  in  the  field  with  satisfactory'  results  within  the 
circuit  of  the  time  above  stated.  How  it  would  stand  the 
test  of  use  during  a  long  period  and  exclusive  of  other 
supplies — an  end  for  which  it  was  never  intended — is  a 
matter  of  doubtful  question. 

It  will  be  seen  at  a  glance  at  its  components  that  the 
emergency  ration  of  the  army  is  just  about  what  a  miner, 
prospector  or  explorer  would  naturally  select  for  his  trip. 
An  army  officer  said  that  there  can  be  no  doubt  as  to  the 
entire  wholsomencss  of  all  its  components,  and  in  his 
opinion  it  would  be  sufficient  to  preserve  health  and  bod- 
ily vigor  during  a  far  longer  period  than  ten  days,  and  in- 
definitely, with  the  addition  of  sucli  canned  vegetables, 
etc.,  usually  forming  part  of  every  campaigning  outfit. 
While  the  "condensed  ration,"  in  many  forms  and  of 
many  manufactures,  foreign  and  domestic,  was  extensive- 
ly experimented  with  by  the  various  boards  of  officers 
above  referred  to,  none  was  found  that  appeared  to  meet 
all  demands,  and  none  recommended  for  adoi)lion.  Cof' 
fee  and  tea  in  shape  of  extract,  essence,  tablets  or  paste, 


BOOK    FOR   GOLD-SEEKERS.  543 

ground  and  pressed,  uiti,  or  without  sugar:  meals,  potted 
and  tinned  powdered,  smoked,  in  capsules,  jars,  in  sau- 
IT,%T,'""'  "'"'  <'°'^'  "■'"'  P°'^'°«.  =°"P3  in  liquid 

andtl.    ;"r''  '^"^'  '°™'  d«i-a.ed%ege.able 
and  a  host  of  oti.er  preparations,  all  doubtless  of  greater 
or  less  merit  and  value,  were  swallowed  by  these  lentle 
men  with  a  reekless  disregard  of  conseque'nees  toTg    . 
t.ve  organs  little  less  than  heroic.    But  none  was  fotnd 
suited  to  the  stomach  of  the  American  soldier  and  the  de 
nds  of  the  authorities  for  the  purpose  intended     And 
he  final  verdict  of  all  boards  was  practically  a  return  to 
be  or    odox  "hard  bread,  bacon  and  coffee,"  vvhic      s 
the  soldier's  and  miners  standard  the  land  over 


if 

l:  '■"'■ ' 

i   ■  ■■ 

:l> 

iKii 


INDEX  OF  CONTENTS. 


211 

no 


Kand 
Land 


,  ;i9,s 

.  391» 
3!i|1 
31tD 

■mi 

101 
40.' 
■102 
403 
40 1 
404 
..  40.-, 
to  418 


Ii7 
9li 

lo7 
21 
21 

291 


Arizniia 


ArB«n 
li2 


ic,  t'ffcct  on  gold. 


97 


Accident    insurance ^""-^f 

Adams   ci-fek...  r! 

Adams   Mr.s.    (Dawson' citj).' "'  2" 
Adyorso  claims   (mininR).  t  5 

Atn.a    South,  g„ld  rusi      \y, 

Agncultun.,    Vukon   d is., it-  .437'  44!) 

AL^^Iir^"  ••""''' «^:4l2 

Attempt  to  define  boundarv 
*-ivil    government,    law    en 

aling    

Climate   .■;.'.';.■.■;'"    4„< 

Future    of tu' 

Land     df-partment    "distri,'t 
created   ],n 

"-'  offlfo  ufficiiiis.'.  ■ 1.,;, 

office   resuliitions...!"  liii 

Itainlall    .,.,, 

Temperature  ^'1, 

ALASKA,    lllSTOHY    OK 'fr, 

Bering's  expedition....  ' .' ' ' '  yn 
rMscoVered  by  ("liirikor.  . . ' '  3C, 
Kuss  an  sealing  posts....  '  3^)-; 
Kiissian  Kur  Company.,  '  ■m 
Purcliased    by    U,    s  .,,7 

Opposition    in    congress 

Derivation    of     'Alaska''" 
Lxtent   of   territory.. 
I'irst   period    development 
I'ur  seal   islands..,, 
■Juneau   convention 
Organic   act    of   Alaska'.'."" 
Transfer  of   land   titles 

Mimatic    conditions 
Volcanoes    and    mountains' 
Temperature    

A,   ^'"^■-  S'i''al(l",v's  report 

Alaska  Commercial  Co 

Alaska   Miner,   The  ^J^^^^lli  '" 

pan   values). ..         "  |-(, 

Alaska    placer    mines,    pnu'.'ss"     u\ 

Aleutian    Tslands...   .  '    '     i„ 

Alluvial    deposits    (mines).* " 

Alluvial  ground,   character 

Amalgam    

Andreafskl    ,,.       

Anvik    '.', 

Anvik    river    .  .....'..'. 

Ap-hun  (mouth  of-'YViko'n) 'm 

Apron    (mining) ^-jjj,' 

■    gold    rush '.'"i-,,-,'  4,;J) 


Asphaltum  in   Canada...  u; 

Assay,    for  gold   quar.z. ...'.,':  '  im 

Assay,    handy    meiho<l...  '■  |"} 

Associations,   co-oi)c,atiye   ',."  "  V'l 
Athabasca    Landing.. 
Athabasca     river. 2H    171; 
Atlanta,    (Ja.,    lailroad  ' 

Pacific    seaports >i|) 

Auriferous   lodes    (mining)  v, 

Australia,    g(jld    rush...  iV", 


20, 

177,  I7,S, 
rates    to 


177 
182 


of 
friun 


iiavel. 

Fargo, 


4,^S 

si; 


3.-,.-, 

2SS 


Back  door  route,  cost 
Uack    door    route 

X.    1) ,„,, 

rtack  door  route,  railniad  /arc."    »i 

Back,    explorer jo.. 

Back    tren.hcs    (miniiiK')".'.;'. o,] 

Baggage,     pounds    allowed 

Baker      Marcus     (world's'  'pro-^'  ^'^ 

i.oi.     ^''u'i't'on   of  gold) 

aid    ,.;i,-le    mining    claim 

Baltimore,   railroad  rates  to  Pa- 

eific    seaports .m 

alloon,     projected    route        '      40' 

Banks,    syst  in    for    Yuk    

trict    

Barnum,    Father      

Bar-rooms,    Dawso'n    "('i'tv  •),:■. 

"'■ar   creek 'L*.    .....  -t,,! 

Beaver    river    ..    i.  '  ^'f 

Bcddoe,    mail    contraet'nV '' '  2-4 

Beebe   creek   jV 

Bed    rock    (mining)' .'.V.', ,u 

"'■    I>r.    Uobert^....       .■,•; .{^^ 

Bering    sea    '^' 

Berry,    Clarence. ;.-; 

Berry,     Mr.--.    ClaremV. --i 

Teycridge.    .Miss    Kuehne 

Biche   (Athab.isca  


{on    dls- 


3t!r. 


20 
l.-if. 

4.X7 

4;»4 

,,,       ,       river) 177 

icycle    route   to    Klondike  12 

Big  Salmon   river  ,•.,■ 

Bimetallism,   effect  on  of  K'on- 

dike    output 
BIRCH    CHKKK  .,■,- 

Diggings   in    winter...;;.;:::  2il7 

DOATS—  "  '^ 

Back   door  route pm 

How   to   build "    o( 

Knock-down   for 
Mackenzio    river 
River    Use. 
Takau    inlet..'.'.. 


2.S!) 
3(2 


portage. 


31,  17!) 


33 


546 


INDEX  OF  CONTENTS. 


li^^ 


,f;*. 


a 


Page 
BOATS— Continued. 

Yukon    river 8:;,  201 

First    next    year oil 

To    be    built 022 

BONANZA    CHEEK 

13,  It,  81,  146,  14S,  lin.  282 
Estimated  gold  production..  150 
Pan  values  claims.  .14S,   15^i,  160 

Big  strikes 154,  l.'iS,  157 

Bompas,    Bishop 263 

floKton,    railroad    rates    to    Pa- 
cific  coast   ports    87 

Boswell,     T.,   describes    TesHn- 

too   river    68 

Boundary  line.    International 

211,  279 
Buffalo,    railroad    rates    to    Pa- 
cific   seaports 8S 

British   Columbia    gold  belt....  2s3 

Calc    spar    (raining) 99,  100 

CalKary     86,  177 

(•alifornia   pump   (mining) 117 

("California,    gold   rush 455,  456 

Camp   on   the  Yukon 312 

("ampbell.     Robert 72,  277 

Camping    outfit    (see    outfiv) 

CANADA— 

Attitude  boundary   line  dis- 
pute      222 

Report  on  Y'ukon  district...  414 

Fees    n:i 

Oeological    survey 447 

Gold   product   339 

Magistrates   appointed 43H 

Mineral    resources 445 

Mining   laws 13! 

Mining   regulations 4;i3 

Police    433 

Position  on    Klondike  issue.  435 

Rovalties    (claims) 133 

Tariff   tax   on  outfits.  .5:!,  51,     S4 
To  locate  wagon  road... 280,  518 

To  open   Stikeen  route 35 

Yukon    policy 433 

Canadian   Pacific  railroad S6 

Canhani,    Archdeacon 200 

Canoes 86,  184 

CANYONS— 

Grand    16s 

.Miles     25 

Carmack,    George    W...146,  153,  2S2 
Caribou  (Cariboo)  diggings.  .166.  178 

Caribou,    portage 58 

Carr.    ".lack,"    advice 171 

Carr,    ".lack,"   outfit 43 

Cassiar    gold    district. ..  .40,  166,  2S9 

Catholic   missionary   sisters 492 

Chageluk    slough    '. 2ii9 

Chandindu    river 77 

Chapman,    Rev.    J.   W 361 

Charleston.  S.  C.  railroad  rates 

to    Pacific   seaports 90 

Che-cha-cos    (tendcrteet) 95 

Chicken    creek 285 

ChilUat    river    2S0 

Chilkoot  inlet   57 


Page 

CHILKOOT    PASS 84 

Dangers    of    168 

Described  by  E.  A.  Gage 332 

First  expedition  through 32 

Chlppewayan    I-'ort 29 

Church.    Dawson    City 263 

Cincinnati,  O.,  railroad  rates  to 

Pacific    seaports 90,    91 

Citric   acid,    remedy  for   scurvy    43 

CIRCLE    CITY 21 

Cost   of   outfit 83 

Described  by  Ell  A.   Gage..  307 

Exodus  from    151 

CLAIMS  (mining)— 

Boundaries   of 101 

How   to    file 101  to  105 

How    to    locate 101  to  103 

Klondike,    ail    taken 95 

Location— Canadian     regula- 
tions      133 

Number  on   Klondike 282,  2S3 

Survey    of lol,  102 

Clay    in    Canada 445 

Cleaning  up   proiess   (miningl..  116 
Cleaning    up    sluices    (mining)..  115 

Clearwater    river 182 

Climate.   Alaska 405 

Clothing,  see  Outfits. 

Clothing,   cost   of,    Dawson   City  259 

Clothing,    Yukon 311 

Clut,    Isadore    (Bishop) 187,447 

Coal  in   Canada    446 

Coal    in    Klondike  district 285 

Coal   in   Yukon    district 241 

Coast    range   mountains 277 

Colony,    Brooklyn    project 524 

Colonies  to  be  formed 524 

Columbia   river,  gidd   rush 292 

Committee's    Punch    bowl 177 

Cone  hill   (Forty-Mile)   river 78 

Constantine    Fort    (Cudahy) 78 

Cook    inlet    235 

(^o-operative    assodatlons 524 

Copper  plates  in  sluicing  tmn- 

ing)    115,  116 

Copper  pyrites  (mining).  .06,  97,  100 

Copper  in   Canada 447 

Copper   river    235,250 

Coppermine   river 445 

COST— 

Beef  at   Fort  Cudahy.  276 

Claims    per   acre 105 

Dinner,    Dawson    City 264 

Freight  to  gold  diggings 239 

Outfit    42,  49,     86 

Outfit,    Circle   Citj;, 307 

Travel,   back  door  route 

86,  18S.  184 

Travel,  all  water  route 83 

Travel  overland   X5 

CRADLE    (mining) 109 

How   to    use 109,110 

When   to   use Ill 

Cradling,   not   economical Ill 

Crazes,    gold 455 

Creede,    gold    ru.sh 455,465 

Creeks   (see   rivers) 


m 


INDEX  OF  CONTENTS. 


547 


Page 

Crime,    Dawson   City 261 

Cripple  Creek  gold  rush 456,  4t!5 

Crooked    creek 291 

CUDAUY  FORT  78,  83,  272,  2,3,  274 
Average  teniperaiure.  ..,22i),  273 
Described  by  Eli  A.  Gage...  319 

First  boats  to  arrive 28'i 

Curran,    P.    J.,    describes  Back 

Door    route 193 

Curtain    (mining) 109 

D'Abbadle  (Big  Salmon)  river..    69 

Dalton  J  280 

Daly    (Little   Salmon)    river t;9 

Dance  hall,    Dawson   City 203 

Davidson,  I'rof.  George 22_i 

Davis    creek 217 

DAWSON  CITY 

13,  21.  23,  28,  33,  77,  116 

Amusements    2tir) 

Baths    263 

Bars    263 

Church    263 

Climate    262 

Cost  of   outfit »{ 

Crime  264 

Dress    making 260 

First  boats  to  arrive 280 

Gambling   261 

How   laid    out 261) 

Orchestra  263 

Papers    2w 

Population   261 

Prices     food,    clothing,    etc 

151,  259 

Restaurants    261 

Value   of    lots I'.l 

Life    in 2)39 

Dawson,   Dr.    G.    M. 

58,  65,  66,   69,  186,  278,  447,  448 

Deer    (Klondike)    river 77 

Deserts,   American,  gold   in 469 

De     Windt,     Henry,     describes 

Chilkoot    pass 108 

Disease    common     in    Klondike 

228,  231,  233 
DISTANCES— 

Chicago  to  Calgary 177 

Circle  City   to   Ft.   Cuilahy..  319 

Dyea  to  Lake  Lindcman Wi 

Dvea   to   Cudahy 280 

Dyea  to  Dawscm  City. 28,  175,  280 
I'Mmoiiton  to  Fort  .Macpher- 

son 29,  18S 

Juneau  to  head  Lynn  canal.    21 

./uneau    to    Lake   Tislln 32 

.Mail      route,     Juneau-Circle 

City    253 

Pacific    ocean    to    Fort    Sel- 
kirk       281 

Sar   Francisco  to  Fort  Cud- 
ahy        79 

Seattle  to  Dawscm  City 28 

Seattle   to    Dawson   City    via 

St.    Michael 21 

Seattle   to   Dawson    City    via 
Stlkeen  river 3;t 


Page 
DISTANCES— Continued. 

Seattle   to   Dawson  City    via 

Takou   river 'io 

Seattle    to    Juneau 21 

S'kagaway  to  Windy  Arm...  174 
St.  .Michael  to  Fort  Cudahy  279 
St.  Michael  to  miiULh  Yukon 

river     280 

Stewart  river  to  mouth  Yu- 
kon   river 79 

Navigation  on  Takou  river..  32 
Trail,    Telegraph     creek     to 

Lake    Teslin 35 

Telegraph     rreek     to     Lake 

Teslin     280 

Yukon     (mouth)     to      Lake 

Teslin    280 

Yukon  (mouth)  to  head  navi- 
gation      280 

Tabk-— All    water    mute 28 

Table — Hack    Door   route....    29 

Tabic -Overland     route 28 

Tabic- OrtilviB's    79 

Table—Stikeen  river  route..  39 
Table— Takou  rlvi  r  rouie...  3:> 
Table— Ogilvle'.s  (Taiya  Pass)  80 
Table        (Ogllvie's)- rftikecn 

river    route 79 

Table        (Ogilvle's)— Victoria 

via  Taiya  pass 79 

DOGS  on    .Mackenzie  river 1S4 

Hudson's    liay    ("o 189 

For  sledges 378 

Moccasins    for 379 

Harness    for 379 

Siwash     313 

Value  of  Edmontun 196 

Value    of    Juneau .'577 

Value    of    Yukon I."i4,  377 

Dog  sledge,  standard 381 

Drifts    (mining) 99 

Drvden,    Prof.   James..... 414 

Duffield,    Gen 220 

Dutch    harbor 20 

Dyea   Inlet 24 

Dyea    pass 21,    8,'i 

Eagle's  nest 70 

Edmonton     86,  177 

EL  DORADO   CREEK 

14.  81,   117.  lis,    149,  282 
Amount   gold  taken   out  ll7,  118 

Character    of    claims 97 

Pan    values   claims 159,  160 

Big   strikes l.'il,    l,-,5,  liJ7 

Elk,    (Athabasca)    river 178 

Emmons  Prof.  S.  F 248 

Episcopal  mission,  Ciicle  Cl.y..  361 

Erbswurst    535 

ESKI.MOS,   Bering  strait 389 

Food    198 

Habits    392 

Houses     390 

E.xcelsior,   steam   ship 146 

False   bottoms,    block,    zig-zag- 

(miuing)    114 


H>- 


648 


INDEX  OF  CONTENTS. 


i,|,f  *!•■ 


si£ 


..J  I 


Page 

Fargo  N,  D 189 

Federal   offltlals,   Alaska 40:t 

Fees,  mining,  Canadian Ili3 

First  left-liand   forlt 14 

Flsli,   Taliou    river 33 

Five  Finger  rapids 70 

Float   rock  (mining) 99 

Fluor  spar  (raining) 99,100 

FOOD,  see  Outfits. 

Condensed    534,  537 

Cost,  Dawson  City 259 

Danger  of  shortage 437 

For  bledge   dogs 378.379 

Hard    53! 

Pemmlean   (Jerked  beef).  183,  184 

Required   by  prospectors 43 

Required  Hack  Door  route 

80,  188,  1K9,  195 
Required   per  man  per  day 

42,  533 

Required  for  year 42 

Shortage  of 240 

Trappers    and    Indians 185 

Weight,  year's  supply 533 

Fool's    gold    95 

Forts,  see  Trading  Posts. 

l''orty    Mile   oreek 78,    83,290 

Forty  Mile,   town 21,  78,  146 

Franklin,  Sir  John 131,  177 

Frazer  river,  gold  rush 455,  461 

Fuleomer,  Miss  Anna 494 

Gage,    Eli    A.,    account    Yukon 

journey    305 

Cage,   Mrs.  Eli   A 401 

(Jiilena,    deposits 2S9 

Cfambling,    Dawson   City 204 

(iambiers,    Chicago    for    Klon- 
dike     420 

GAME— 

Dr.    Dawson's   report 437 

In    Klondike  country 367 

Ogilvie's  report  on 369 

On  Takou  river ''3 

In  Northwest  territories 196 

in    Yukon    district 454 

Gastlneau   channel 2.S7 

Glacier  creek 285 

Gnats    238 

GOLD— 

Africa    339,    455,464 

Ancient   fields 482 

Arizona    455,  409 

As  powder   (mining) 97 

Australia 339,  455,  4.-.8 

Alluvial   deposits 97 

HIrch   creek  output 209 

nirch   creek    district 247 

Hritish  Columbia  gold  belt,  283 

Hrltish  India  331 

California   455,  450 

Canada    339 

Character  of  In  place-s 95 

Character  quartz  Yukon. 241,  242 
Capital     required     by     gold 

seekers    81 

Creede,    rush 455,465 


Page 
GOLD— Continued. 

Cripi)le  Creek  rush 455,  405 

Frazer  river  rush 4.>5,  401 

Ilorqua  llola  rush... 455,  469,  473 

Kern   creek  rush 452 

Lower   California    rush.  .455,  465 
To     dredge    river    beds     by 

steam    430 

Dust,  fine   9r> 

Effect    of    arsenic    and    sul- 
phur        97 

First   rush 481 

Fools     95 

Forty  .Mile  district 244 

Free,  how  to  detect 96 

Guiding  test  for 97 

How  stored  in  the  Klondike  152 
How  to  sei  arate  from  sand.  107 

In    American   deserts 469 

Klondike,  character  of 147 

Leadville    471 

List  big  strikes 164 

Me.xlco    339 

Miner's    guide 94 

Mining  requires  capital 91 

.Mother  lode   95 

Mojave  desert   .  .^ 474 

Nuggets,    where  found 96 

Prospector's   guide 94 

Prospector's   pan    105 

Product,   world's  339 

Quartz    UiO 

Quartz  in  Klondike 151 

Randsburg  district 477 

Russia    339 

Some    historical    crazes 455 

To       develop       Kamchatkan 

fields   353 

Tombstone    471 

Use  of  X-ray  to  find 421 

GOLD,  WHERE  FOUND— 

Adams   creek 14 

Admiralty  island    289 

Alaska,  southeast  287 

American    creek    212 

Annette  island    288 

Barren    grounds 445 

Bear  creek    14 

Derner's   bay 233 

nig  Salmon  river 28) 

nirch  creek 235.   243,290 

Bonanza  creek  13,  14,    15 

Caribou  (Cariboo)  district 

161,  184.  186 
Casslar  district  15,40,  66,  283,  44i> 

Chicken    creek    285 

Copper   river 235,  150 

Crooked   creek 291 

Davis   creek    247 

Densmuir's  bar   453 

Dominion  creek  100 

Douglas  island   289 

El  Dorado  creek 13,    14 

First   left-hand   fork 14 

Fish   creek    291 

Forty   Mile  creek 

235,  243,  290,  449.  450,  453 


page 

,..455,  405 

...4.5,  4(!l 

5,  469,  473 

452 

1..455,  465 
Is  by 

430 

9') 

1  8Ul- 

97 

481 

9.-. 

244 

96 

97 

Dndike  152 
sand.  I<i7 

469 

f 147 

471 

164 

3;!9 

94 

1 91 

95 

474 

1 96 

94 

1(15 

339 

IflO 

151 

477 

339 

s 455 

liatkan 

353 

471 

421 

T. 14 

289 

287 

212 

288 

, 445 

14 

233 

28'^ 
35,  243,  290 
.13,  14,  15 
tr;ct 

61,  184,  180 
66,  283,  44i> 

28") 

....235,  L50 

. , 291 

247 

453 

166 

289 

13,  14 

14 

291 


INDEX  OP"  CONTENTS. 


549 


iraukllii  creek  -iaj 

0 lacier   creek    '. " " ' ''sV  '"'m 

Uold  creek '  gs-- 

Gold    Uottom   creek.;.""""      il 
Hootalinqua    river  

,,    .         „       H.   1«6,  283,  2S9,  4:,t 

Hudson  Day   .'        '  4  V 

Hunker  creek  '"■■    11 

Indian   river 14    281'  '>s'< 

Juneau  district  ...'.'..     '        '  "I7 

Kettleson  fork   .  .      \, 

Klondike  river  

Kootenai   district    ....  k;? 

Koyukuk  river  "oHV  Wi 

Lfwes  river  VMllmlm 

Liard   river Ititi,   445,   448 

Mackenzie  river  basin 

nr     .    .  186,  445. 

Blastodon  creek   

AltCorinac's    bar 

Miller  creek   247    28 


Goodrich.    H.    H *^**5 

Gray,    Albert    U...         .;| 

Grund   canyon ,,.'1 

Graphite,  in  Caiia.Ti.'   1  7 

Great  KIsh  river...        

Great  .Slave   river     .    

Gyiisuni,    in    Canada..." 


176 
179 
44,-| 


:»7 


450 


418 
247 
45:i 
290 


Ijaninier,    iirospector's. 
Harper,  Hudson's  Hay  Co."trad: 

I larrisburg  ' "(Juneau; .".■."."." 'zl^ 

Harris,  Uichard  ......   So? 

Hearne,   .Samuel....       T-.' 

'•'niMK,  A.  11.  11,... ■.".;■. ■.■."jv  'i; 

HiKKins,  Croft  W    .         '  ,8, 

I  opper  (miiiinK)   .\'.'.\  l'"  m 

"••n  «l'oon •••;,V  \;]^ 

1  louses,    ready-made  '.""." wl,' 

'•'■o««  2/ 


Miller  creek   "'47'  ^sV  MO  «'>' 'T0««  " 

Mi.ssion    creek '^^•'-  i('l  Hootalinqua   (Te.slintoo)    river 

Mojave  desert   "! 477  Irf^^,c.f^v.,.  ^^'  -'^'  •'"•  *'>'-l  61;,  69 

Molyniute  creek!:...;." t\\  "UDSO\'.S  HAY  co. 


Nlsulantine  rfver "ji 

North    Fork    (fiirch  "c'reeli),";  291 

Northwest   territories 445 

Ominaca   district    ...  '  {«,; 

Quartz   creek ,? 

Peace  river /A 

Peel    river V- 

Pelly  river '"""ii  ''-xV 

Phil  creek  '  '^■^' 

Prince  of  Wales  isla'nd, "..■:." " 
Uandsburg    district...  477 

nossland  district lAI 

Sheep   ercrk is' 

Silver    Bow    basin ." 0T7 

Sixty  .Mile  creeK "■■  oqn 

South    Fork    (Birch   creek)."!  291 
Stewart  river 

<?„,^    n    ^^'  ,P'   ^^^'  235,   283,  45 1 

Sum   Hum  district o^v* 

Tanana   river '   ■•"^'^ 

Telly   creek !     !" 

Teslint<io  (Ho  iVaUnqua')' 
er    _ 

Thron-Diuck  '(Kion'di"l<e)  'ri\'- 

Too-mucli-goid  'c"reek! !!!'""  ^u 
Treadwell    mine...     .  9 

Hnga  field [["[ 

Wild    creek !!. !! 

VVhite    river !!.' 

Yukon  and  branches 

v„i        J,      ,  56  to  80, 

Yukon  district.. 235,  241    447 

Yukon    river 15 

Gold,    where   found.    Gen. 
field   :... 

where  it  exists. .!!!." 

Bottom   creek 14 

creek 


riv- 


2X9 
U 

2S8 


290 
281 

66 


450. 
Duf- 


!;!3 
2.'i3 
291 
451 

450 
450 
453 


Gold 
Gold 
Gold 


150, 


220 
481 

282 


Good  Hope  Fort...'.    '! ".  A 

Gordon,   Charles   U ',.'. iv> 


69,  289 


il.  176,   177,  186. 


193 

294 
29 1 

2;ii; 

297 
301 


:i02 


29, 
History    of. 
Kii-st    iiosts..., 
Competition    . 

Colonies    

I'^orts     I 

Indians    ." 

Administratiun 

The    'Fur   Trade",,  i.' .■:.""  "  'in 

Territory    ...  ;,L, 

Traders ." ''"» 

„  Trappers  ;.;; II?, 

Hunter  creek   u!   150:282 

LN°fflL""^^'°"    20.5,206 

Chilkat'"'''"'  '""'*'■'"  «enius3:0 

chiikoot  ::::': iji 

Chinook    i* 

Church    ; ..I", 

Copper    river...   

Ingaiek 

•Metlakahtla    .   : 

Model    town 


250 
146 
35:1 
209 
.'!58 
357 


Ogilvie's  report' on :: ol'^ 

Pillaged    Fort   Selkirk:::::"     7" 
f>ehools    .,'.;{ 

Tagish  ;•; ;„•  fj.! 

Thlingit •'^-  If.l 

To  paddle  canoes  "liac'k'i/i'or      " 

route    ,,, 

Treachery    ...      J, 

Yukon    .....: ^-l 

Ingersoll  Islands  ..: 7, 

INLET.S—  7' 

/^'^'V"-"''''''3:!"'35:     fis 


Cook 
Oyea 
Takou 
Taiya 


TTW 


'M- 


550 


INDEX  OF  CONTENTS. 


Ill 


PaKo 

Indian    river 14,    235.    :i81.  283 

liinoko  river 209 

Insurance,  accident  523 

Insurance,   life   522 

INTERNATIONAL     DOUNnAUY— 

Dispute    211 

Location    211,  215 

Iron,  In  Canada 44S 

Iron  pyrites  (mlnlnK»..n5,  96.  !i7,  100 
lakoot  river  ■lO 

Jerked   beef  (Peminlcan)....183,  184 

.linUown    35 

J')hns^   \V.    D.,    richness   placer 

mines    H! 

Jones^  W.    J.,    describes   model 

Indian  town "57 

Juneau    21,   28,     :!5 

Juneau    route    21 

Katune  creel:  33 

Kclser,  Mrs.,  M.  L.  D 492 

KclloKK,   Miss  Pauline 494 

Kern  river,  gold  rush 452 

Kettlcson    fork    H 

KlneKmagmlut    2^9 

Klahecla    river   '^Sl 

Klamath  sold  rusTi 2.i2 

KLO.NOIKK    GOLD    DISTIUCT— 

Character  gold  streak 15 

Claims,   value   of 148,149 

Climate   4!« 

Diseases    228,    2;!1,  232 

Estimated  gold  production,.  838 

Geological   conditions 248 

How  and     when     gold    was 

f<mnd    146 

Influence    output    on    world 

341    353 

List  of  big  strikes •  l«« 

Location    i:< 

Mail  service   252 

Matrimonial  agency  for 419 

Natu-e  of  gold  deposit 94 

Pan  values  cl;ilms 147,  159 

Permanent   value    164 

Production  and  develoj  mcnt  161 

Richness  of  claims 28!! 

Rich   pay  dirt 147 

Sunrise    255 

Summer  and   winter  work..  15' 

Temperature  225,  4:^6 

Wages    151 

Women    486 

Quartz  veins  157.  2S5 

Klondike   river.. 13.    81.   146,   150,  281 

Kootenai  gold  district 167 

Koserefskv    • 21 

Kovkuk    river , ^...  235 

Krook,    Robert  264 

Kutllk    21 


Ladue,  Joseph 259,  260,  261 

LAKES— 

Athabasca  29.  176.  178 

Bennett  24.  28,  57,  58,     63 

Bove  (Tafflsh)   58 


Page 
LAKES— Continued. 

Committee's  Punch  bowl,,.,  177 

Dease    35,   40,  179 

Great    Dear    445 

Great    Slave    29,   177,  178 

Kaukltchle    41 

Le  Barge  25,  28,  64,  65 

Lesser    Slave I7,s 

Llndeman   28,   5i!,  57,  5S 

Marsh  (Mud)  25,  28,  62,  63 

Mayhew     74 

Narcs    57 

Simpson    19(( 

Takone  (Windv  Arnii .58,  62 

Taglsh     25,  28 

Teslln    32,  35 

White    Whale    190 

Windy   Arm    58,  62 

Winnepeg   I79,  189 

La  Loche  portage  l>'2 

Land  office  regulations,  Alaska.  101 
Land  office  regulations  (ilaims) 

101  to  1115 

Land  reserved  for  sa'e l:;0 

Last   Chance   creek 150 

Law,    mining,    Canadian 13:! 

Law,  miners'  meetings 309 

Law.  United  States  mining 120 

Leadvllle    471 

Le   Barge,   .Mike  66 

Letters,  see  Mai's, 
Lewes  river 

56,  62,  63,  64,  66.   t)7.   61.  71,  2v9 

Liard- river  68,179.  182 

Life   insurance   .522 

Limestone.   Canada    415 

Llppy,   T.  S 155 

Little  Salmon   ilvcr 69 

Little,    Mrs.    W.    A 491 

Ixodes,   auriferous    (min'ng) 99 

Lode,  how  to  prospect  for 100 

Lode,   mother 95 

Lon^  Tom  (mining) 11,  112 

Louisville,   railroad  rates  to  Pa- 
cific   seaports 90 

Lower  California  gold    rush 455 

Lynn  Canal  ^ 21,  2H0 

Mackenzie,    explorer    176,177 

Mackenzie  river 

29,  31,  176.  178,  179.  182.  «5 

Macpherson    Fort    29,   31,  86 

MAIL— 

Circle  City 310 

Service  for  the  Klondike 2,52 

List  of  Yukon  carriers 2.53 

Service  of  ca'Tler  pigeons...  423 

Service,    hardships    254 

To  Fort  Macpherson   189 

Magistrates.  Canad  an   433 

Mojave  desert,    gold 474 

Magnets,  use  In   prospecting....  107 

Matrices  (mining)  99 

Marls,    Omer    20,  52 

Mastodon  creek   247 

Matrix  (mining)  99 

McCUntock  river    , 63 


■ 


INDEX  OF  CONTENTS. 


551 


177 

17!> 

14.'. 

178 
41 
fiS 

ITS 
,    5S 

74 

57 
,  190 
.  K2 
,  2S 
.  35 
.  190 
.  6a 
,  1S9 
.  lt'2 
.  101 
) 
0  lii5 

.  i;;o 

.  150 

.  13:5 

.  30!* 

.  120 

.  471 

.  66 


1,  2-:!i 
'9.   1S2 

. .  r);;2 
..  4  in 

..  155 
..  69 
..  491 

..    99 

..ion 

.      H.'i 

.11,  iii: 

'a- 

90 

..  4r.5 

.21,  2S0 


...  310 
...  2.^2 
|...  253 
...  423 
...  254 
...  1S9 
...  433 
...  474 
...  107 
...  99 
1 20,  52 
..  247 
..  99 
..    63 


Mcintosh,   Gov.   II. 
Mc.Murray    Kort 


PaKO 

C 1115 

29 

.MfQuestion.    iradcr    2r8 

Medicine,    what   to   take .'ilj 

iMfinphls,   railroad   ra,e.s  to  Pa- 

cillc  sit'.iiior.s    flij 

Mercury,  used  in  sluiciiiK 115 

Mercury,  used  in  panning 107 

Metlakahtia    .   :.57 

Mica    in    Canada 415 

.Mica,  taken  for  gold 9(1,     ^7 

Miles  canyon 25.  J28 

Mills,    A.    K :i5.    39 

Miller   creek    247 

MINKS— 

Alaska    -33 

How  .salted   ..     52ti 

In    northwest    terriioiy 415 

Tendeifoot     81 

guartz    235,  2;lii 

Miners'    uuide       94 

.Miners'    imspitality    318 

Miners'    ineetUiK    3ii9 

Miners'   thermnnicter  325 

MINING  LAWS— 

Canadian    13:! 

United    States    120 

.MINING  LAW  OF   CANADA...   ISt 

Abandoned  claim  V>~ 

ARcnls    l;!S 

Application  for  grant 1:W 

Arbitratoi's     13s,  139 

Award  of  daniiiKcs 140 

Dar   digginK--'    defii  e  I     133 

llench  diggings  ilellneil 131 

Dry   diggings  defliuil .  i:il 

Certificate   of   ass.giinient     .  140 

Claims,    (lellnid    i:'.l 

Claims,   discovery   !:!'> 

Claims,   nature  and  size. 13 1.  135 

Close   season    defini  d 134 

Damages    139 

Entry   of   clairas i:iti 

Entry    fee 130 

Entry  renewal i:!6 

Forms   of   aiiplicatiiin.  . .  .i;!'!,  113 

Form   of  certificate 140 

Form   grant    114 

Grant  of  ilaini 137 

Grant   for   placer  claim 114 

Legal   post  defined 134 

Locality,    defined     131 

.Miner    defined    134 

Mineral   defined    134 

.Mortgaging  claim   137 

Patent    13n 

Post,  legal  134 

Proof  reqtilred 138 

Recording  claims  I3t; 

Sale  of  da  ms 137 

Size    of    clairas  134.  135 

Surface    rights    13S 

Water,  use  of 137 

MINING   LAWS,    UNITED 

STATES    119 

Adverse    c'aims    131,  1 '.2 

DiStrictg.   mining   .,,,,..,,,  127 


Pav;» 
MINING   LAWS,   U.  S.— Cont  nui  d. 
License    to   explore,     occ  upy 
,iTid     purchase      niiiierul 

lands   120 

Lands,     mineral,       reserved 

from    s.ile    .    120 

Locators  must  show  proof  of 

(itizenship    121 

How    done   l-'l 

Lode    claims       126,  127 

Mining   districts    1-27,  12'< 

Patent,    application   for    lode 

claim    12;,  121 

Patent.         application         for 

placer  claim    123,   121 

Patent,   for  mixed  claim, 124,  125 

Placer  (  laim  dellned 121 

Placer  claim  cmitalnlng  lode  125 

Itestrictions   to    location ISl 

Hestrictions,    when    on    sur- 
veyed  ground    12: 

Subdivision   of  local  ions 122 

Tunnels   131 

Work  on  claims 131 

Mining  locations,  Canadian 133 

.Minerals,  bow  to  sear<h  tor 98 

,\!  iK^rals     111     northwest     terri- 
tories      441 

.Minneapolis,    railroad     rates    to 

Pacific  sea  ports 89 

Missions     361,  3ti2 

.Missionaries 3t!5 

.Mission   creek       21': 

Moore,  chief    weaiher  bureau.,.  2J4 

.Mountain    river    190 

Mosiiuitoes   238,  219.  420 


Nahlin   river    41 

Nakinah    river    33,    35 

Nashville,  railroad  rates   to   I'l'- 

cific   seaports   90 

Newberry   (llootallntiua)    river..     60 
New    I^iiglaiid    ra  lioad   rates   to 

Taciflc   s.  iipnrts    ST 

New    Orleans    railrnad    rates    to 

I'aiiflc    seaports 90 

New  York,  railroad  1  atcs  to  Pa- 
cific   seaports    ST 

Nisulantine    river II 

Nordenskidld   river    7i 

•North     American     Trading    and 
Transportation  Co. 

271,   279     115 

Norman  Fort   29 

Norton  sound   2^0 

Northwest   company    297 

Northwest  mounted  police 

42,  1.52,  4:13,  441 

Northwest  territories 133,  17ti,  177 

Novikakat    21 

Nuggets,  Klondike,  value  of H7 

Nulato    21 

Ochre    In    Canada 445 

Ogilvle  Will  am.  .5;,  211,  277,  278,  279 

Ottawa    river i;7,    435 

OuttTops    (tnluing; 99 


Tip- 


'f^' 


R 


552 


INDEX  OF  CONTENTS. 


PaK<' 
Ol'TFITS— 

AiUDunt  of  fciod  |ior  man  P'T 

year  ^~ 

llnck-dnor  route 8s.  19:i 

Carr'8   list    4^ 

Kll   A.    Gugi-'s 3M 

Food,  tools,  etc 13,  14 

For    tlio    Kol<t-H('t!k«'r 4'2 

.Medlclno    clout    53 

Motli'l    list,    party    of    4 47 

.N'ortliorn    Pacini's    list 4") 

I'lacTs  to   buy 5i 

Prices  tti,  48,  s;t,  84,  307 

Prog|  cotors    '■'7 

Standard    list 4:t,  'il 

Wolght    of    ll».  174 

Pacific   ocean    ports,    rates   to    (see 
railroads). 

Pan,   prospectors   It7 

I'aniiinK  procefcs  I<l6 

I'ASSKS— 

Cliilkoot  24,  21.    84 

Dyea    :;4,  280 

Talya  (Dyea)   280 

White     fi3 

I'niinak    20 

Parka  (Parkee)   312 

Peace  river   17ti.  17S,   18.' 

I'eel   river    211,   lil,  71,  17  • 

Peliy  river  14,  28.  il9.  71,  2S9 

Penitiina    river    i'M 

Pemmlcan    (jerked  beef) 183.  181 

Terry    Arthur    1">3 

rt>troleum,    Canada    41"i 

Phil  creek    14 

Philadelphia,    railroad    rates    to 

Pacific  Ki'iipiirls  90 

Pittsburg   railroad  rates  to   Pa- 
cific seaports    91 

PLACKR   MIXIOS- 

Canadian   regulations   133 

Character  gold    9.') 

Klondike    91 

How  done  In  Alaska 1.',    l'> 

Pan   values   Kli  ndike !i4 

Richness   of    14t> 

Oulde    91 

I'luniee  (Peel)  river  179 

Poor  man's  mine SI 

PdllTAOKS— 

Pack-dnor  route  31 

Chilkoot    pass    21 

Cost  of  making s."> 

T'og  lake  to  Salt   river 179 

Kdnion  ton- Athabasca      land- 
ing     29,  177 

Fort       Macpherson-Lapierre 

house    18S 

Husky    rIver-Porcuplne   riv- 
er"     192 

Lake  I>lndeman-Lake     Ten- 

nett    24,    2S 

La   Lnche    182 

Peel  river-Stewart  river.. '.'9.  181 

On  Takou   river   32,     So 

Smith   Landlng-Ft.  Smith...  179 


Page 

PORTAOKS— Continued, 

Simpson   Lakc-l'Vancls  Lake  I'.ii) 
White    Whale    luke-l'emblna 
river    I'.h) 

Portland,   railrnad  rates  to 

87.  88,  S9,     90 

Post  office,  Dawson  City 2t!l 

Post  olhce,  see  mails 

PROSPIOCroK'S   (illDK 91 

Alluvial   (le|i(,slis   90.   97,     !•:• 

Affidavits    in:! 

Amalgaiuating  plates   Hit 

Arsenic    97 

Assaying  101 

Auriferous   lodes   99 

Hack    trenches    9t! 

Red    rock    % 

Ulowing   proi'ess    107 

Houndaries  of  claims 102 

California   pump    117 

California   Turn    Ill 

Calc   spar    99.  loo 

Certiffcates  required  10.". 

Chaimels     9.j 

Claims,    how   to   locate,   file, 
record  and  convey 

101,  loi!.  10! 

Cleaning  up  110,  il.",.  W, 

Copper   pyrites 9t;,    97,100 

Cradle     109,  110 

Cradling    109 

Deposits,    where    found    ....    9t! 

Drifts    99 

Float    roiks    99 

Flow  of  water 9fi 

Fluor   si)ar   99.  loo 

Foot  wall   MO 

Gold,  in  alluvial  ground 9(> 

Oold.    in    fine   powder 9' 

Gold,  guiding  test 97 

Gold,  native     Pfi 

Gold,    pure    97 

Ground  sluice   114 

Grub    pack    97 

Gulches .    9.'> 

Hammer    97 

Hanging  wall  ir,0 

Horn   spoon    107 

Indications,  surface  100 

Iron  pyrites  9i;.  97,  100 

Land  office  regulations 

101,  lo:;.  lo,'?.  104,  10,-i 

Land  slide  99 

Lode    99,  MO 

I,,ong    Tom    Ill 

Lower    wall    100 

Magnets    107 

.Magnifying    glass    9fi,    97 

Materials  mistaken   for  gnld 

97,  100 

Matrix    99 

Mercury,    how    used 107,  Uri 

Mica     96,    97 

Mineral  veins   99 

Mother   lode  99 

Mountain  chains   9ti 

Notice  of  Intention 102 


Pagp 


\H 

.  it".  !•:• 
vc 

111! 

!I7 

101 

fl!) 

9(i 

9fi 

107 

loa 

117 

Ill 

.  .ntt,  ion 

10- 

95 


...  9t; 

...  99 

...  99 

...  9fi 

99,  100 

...  inn 

...  96 

...  97 

...  97 

...  Pll 

.    .  97 

...  114 

...  97 

.  g.T 

. ..  97 

...  If.O 

...  107 

...  100 

97,  100 


100 

•  •  •  • 

107 

.OR. 

97 

afold 

97, 

100 

99 

107. 

115 

M, 

97 

99 

^9 

9fi 

•  t  (  t 

102 

INDEX  OF  CONTENTS. 


668 


j>,,„  •'■' 

I'lacors  ::;;:;; 2., 

I'lat   of  Hurvey i,,.', 

Quart/, ■; ;|i,-  J-v- 

Kfcunl  of  location    . .. .]  .'inii'  io» 

KikInIim-  of  locatcr loo 

Hlvfr  beds  iir,"  (in 

Uoiks,    looSP    ■.■; nr 

Sections     ']' '    gJJ 

Shaft,   prospecting   .'...'.'.'.'  im 
Shovel    ■    r,- 

§'"''■'■«    "'jii'.'ii:!;  Ill 

Mrcanis.  Kold-bcarlOK   ....  'it: 

Strike  of  lodes   ....  lilO 

Sulphur .     T 

Surface  lndl<ations   ...'."'.■'  lOo 

Survey   of   Claim loi  uy> 

Pump.   California    ...  117 

Tools     ',^i 

I'pppr  wall ::;;;■  i,;, 

\  alleys     ij,, 

Veins,    mineral   ......'. an 

,\\"''« • ;;::::.  ion 

Water  supply  for  pan 1119 

Water  .supply  for  cradie....  Ill 
\\ater  supply  for  Long  Tom  U" 
Water    supply    for   sluicing 

Preston,   R.   E '^'''  -i.t 

Projects,  odd   '.V,, 

Providence.    Fort  o^ 


Pyrites 


9fl,  97 


2:t 
100 


Quart/    creek    ..  14 

Quartz,    described    "lit"  Ino 

Queer   scheme!:    419 


l-'l. 


ItAILROADS  PROJECTED— 
Athabasca   Landing      ..    19 
Hack  Door  route... 

Hudson  Hay  

.Varrow  gauge  '. 

Porcupine  river  .. . 

Skagaway  bay  ['. 

Stikecn   river 

W'hite    pass    . 
RAILROAD    rates!'  to"  PacVfic 

Ocean   

From   Atlanta   .' 

From   Haltimore    ..."." 

From  Huffalo  

From   Charleston    ...". 

I'^roni   Chicago 

From  Cincinnati    ...'".'" 'm 

From   Denver 

From    Louis vilie 

From  .Memphl.<!  

From  .Minneapolis  ... 
From   .N'ashvllle   ... 

From  New  Orleans.   '. 

From   .\ow   York    .  

From  Omaha  .  .    .         


51 
520 
112 

4;u 

1 1:5 
517 
r.2l 

r,20 


S7 
90 
9o 
88 
90 
.S9 
91 
89 

90 

90 

90 

90 

90 

90 

89 


RAILROAD    RATES-Con,|„u,.|i"'"' 

l'rf)ni   I'litshurg    'in  '  'H 

[•roni  Philadelphia   '    bti 

f-rom  .St.   Paul   o(j 

I'rom   Washington       .       "   "'    qo 
On  Hack  Door  rcjute  "'    90 

Haini^ir^a''';''""'^'^'"^-'-!^: 

Randshurg  gold  dlstrlit', '■.'.■.  177'  IHl 
RAPID.S- 

Kive   Finger    7,, 

nrpat    ..:....  .      ,7x 

Rink    ..'!.'.".■.■.■.!.'!  7(1 

VVhIle   Horse "a.'i  "ki  kik 

Rates,  see  Rallm^ds.    '       '  "^ 

Red  liiver  (of  (1,,.  .\orth) 04  is:i 

Reindeer    ,:,,'  ..,; 

Reliance.    Fort    ."'fa'  74  77 

Resolution,     Kort  on 

Rink   rapids    .'.'."'.".'!.'.','!!  70 

RIVER.S,  .STRICA.MS,  CREEKS  - 

Adams  creek   i< 

Anvik  river  ".'  .i,,? 

Athaliasca   river       "' 

„  ,     -•'.  I'''.  1~T,   17S    is:' 

Hear   creek    n    ..n- 

Heaver    river    7,'t    '71 

Heche  creek. .....'  '.'     41 

Hiclie  (Athabasca)  river.!!.!  177 

Hig   Salmon   river tio    •ign 

Hircb    creek    ■<s'\'  ■"ni 

Honanza  creek  '  '  *' 

1:!.   It.  R1,  140.  14S,  l,-,0,  2SL' 
Chandlndu   river  77 

Chicken  creek ojj- 

Chiikat    river  otin 

Clearwater  river   ..     Js) 

Cone  Hill  (Korty  .\iile)'riv.T    7S 

Copper   river    •)or,    nr.n 

Coppermine  river  .  .  "'  41.-. 

Crooked    creek     ...         ■>i{\ 

n-Ahbadie       (HiK       Salmon)  " 

river    f,,, 

Hal.v  (Little  Salmon)  river       r,h 

Davis   creek    217 

Dominion  creek        ice 

Heer  (Klondike)  river'! !;!' '     77 
El   Dorado  creek 

iMk   fAthabascii)    river..  17* 

H"st  left-hand  fork ■       ( 

l<  ish    creek     .m, 

Forty    .Mile   river    !..! 'tv 

Glacier  creek  .,!,- 

Hold  Hottom  creek  .'.'."."14"  i,?;o'  •"8'> 

Gold  creek  '  .,^t 

Great  Fish   river   ..!!!!'!     '  Kfi 

Great    Slave    river ■'  179 

Hootalinqua(Tesllntoo)  river      ' 
t,     ,        l'>  28,  ;!5,  c;i,  w   r,7  'm 

Htinker  creek   .u    m    '"s" 

Indian  river  ....14,  Zir,!  2x1'  2^3 

Innako   river    •■>m'  on? 

Iskoot   river    '  '  "'in 

Katune   creek  t, 

Kettleson   fork    .   ! 14 


551 


INDEX   OF  CONTENTS. 


Page 
lUVKK.S.  KTC— Continued. 

Koykuk    rivrr    2Zr, 

Klaliccia    livpr    281 

Klondike  ('I  hron-Dluck)  riv- 
er   ID,  SI.  140,  liS'i,  281 

LaBt  Chanro  creek I'.O 

Lewe.s     river 

.W.  (12,  •;3,  ni,  or,,  07,  09,  71,  i;s9 

Llard    river OK,    17:i,  182 

Little  Salmon  rlvor t;9 

.Mackenzie   river 

29.  31.  170,  178,  179,  18.',  4:  u 

.Ma.st.odon    creek    217 

.MeCUntoi-k    river    0:{ 

.Miller  creek    217.  2S,'> 

.Mission   (American)  creek...  212 

.Molyniute  creek   291 

Mountain    river l.lO 

Nahlln     river 41 

Naklnah    river    :!3.     .'.."> 

Newberry     (Ilo(]talinqua    or 

Tcsliiitoot    river   00 

Nisulantine   river   41 

Niirdenskiold  river  70 

Ottawa   river    07.  4.'ir, 

l>ea(.'   riv.'r   17i;,   178.  18i 

Peel    river 29.   31,   71,   179 

F'elly  river 14,  2H,  09.  71.  289 

Pembina   river   19'i 

Phil   er<ek II 

Plumnie  (i'eel)  river 179 

Ouarl/  cre'ek    11 

Red  livir  lof  the  North), 01,  189 

Rosebud    creek    ,    73 

Saskaiehewan   river  .04,   179,  18't 

Sbeep  creek    28^ 

Sixty   .Mile   creek 2.">,    77 

Stewart  river 

14.  29,   72,   73,  74,  77,  23:.,  289 
Stikeen     (Stickeen,     Stlkliiei 

river    3,".,  18; 

Takou    (Taku»    river.. 32,    3r,,    (-,7 
Tahkcenah  (Tclikeenahi  riv- 
er     04,    09,  281 

Tahltan  river   3r.,    3'; 

Tanaiia   river   21,    209,  29it 

Tatstmn    river 71 

Teiikeei.a    (Tahkeena)    river 

04,     09 

Telegraph  creek    315,30,    39 

Tesllntno   tl  liiotfillnriua)   riv- 
er l.'i,   2S,   3,'.,  03,  i;0,  07,  08,     09 
Tlilrty  Mlb'   (I.,''wes)   river,..     41 
Tbron-Hiuck  (Klondike)  riv- 
er     77,  281 

Tilly   creek    282 

Tf)o-niiieli-Knld    creek 11,  281 

Wlie.iton   river 57 

Wliipyde  creek    1.51 

White  river   72.  289 

Wild    cr.'ek     291 

Yukon  river.l3,  1,"),  28,  ?,-,,  30, 

71,  72    74.  77,  116 

Ritchtofen   rocks  0". 

liockwell    (Iiineau)    287 

Ro(|uette  rock    79 

RosHland  gold  dlatrjct 1(57 


Pagn 

Rosebud    creek     73 

Routes,  described  by  Omer  Maris. 

Routes  see  Distances. 

ROUTKS— 

All   Canadian    .134,  412 

All    water   via  St.    .Michael 

20,  21,  8:! 
Hack  Door  ,..29.  80,  170,  1h;i,  ',14 
Dalton's,   via  Chilkat  inlet,,  2Wi 

.luneau.    via.    Dvea 21,     28 

Overland,    via    l)yea...24,   2.'i.     2'; 

Stikeen    river   3.',,    .19 

Takoii    river   32,   .33,     X, 

Via  White  pass 179 

SI.    .Michiel   20.  21,    8', 

St.    I'aul.    railroad    rates   to   Pa- 

.     ciflc  seaport.s    8't 

Salt   in  Canada  14.'. 

Salted    mines    .'i20 

San   Kranci.seo,  railroad  rateii  to 

87,   88.  89,     90 

Saskatchewan   river t;4.    179,  lM',i 

Schwatka,    I'Vederick.  ..'.7,   02,   09,  211 

Scurvv,   remedy   for 13 

Seattle    29,   21,    28,   3".,     -"J 

Seattle,    railroad    rales    to 

87,   88,  89,     90 

Selkirk,    Kort   2.-.,  71,  277 

Silver  289,  342.  3r.3,  415 

Silver  Oueen   mine  ,  288 

Sitka    227,  2^7 

Sixty    .Mile   creek 2.'i,     77 

Simpson,    Fori 2  I 

SkaRaway  (Skai!uay)   hay 17'; 

SleejiinK  'ar  rates. 87,  HH,  8..,  9  i,    91 

SledKC,    doK     381 

Smith,     Fort 211 

Smith    l-andlnK 29,    31 

Solid    dilnks .',33 

Sorensen.    .Vels.    diary .'lO'i 

Spurr   Prof.  ,1.    S 233 

STICAMFRS— 

FiaKKaKo    v.'. 

First  next  year  51 » 

Fare  on    82,     84 

.Mall,   schedule    2r,2 

Route,    new  one .',19 

Stewart  river 

1 1.  29,  72,  73,  74,  77,  23.'!,  28') 

Stikee.i   (Sllklne)  river 3r,,  182 

Strander  Anton    1',." 

Streams,  see  Rivera. 

Sulphur  In  Canaila U'l 

Tahkeena   river    (>4,  09,281 

Tahltan     irld^e    3.", 

Tahltan    river    3r,,  30 

Talvea    i,)vra)    pasB   63  280 

T.ikou   (Taku)   inlet l'8  i 

Takou    (Taku)   river 32,   3",,  07 

Tanana    river    21.  2o9 

Tariff    tax,    Canadian .IS.  .',1 

Tatshun    river 71 

Telegraph   creek    ,, 3.',,   30,  39 

Telegraph,    projected    3S7,  434 


..  ur, 

9,  2H1 
.  .     3,-, 

r,.  31; 

,r  LW 

..  :'8i 

-.,  <;7 

1,   2ii!t 

:i.   .-,1 

. .    71 
7,  4M 


IN1)I-:X   OF  CONTENTS. 


OOI) 


s:'. 

r,n 

28(1 

2K 

2ii 

3;i 

.'!."» 

i'to 
«■, 

ur, 


,    ;to 

,  IH'.I 
,  211 
.      U! 

.    ::> 

,     !I0 

,  277 

,  415 

2SS 

,  2H7 

,    77 

2:t 

17t! 

91 

•WI 

2!l 

31 

.',:!:! 
23;! 

S.'i 

511 

84 

2r,2 
r.i3 

2S'l 
182 

1m 


isin. 


ri  VI' 


471 

...     11 

'*'".   HO,  9!l,  ■  !  1 


TIO.MI'ICRATURE— 

Ala.ska    

•  'iidiiliy    ,. 

.M/i'kchzic   ri\(.r  b 

.Sitka     

Ti'iit,    Viiknn   liver    .....[ 

'I'i'.slitit.jo    (lloot.-iliriqiia)   rivet 

'rest,    for  Knli] 

'I^st   for  iiijcfi   ..'...,, 

Test    for    iiyrites .'...'..." 

'riieriiiniiietcr.    iiiiiiors' 
Thirty   .Mile  (Lewcs)    -'ver"    " 
'riinm-Diuck    «Klo'  •       , 

'I'illy    creek         

'r<ll|l(lH|r   III-    _\ 

TnolK.     see     Olitfll. 
'f'oo-niiieh-«'iI(l     creek 
Tciiirisl   sleep.. rs.   rates 

H7    8: 
I'KADI.Vf;    F'O.STS 

A'.tlreaf.sky    . 

.ithdhiiKca    lanfliiiK        ..     "" 
f^hi[i|iewayaii.     Furl...  .'...".•;!) 

KdiiKiiitnii      V', 

'iDoil    llopr',    Fort 2'( 

Kahiiiiut, 

Kallik     .'..'.'!.'!.'.'"!.■■ 

.Macpiierson.    Fort    9^ 

.McMurray      Foif "  '    "o't 

.N'ornian.    I'.irt     .  '  "V 

I'a.stoiik "■ ' 

I'rovjdenee.     Fort'.... ''9 

({(■ll.'itlce,     Fort ]."..''''(' 

Ite.s.jluiion,     (•■'r.rt    ."[ 2'l' 

.SItiipKuii.    Fort    .      

Stiijth,    Fort.... 
WrariKel     Fort 
WriKlty,    Fori    . 
TI(An..S 

'>'.ise    lake    

Kmikitcliie    lakes    ..'...'.., 
Telegraph    crock    ...'......' 

Stikern    river    

Tre.iflwcll  mine .288 

fiiiniak    pass    


PaKo 

1  22'i 
.  .  22'i 
. .  183 
.  .  2Jt; 
312 

.    •;> 
.    :i7 

.     !»7 

.    :t7 


.    77 


.211. 


,  .2:1. 
179. 


Vancoiivr,   rallr.  ad  r;,f,.„  („ 
Vegetablos,  Cudahy     .27), 


20.-. 
177 

182 

hi; 

182 
211.-, 
2ii3 
182 
182 
IH2 
2ll3 
182 
182 
182 
182 
182 

i:!2 


II 

3-. 

■10 

28;t 

20 


FaH') 


VoKelables,    Klondike  

Veins,  mineral,  liovv  found 
Victoria,   I!,  c,  railroad  rate'sVo 
,.  ,                                   87,  .ss,  h:i     ;m 
vtdcaiiocs  In  Alaska 


101 


I', 


\\aKe.s,  in   Klondike  district     , 

\\;iKes,  in   Yukon  district 

WaslilMKton.      1).      n.,      railroad 
rates  to   I'aeifle  seaportK. 
Water,    reciuired   for  pannini; 
V\ater,  reriuiri'd   for  .sluicing 
Water  fowl 
VV'eare,     p. 
Wells,    A.    I 
Wheadui     river 
Whipple   creek        .  y'. 

White  H  ,rse  rapid.1 .::;::;;;;;;; !«; 

U  hlfe     r  ver  . -,       —> 

White  i«xH.,.    ,■.;.•; |,;V  ,'•; 

Winter,  in  fhe  Klondike      19 

VMtwater.srandt    tiiin*'*..    .  '{40 

VSoiTien    In    the    Klindike...,""'  .'lufi 
WiiMcn.  outfit  for '40 

Wr;iti>.'el,     Fort  

Wri^ley,     F,,rt. 


ir,i 

237 

l()9 
I!I7 
I!i7 

■42.'-. 
227 

r,7 


8't 
35 
29 


X 


rav.    (o   detfct   frco  t'o'd 422 


VFKO.V   IilSTiaCT   - 

AkTi'  ultural    posi-lbilit |eK..},'?7    ((-, 
hstiiiiated   K<dd    y  el-1    '  i,{n 

,,;"""'" -   P'-iicy 4.r{ 

(  lainis,    value   of.  .  ■(71 

Kirsf.    tiiiners ..'....."  278 

First     [irospected.  ,  ,^,j., 

'■eoKraiihlcal     divisions.  '!"  '  289 
Known    for 

I'rospe'llnj,'     lu 

Spurr's   report    on 
Sellleinenis     in 
Yukon    Fort 

VT'KO.V    KlVKU— 

Itesiritietl    ,,,-■ 

Kxplorations  ' 

'eild    first    f|  ;. 

Ileadwatrr-     ,    <%,• 

NaviL'at'oii      .  .. ojjo 

Hepoti    on    hy  OKllvie.. ■.;■.-,*;.  377 
1  ukon    sled .... 


yearn 441 

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'■i>l^is«*iii 


mmfmmmmm 


COLD!    COLD!    GOLD! 

TO  KLONDYXE  AND  THE  YELLOW  METAL 
BY  THE  NEW  LINE  OF  STEAMERS  OF  THE 


SPEED-SAFETY  -COMFOR  T 


Alaska  Transportation  and 
Development  Co. 


300 

POUNDS  OF 
BAGGAGE 
ALLOWED 
TO  EACH 
TICKET 


IN  SERVICE  AFTER  APRILsoB 


THIS 

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WILL  HAVE 

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AND 

TRADING 

POSTS  IN  ALL 

PRINCIPAL 

MINING 

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rnOM  sikTTLi 

kND  SAN 
FRANCISCO 

THIN  UP  TH» 
VUKON 

ALIO  SPtCIAL 
LAND  AND 
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VIA  CMitCOOT 
RA99 


i^ 


Write  for 
Special 
Induce- 
ments.... 


THE  ALASKA  TRANSPORTATION 
AND  DEVELOPMENT  CO. 


FISHER  BUILDING- 


CHICAGO,  ILL.,  U.  S.  A. 


J 


^M 


^m^^mn  tmviMUMnama 


THE  01?^!^; 

WORLD 


M'NEIU  I 


•^••^  IN  THE 


THE  I 

LINE  OF    ^ 


LIBBY'S  COMPRESSED  MEATS  z^C]T'^:V:^r:!:::;:r::!^!:;"':::^. 

iiral  (lrlHi.iM~  wlinliMiiui'iii'.s.-,  aiiil  iirr  inTfirl  iy  |i;ic'k<-:|  lunl  ••uiiii"'"!--'''!  in 
litTiiiiliciiily  Mt'iik'il  ciiii'^. 

APAM    nC    I  IQDV*?    DCCC    l<"l'>-  'I'^it^l^  the  iMiirini<-nt   <.r  .-m   .'iiim! 
UHll    Ur    LIDDl    O    DLLI     aiiiouiit  of  uiu'ookcd  fi<'>li<>rs;>ll»-'liii<>at. 

LIDDl  0  uUmrntOOllU  IVIlAIo  t!,-iiMliz.Ml  w<.rl.«  wl,.rMi.,.,itHin 
t  111'  ihni.t  iMtii  |Kicl  fill- 111  .111-  I  .-.111  i  in  I  li.r  t  ran  -|iiirTaliuii  mi  i-x)<-Wiii"iir-  iu  lint. 
ur  Oiilil  cliiiiali'-  111  uM'i'  iiKiiint  niiH. 

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i*«'l*r«M'l    l*l'<»ililft  ioilM.     I'tirs;)!*'   I».^    4al'<M-«-rM   I'.v  •-;  .  w  Iwr*'. 

Manufactured  by  LIBBY,  McNEILL&,  LIBBY,Claca^'o,  lU  .  V.S.A. 


V 


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News  from  the  Klondike. 

THE  CWICACA)  KliCOKI)  was  tlic  cnly  newspaper  in  the 
United  States  wliieli  iKut  a  curresponJeiil  in  llie  Kinndil^e  ret;ion  at 
the  time  ot  tlie  ^jreiit  strike  of  t;<'lil.  Mv.  William  iJ.  Johns  an- 
nounced the  Klomlike  discovery  in  Till;  CHICAGO  KliCORD  in  an 
article  published  March  2,  i,S97,  which  had  heen  sent  out  of  the 
Yukon  country  l.oco  miles  hy  doi;  sledge  to  the  coast.  Three 
articles  by  Eli  Ga'^e,  ;".on  of  the  secretary  of  the  treasury,  also  v^^ave 
information  of  these  '^old  fields  before  the  L'reat  excitement  caused 
by  the  return  of  shiploads  ol  fortunate  i;old  seekers  by  the  Excel- 
sior to  San  I"rancisco  and  by  the  I'orlland  to  Seattle. 

Under  date  of  lune  IS /Mr.  Johns  wrote  ai;ain  from  the  Klon- 
dike to  lllE  CHICAGO  Kl;C()Kb.  uivim;  in  detail  the  results  (.f  the 
dit;iiini;  up  to  that  date. 

In  the  summer  of  ISVO  Omer  Maris,  a  journalist  ot  ability,  and 
•'  vjold-minim;  expert,  was  sent  to  the  Yukon  i.ountry  by  'IJIE  CHl- 
C.AGO  HE(;(JHIX  His  many  articles  on  the  country  and  the  t;old- 
mi'iini,'  operations  there  attracted  wide  attention.  At  the  mouth  of 
the  Klondike  river  he  met  and  conversed  with  George  ("armack, 
who  |i)ur  weeks  later  discovered  the  ureal  placer  j.;old  deposits  a 
tew  miles  awav  which  now  comprise  the  famous  diuU'i'iK^-  Mr. 
Maris  sailed  aijain  from  Seattle  AuK-  2,  1S97,  in  the  fast  yacht 
f^.salie  lor  luneau  and  Dyea  as  THE  ClllCA(i()  Kl. CORD'S  ciiiel 
representative  in  the  Yukon  region.  As  he  is  familiar  with  the 
ciiuntry  he  will  probably  reach  hawson  f^ity  in  an  unusually  short 
space  of  time  and  will  remain  there  all  winter,  sendini(  out  dis- 
patches as  often  as  possible,  ^\r.  Joiins  will  also  remain  as  a  rep- 
resentative (.f  THE  CHICAGO  RECORD  on  the  Klondike  river. 
William  I.  Jones,  United  States  Commis.^ioner  for  Alaska,  is  also  a 
regular  correspondent  lor  THE  REC(JRD  from  the  i;"ld  fields. 

Correspondents  at  Juneau,  St.  Michael,  Victoria,  Tacoma, 
Seattle,  San  I  rancisco  and  Edmonton,  N.  W.  T.,  are  h  poking;  after 
news  of  the  ijold  fields  for  IlIE  CJIICACJO  RECORD,  in  Ottawa, 
Montieal  and  I'oronto  special  correspondents  will  yive  the  new:,  of 
the  ii'M  lielils  comint;  Irom  Canadian  official  sources.  Mr.  Lee,  a 
special  correspondent  for  THE  RECtJRD,  is  on  his  way  to  the  Klon 
dike  by  way  of  Lake  Athabasca,  the  Mackenzie  river  and  F<)rt 
Mcl'herson,  and  throuijh  the  comini;  fall  and  winter  will  describe 
ihat  imp(jrtant  route,  lonj,'  traveled  by  vovayeurs  of  the  Huds<in's 
hay  company.  THE  CHICAGO  RECfjRD  has  led  i.n  news  Irom  the 
Klondike  and  the  Yukon  rei;ioii  and  will  continue  !>  furnish  abso- 
lutely reliable  repor'.s. 


The  CHICAGO  RECORD 

Prints  all  the  news  from  all  the  world.  It  is  a  memb.-r.-t 
The  Associated  Press  and  special  correspondents  represent 
It  at  all  important  news  centc-rs.  Its  facilities  for  news- 
fathering  are  unsurpassed  by  those  r,f  any  other  Chicai'o 
daily.  ^^ 

It  is  a  short-and-to-the-point  paper.  Its  matter  of  all 
knids  is  closely  edited  with  the  view  of  giving  the  reader 
all  the  news  of  the  day  and  eliminating  the  .nerelv  trivial  atid 
inconsequential.  It  is  designed  to  be  a  daily  paper  for  busy 
perjple. 

it  is  an  independent  newspaper.  It  aims  to  be  fair  and 
impartial  in  discussing  men  and  measures  and  to  .i^Mve  its 
readers  all  political  news  free  fn.m  the  taint  .,1   partisan  bias. 

't  is  pre-eminently  a  lamilv  newspaper  It  is  clean 
throughout  and,  in  additi,.n  to  -,11  the  news"  tersely  told 
every  issue  contains  more  or  levs  entertaining  matter  of  a 
hterary  and  generd  character  of  comm.m  nnerest  „,  the 
lamily  circle.  A  .b\U  installment  of  an  .  ,n„nal  ^erial  story 
ot  high  grade  is  a  regular  feature. 

The  circulation  of  Im  Ri,:,,i.„  ;,v,.ra-c- ,,vc-:  i'Kmumi 
€op^e^  a  day  and  is  the  lar-e^t  ver>  mi,>,;  the  l.trgest- 
nK>rning  circulation  in  Chicago. 

THh  Ri.roK,,  is  .,ld  hv  ne.-deal^  ex-ervwhcre  and 
t^  dehvered  by  carri-.s  anvwher-  in  « Chicago.  Order  .rf 
aewsdealers  or  by  postal  card  to  the  -.tl,..  „t  publicatiu,. 
ISl  H,  iVUdison-st.,  Chicago. 


■'~'.:F¥«tfifmit*m^i.Vf 


:« 


Nothing  in  Tliis  World 

Is  so  cheap  as  a  newspaper,  whether  it  be 
measured  bij  tfie  cost  of  its  production  or  by  its 
value  to  the  consumer.  We  are  talhinfj  atwut  an 
American,  metropolitan,  daihj  paper  of  the  first 
class  lihe  THE  CHICAGO  RECORD.  Ws  so  cheap 
and  so  f/ood  i/ou  can't  afford  in  this  daij  of 
prof/ress  to  be  without  it.  There  are  other  papers 
possibly  as  (jood,  but  none  better,  and  none  Just 
title  if.  It  prints  all  the  real  news  of  the 
world — the  news  you  care  for  every  day,  and 
prints  it  in  the  shortest  possible  space.  You  can 
read  THE  CHICAGO  RECORD  and  do  a  day's 
work  too.  It  is  an  independent  paper  and  gives 
all  political  news  free  from  the  taint  of  party 
bias.  In  a  word — iVs  a  complete,  condensed, 
clean,  honest  family  newspaper,  and  it  has  the 
largest  morning  circulation  in  Chicago  or  the 
west~WO,000  to  200,000  a  day. 

Prof.  J.  T.  Hatfield  of  the  Northwestern 
University  says:  **THB  CHICAGO  RECORD 
comes  as  near  being  the  ideal  daily  jour- 
nal as  we  are  for  some  time  likely  to  find 
on  these  mortal  shores." 

Sold  by  newsdealers  everywhere,  ai>d  sub- 
scriptions received  by  all  postmasters.  Address 
THE  CHICAGO  RECORD,  18]  Madison-st. 


'*fiistlLkk^i'    ' . 


